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Fu J, Ji J, Luo L, Li X, Zhuang X, Ma Y, Wen Q, Zhu Y, Ma J, Huang J, Zhang D, Lu S. Temporal and spatial distributions, source identification, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 from 2016 to 2021 in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103788-103800. [PMID: 37697187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the atmosphere that have drawn intense attention due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In this work, 1424 air samples were collected between January 2016 and December 2021 in three areas of Shenzhen, China to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs and their spatiotemporal variation. Human health risks due to the daily intake and uptake of PAHs and the resulting incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were also evaluated. PAHs were detected frequently in the samples at concentrations between 0.28 and 32.7 ng/m3 (median: 1.04 ng/m3). PM2.5 and PAH concentrations decreased from 2016 to 2021, and the Yantian area had lower median concentrations of PM2.5 (23.0 μg/m3) and PAHs (0.02 ng/m3) than the Longgang and Nanshan areas. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated that petroleum combustion was the dominant source of airborne PAHs in Shenzhen. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and uptake (EDU) of PAHs by local residents decreased gradually with increasing age, indicating that infants are at particular risk of PAH exposure. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) were below the threshold value of 10-6, indicating that inhalation exposure to PAHs posed a negligible carcinogenic risk to Shenzhen residents. While promising, these results may underestimate actual PAH exposure levels, so further analysis of health risks due to PAHs in Shenzhen is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhuang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qilan Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Quantification and health impact assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from crop residue combustion. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09113. [PMID: 35342830 PMCID: PMC8941160 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon compounds from combustion of crop residue was investigated. Crop residues comprising maize cobs, maize husks, rice husks and bean chaff were burnt in a furnace at a temperature of 400 °C and the emissions from the combustion process were characterized using standard methods. Health risk through inhalation was assessed using toxic equivalent factors and excess lifetime cancer risk. The results showed the detection of 16 PAH compound which included: Benzo[ghi]perylene, Naphthalene, Acenaphthene, Anthracene, Phenanthrene, Fluorene, Fluoranthene, Acenaphthylene, Pyrene, Benzo[a]anthracene, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Chrysene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and Benzo[k]fluoranthene. Benzo[b]fluoranthene had highest mean concentration of 1.30 μg/mg while Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene had the lowest mean concentration of 0.01 μg/mg. It was also revealed that the toxicity of PAHs was due to the presence of Benzo[b]fluoranthene for all the samples except for sample 4 for which the main contribution to toxicity was emission from benzo(a)pyrene, while the cancer risk assessment estimated to be 1.2 × 10-1 was far above the acceptable carcinogenic risk limit of 1 × 10-6. This study concluded that, more efforts are needed to reduce emission of PAHs from the combustion of crop residues into the ambient air otherwise, human health could be under threat especially if exposed for a long period.
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Nguyen TNT, Vuong QT, Lee SJ, Xiao H, Choi SD. Identification of source areas of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ulsan, South Korea, using hybrid receptor models and the conditional bivariate probability function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:140-151. [PMID: 34981807 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identifies the emission source areas for the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in Ulsan, South Korea. To achieve this, in addition to a conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), two hybrid receptor models - the three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF) model and the 3D concentration weighted function (3D-CWT) model - were used, both of which adopt trajectory segments within the mixing layer. Notably, the fraction-weighted trajectory (FWT), a combination of PAH gas/particle partitioning with a hybrid receptor model, was introduced for the first time in this study to support the identification of emission source areas using other approaches (i.e., 3D-PSCF, 3D-CWT, and CBPF). Consequently, it was found that gaseous PAHs in Ulsan mostly originated from local emission sources (i.e., transportation and industrial emissions) throughout the year, whereas particulate PAHs were likely to originate from emission sources in China (e.g., Shandong, Hebei, and Liaoning) during spring and winter via long-range transport. However, in summer and fall, the influence of local emissions on particulate PAHs appeared to be stronger. The FWT was able to distinguish between local and distant sources more effectively, especially in summer and fall, i.e., the periods when local sources increased their contribution. This study thus increases the understanding of the long-range transport of PAHs in Northeast Asia, and the novel FWT approach exhibits the potential to be employed in the source area identification of various semi-volatile organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 72710, Vietnam
| | - Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Sousa J, Pinto da Silva L. Modelling the absorption properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives over three European cities by TD-DFT calculations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133881. [PMID: 31422327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While brown carbon is a strongly-light-absorbing type of organic aerosol that is capable of significant regional radiative forcing, it has been neglected from climate models, which results in differences between model predictions and measured data. This also results from uncertainty regarding the relationship between the chemical composition of brown carbon and its optical properties. Herein, here was utilized a time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach to model the "real-world" absorption of thirty polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and twenty-five derivatives (ten nitro-PAHs and fifteen oxygenated-PAHs) present in the atmosphere over three Southern European cities (Porto, Florence and Athens). These data were corrected both for "real-world" experimental concentration of these molecules over these cities, and for their theoretical fluorescence yield. These results indicate that the absorption of the molecules more relevant for climate forcing are at ~330, ~360 and ~440 nm. Furthermore, the absorption is explained mainly by PAH and oxygenated-PAH molecules, while nitro-PAHs provide only negligible contributions. Porto should be the city to be most affected by radiative forcing induced by these molecules, while Florence and Athens appear to be similarly affected. Finally, these models also demonstrate that absorption at ~330 nm is explained by both PAH and oxygenated-PAH molecules, while absorption at ~360 and ~440 nm is only attributed to oxygenated-PAHs. More specifically, from the fifty-five studied molecules, only coronene (a PAH), 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 6-H-benzo[cd]pyrene-6-one and 7H-benz[de]anthracence-7-one (three oxygenated-PAHs) provide relevant contributions to radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Luo J, He W, Wu J, Gu XS, Ye L. Trace Elements and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Variation Along the Guang-Shen Expressway Before and After the 2016 Qingming Festival in Guangzhou. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:87-101. [PMID: 30443666 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples (particles with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) were collected along the Guang-Shen expressway around the Qingming Festival, one of the most congested periods in China, which started from April 2-4, in 2016. Twenty-five trace elements and 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the samples were analyzed. Their major sources at different periods were identified. The concentrations of PAHs distinctly increased with growing traffic flow 2 days before the Qingming Festival (March 31th and April 1st), decreased gradually on the first 2 days of the 3-day festival (April 2nd and 3rd) and rose again on the last day (April 4th). The proportion changing of higher molecular weight containing 5- and 6-ring PAHs (HMW PAHs) closely related to the traffic flow variation were consistent with the concentration variation of PAHs during the experimental period. Indicators of gasoline/diesel engines emission, i.e., Mo, Co, Mn, and Pb showed similar concentration variation with PAHs. The concentrations of trace elements, mainly derived from wear instead of combustion process, such as Cu, Zn, Ti, and Sb, raised significantly during the rainy days. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the health risk caused by PAH around the Qingming Festival. The ILCR values increased by 3-10 times 2 days before and on the last day of the festival comparing with other days, as a result of traffic related sources, including engine emission and wearing of tires. It concluded by recommending the necessity of traffic diversion to alleviate the health risk to drivers and nearby residents during important festivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sophie Gu
- The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lin Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 111 University Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Beriro DJ, Vane C, Thomas R, Riding M, Taylor C. An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:373-390. [PMID: 30130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings and are probably one of the most studied groups of organic chemicals in environmental research. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes, particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in particulate matter. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is associated with adverse health problems. This review identifies the main research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of PAHs in dusts and particulates using a new approach to carrying out a literature review where many peer-review publications have been produced. The review extracts the most important research themes from a literature search using a combination of text mining and a more detailed review of selected papers from within the identified themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chistopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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On-Road Air Quality Associated with Traffic Composition and Street-Canyon Ventilation: Mobile Monitoring and CFD Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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