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Soltanian M, Gitipour S, Baghdadi M, Rtimi S. PFOA-contaminated soil remediation: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34516-y. [PMID: 39088169 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Soil and groundwater contamination has been raised as a concern due to the capability of posing a risk to human health and ecology, especially in facing highly toxic and emerging pollutants. Because of the prevalent usage of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in industrial and production processes, and subsequently the extent of sites contaminated with these pollutants, cleaning up PFOA polluted sites is paramount. This research provides a review of remediation approaches that have been used, and nine remediation techniques were reviewed under physical, chemical, and biological approaches categorization. As the pollutant specifications, environmental implications, and adverse ecological effects of remediation procedures should be considered in the analysis and evaluation of remediation approaches, unlike previous research that considered a couple of PFAS pollutants and generally dealt with technical issues, in this study, the benefits, drawbacks, and possible environmental and ecological adverse effects of PFOA-contaminated site remediation also were discussed. In the end, in addition to providing sufficient and applicable understanding by comprehensively considering all aspects and field-scale challenges and obstacles, knowledge gaps have been found and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Soltanian
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Saeid Gitipour
- Faculty of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Baghdadi
- Faculty of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sami Rtimi
- Global Institute for Water Environment and Health, 1201, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Vieira Dos Santos E, Souza FL, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Environmental impact assessment of the electrokinetic adsorption barriers to remove different herbicides from agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172287. [PMID: 38593877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the sustainability of the electrokinetic remediation soil flushing (EKSFs) process integrated without and with adsorption barriers (EKABs) have been evaluated for the treatment of four soils contaminated with Atrazine, Oxyfluorfen, Chlorosulfuron and 2,4-D. To this purpose, the environmental effects of both procedures (EKSFs and EKABs) have been determined through a life cycle assessment (LCA). SimaPro 9.3.0.3 was used as software tool and Ecoinvent 3.3 as data base to carry out the inventory of the equipment of each remediation setup based on experimental measurements. The environmental burden was quantified using the AWARE, USEtox, IPPC, and ReCiPe methods into 3 Endpoint impact categories (and damage to human health, ecosystem and resources) and 7 Midpoints impact categories (water footprint, global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity (cancer and human non-cancer), freshwater ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity). In general terms, the energy applied to treatment (using the Spanish energy mix) was the parameter with the greatest influence on the carbon footprint, ozone layer depletion and water footprint accounting for around 70 % of the overall impact contribution. On the other hand, from the point of view of human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity of soil treatments with 32 mg kg-1 of the different pesticides, the EKSF treatment is recommended for soils with Chlorosulfuron. In this case, the carbon footprint and water footprint reached values around 0.36 kg of CO2 and 114 L of water per kg of dry soil, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed assuming different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - E Vieira Dos Santos
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - F L Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-carlense street 400, SP, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - A Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
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Sprocati R, Gallo A, Wienkenjohann H, Rolle M. Temperature-dependent dynamics of electrokinetic conservative and reactive transport in porous media: A model-based analysis. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 259:104261. [PMID: 37925812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic techniques employ direct current electric fields to enhance the transport of amendments in low permeability porous media and have been demonstrated effective for in situ remediation of both organic contaminants and heavy metals. The application of electric potential gradients give rise to coupled chemical, hydraulic and electric fluxes, which are at the basis of the main transport mechanisms: electromigration and electroosmosis. Previous research has highlighted the significant impacts of charge interactions and fluid composition, including temperature-dependent properties such as electrolyte conductivity and density, on these transport phenomena. However, current models of electrokinetic applications often assume isothermal conditions and overlook the production of heat resulting from Joule heating. This study provides a detailed model-based investigation, systematically exploring the effects of temperature on electrokinetic conservative and reactive transport in porous media. By incorporating temperature-dependent material properties and progressively investigating the impact of temperature on each transport mechanism, we analyze the effects of temperature variations in both 1D and 2D systems. The study reveals how temperature dynamically influences the physical, chemical and electrostatic processes controlling electrokinetic transport. A temperature increase results in a higher speed of amendments delivery by both electromigration and electroosmosis and increases the kinetics of degradation reactions. The simulations also reveal a feedback mechanism in which higher aqueous conductivity results in increased Joule heating, leading to a faster temperature rise and, subsequently, to higher electrolyte conductivity. Finally, we estimate the electric energy requirements of the system at varying temperatures and show how these changes impact the rate of contaminant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sprocati
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea Gallo
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henning Wienkenjohann
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Massimo Rolle
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Materials and Geosciences, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Schnittspahnstr. 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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4
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Fernández-Cascán J, Isidro J, Guadaño J, Sáez C, Rodrigo M. Electrochemically assisted transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons from aged to clean silt. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Abou-Shady A, Ali ME, Ismail S, Abd-Elmottaleb O, Kotp YH, Osman MA, Hegab RH, Habib AA, Saudi AM, Eissa D, Yaseen R, Ibrahim GA, Yossif TM, El-Araby H, Selim EMM, Tag-Elden MA, Elwa AES, El-Harairy A. Comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, Part I: process design modifications with brief summaries of main output. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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6
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Enhancing electrokinetic soil flushing with air stripping for the treatment of soil polluted with phenol and o-chlorophenol. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Can the green energies improve the sustainability of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149991. [PMID: 34482137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The green powering of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes had been strongly discouraged. Low remediation efficiencies have been reported as a consequence of the reversibility of the transport processes when no power is applied to the electrodes, due to the intermittent powering of renewable sources. However, it has been missed a deeper evaluation from the environmental point of view. This work goes further and seeks to quantify, using life cycle assessment tools, the environmental impacts related to the electro-kinetic treatments powered by different sources: grid (Spanish energy mix), photovoltaic and wind sources. The global warming potential and the ozone depletion showed higher environmental impacts in case of using green energies, associated with the manufacturing of the energy production devices. In contrast to that, results pointed out the lowest water consumption for the treatment powered with solar panels. The huge water requirements to produce energy, considering a Spanish energy mix, drop the sustainability of this powering strategy in terms of water footprint. Regarding toxicities, the pollutant toxicity was highly got rid of after 15 days of treatment, regardless the powering source used. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of energy and green energy production devices has a huge impact into the toxicity of the remediation treatments, increasing massively the total toxicity of the process, being this effect less prominent by the electro-kinetic treatment solar powered. In view of the overall environmental impact assessed, according to mid and endpoint impact categories, it can be claimed that, despite the high energy requirements and affectation to the global warming potential, the use of solar power is a more sustainable alternative to remediate polluted soils by electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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9
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Rolle M, Albrecht M, Sprocati R. Impact of solute charge and diffusion coefficient on electromigration and mixing in porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 244:103933. [PMID: 34872016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of electrokinetic techniques in porous media has great potential to enhance mass transfer rates and, thus, to mobilize contaminants and effectively deliver reactants and amendments. However, the transport mechanisms induced by the application of an external electric field are complex and entail the coupling of physical, chemical and electrostatic processes. In this study we focus on electromigration and we provide experimental evidence of the impact of compound-specific properties, such as the aqueous diffusivity and the valence of charged species, on the macroscopic electrokinetic transport. We performed a series of multidimensional experiments considering the displacement of three different tracer plumes (i.e., permanganate, allura red and new coccine) in different background electrolyte solutions. The outcomes of the experiments clearly show that both the compound-specific diffusivity and the charge of the injected and resident ions impact the transport of the selected color tracer plumes, whose evolution was monitored with image analysis. The investigated experimental scenarios led to distinct plume behavior characterized by different mass distribution, average displacement velocities, longitudinal and lateral plume spreading, shape of the invading and receding fronts, as well as dilution of the injected solutes. A numerical simulator, based on the Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations and on aqueous speciation reactions in the pore water, allowed us to quantitatively interpret the experimental results, to capture the observed patterns of plume evolution, and to illuminate the coupling between the governing physico-chemical mechanisms and the controlling role of small scale compound-specific and electrostatic properties. Finally, the model was also extended to a typical configuration of in situ electrokinetic remediation of contaminated groundwater to show the impact of such mechanisms at larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Rolle
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marina Albrecht
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Riccardo Sprocati
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Maldonado S, López-Vizcaíno R, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Roa G, Barrera C, Sáez C. Scale-up of electrokinetic permeable reactive barriers for the removal of organochlorine herbicide from spiked soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126078. [PMID: 33992923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to shed light on the scale-up a combined electrokinetic soil flushing process (EKSF) with permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for the treatment of soil spiked with clopyralid. To do this, remediation tests at lab (3.45 L), bench (175 L) and pilot (1400 L) scales have been carried out. The PRB selected was made of soil merged with particles of zero valent iron (ZVI) and granular activated carbon (GAC). Results show that PRB-EKSF involved electrokinetic transport and dehalogenation as the main mechanisms, while adsorption on GAC was not as relevant as initially expected. Clopyralid was not detected in the electrolyte wells and only in the pilot scale, significant amounts of clopyralid remained in the soil after 600 h of operation. Picolinic acid was the main dehalogenated product detected in the soil after treatment and mobilized by electro-osmosis, mostly to the cathodic well. The transport of volatile compounds into the atmosphere was promoted at pilot scale because of the larger soil surface exposed to the atmosphere and the electrical heating caused by ohmic losses and the larger interelectrode gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - R López-Vizcaíno
- Geo-Environmental Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geo-Environmental Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - G Roa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - C Barrera
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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11
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Ahmed MB, Johir MAH, McLaughlan R, Nguyen LN, Xu B, Nghiem LD. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil and sediments: Occurrence, fate, remediation and future outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141251. [PMID: 32805564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of great concern due to their wide-spread occurrence and persistence in the environments (i.e., in water, soil and sediment) and potential toxicology even at very low concentration. The main focus of this review is on the PFASs in soil and sediments. More specifically, this review systematically examines the occurrence and toxicological effects with associated risks, fate (i.e., PFASs adsorption by soil and sediment, transportation and transformation, and bioaccumulation), and remediation practices of PFASs in soil and sediment. Various models and equations such as fugacity-based multimedia fate and hydrodynamic models are used to study the fate, transport, and transformation of PFASs. Among different remediation practices, sorption is the dominant process for the removal of PFASs from soil and sediments. Results also indicate that PFASs adsorption onto activated carbon decrease with the increase of carbon chain length in the PFASs. The longer-chain PFASs have larger partition coefficient values than shorter-chained PFASs. Sorption of PFASs to soil and sediments are mainly governed by different electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds formation, hydrophobic interactions, organic content in soil and sediments, and ligand exchange. Other technology such as thermal treatment might be potential in the removal of PAFSs, but need further study to elucidate a conclusion. Finally, the associated challenges and future outlook have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Ahmed
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - M A H Johir
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Robert McLaughlan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Sprocati R, Rolle M. Charge interactions, reaction kinetics and dimensionality effects on electrokinetic remediation: A model-based analysis. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2020; 229:103567. [PMID: 31780056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential of electrokinetic remediation technologies (EKR) for the removal of different contaminants from subsurface porous media has been increasingly recognized. Despite electrokinetic applications have shown promising results, quantitative understanding of such systems is still challenging due to the complex interplay between physical transport processes, electrostatic interactions, and geochemical reactions. In this study, we perform a model-based analysis of electrokinetic transport in saturated porous media. We investigate the effects of: (i) Coulombic interactions between ions in the system mobilized by electromigration, (ii) reaction kinetics on the overall removal efficiency of a non-charged organic contaminant, and (iii) dimensionality and different electrode configurations. The results show that such effects play a major role on the performance of electrokinetic systems. The simulations illuminate the importance of microscopic processes, such as electrostatic interactions and ion-specific diffusivities, and their non-intuitive macroscopic impact on the delivery of charged amendments and on the efficiency of contaminant removal. The insights of this study are valuable to improve and optimize the design and the operational strategies of electrokinetic remediation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sprocati
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Massimo Rolle
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Sörengård M, Niarchos G, Jensen PE, Ahrens L. Electrodialytic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) removal mechanism for contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:224-231. [PMID: 31154183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is a global problem, in particular at fire-fighter training sites due to the usage of PFAS-containing aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFFs). In this study, an electrodialytic remediation method was applied for the first time to remove PFASs from contaminated soil. The electrodialytic remediation system was evaluated in a laboratory-scale experiment with current densities of 0.19 mA cm-2 and 0.38 mA cm-2 over 21 days, using PFAS-contaminated soil from a fire-fighter training site at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Sweden. Of the 23 PFASs targeted, significant (p < 0.05) PFAS electromigration towards the anode was observed for C3-C7 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFOA) and C4, C6, and C8 perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) (PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS) since these PFASs were predominantly negatively charged. In contrast to the electromigration of the charged PFASs, N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (MeFOSA), perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (FOSAA) and ethyl FOSAA (EtFOSAA) showed significant (p < 0.05) transport towards the cathode, which is probably attributed to electro-osmotic flow of these predominantly neutral PFASs. Mass balance calculations showed that for the shortest-chained PFASs (i.e., PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFBS, and PFHxS), up to 20% was extracted from the soil to the anolyte, which showed that electrodialysis is a possible in-situ remediation technique for PFAS-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Sörengård
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, P. O. Box 7050, SE, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Georgios Niarchos
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, P. O. Box 7050, SE, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernille Erland Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, P. O. Box 7050, SE, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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López-Vizcaíno R, dos Santos E, Yustres A, Rodrigo M, Navarro V, Martínez-Huitle C. Calcite buffer effects in electrokinetic remediation of clopyralid-polluted soils. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Huang T, Zhang S, Liu L. Immobilization of trace heavy metals in the electrokinetics-processed municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes and its characterizations and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:207-218. [PMID: 30472564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mass production of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes has caused severe concerns in regarding to the inherently ecological harm and the decreasing landfilling space. To relieve the heavy metal contamination into the environment and complete a closed-loop electrokinetics (EK), the sequential effects of electrokinetics and alkali activating solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique on the immobilization of HMs in the remnant of MSWI fly ashes were investigated in the research. The compressive strength for the remnant-based solidified product at the proposing time of 18 days was 2.58 MPa, 104.76% higher than that of the MWSI-based specimen with the optimal curing parameters being adopted for the production of the solidified matrices. The leaching concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu were 9.74, 0.21, and 0.75 mg/L, correspondingly reduced by 57.84%, 80.19%, and 17.58%, respectively. The opposite correlation between the compressive strength and the leaching concentration was demonstrated for both two groups of the curing samples. The mechanism results showed that the electrokinetics had significantly changed the micromorphology characteristics of MSWI fly ashes and distinctly affected the whole curing process. The cementation and geo-polymerization were comprehensively determined as two of main mechanisms for the immobilization of HMs in the curing matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China.
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Nuclear Resources Engineering College, University of South China, 421001, China.
| | - Longfei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
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López-Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Asensio L, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Techno-economic analysis of the scale-up process of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 231:570-575. [PMID: 30388654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a techno-economic study of the scaling-up of the electrochemically-assisted soil remediation (EASR) process of polluted soil. Four scales have been selected for the study: laboratory, bench, pilot and prototype, with a capacity of treating a volume of soil of 1 × 10-4, 2 × 10-3, 0.11 and 21.76 m3, respectively. This study analyses the technical information produced by studies carried out at each scale, and informs about the fixed costs (construction of the electrokinetic remediation reactor, installation of auxiliary services and purchase of analytical equipment) and variable costs (start-up, operation and dismantling of the test) derived from running a test at each of the evaluated scales. The information discussed in based on the experience gained with many evaluations carried out over the last decade at these scales. This information can provide useful guidance for developing a scaling-up of the EASR for many researchers starting on the evaluation of this important environmental remediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Vizcaíno
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - A Yustres
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L Asensio
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Rodrigo S, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Reversible electrokinetic adsorption barriers for the removal of organochlorine herbicide from spiked soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:629-636. [PMID: 29870938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to describe the removal of clopyralid from clay soils using electrokinetically assisted soil flushing (EKSF) coupled with a permeable reactive barrier (PRB), consisting of beds of Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC). To do this, two strategies have been evaluated on bench-scale electroremediation facilities (175 dm3): electrokinetic adsorption barrier (EKAB) and reversible electrokinetic adsorption barrier (REKAB). Likewise, to clarify the contribution of the different mechanisms to remediation process results are compared to those obtained in a reference test (without applying an electric field) and to results obtained in the EKSF of soils polluted with compounds with different polarity and vapour pressure. Results show that during EKAB and REKAB tests, clopyralid is removed from the soil by adsorption in PRB, electrokinetic transport and, very less decisively, by evaporation. The application of polarity reversion attains a higher retention of clopyralid in the activated carbon-PRB and a better regulation of pH because of the neutralization of H+ and OH- generated in the electrolyte wells. After 30 days of operation, the removal of clopyralid by EKAB is 45% while it reaches 57% in the case of REKAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Villen-Guzman M, Guedes P, Couto N, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB, Rodriguez-Maroto JM. Electrodialytic phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash under kinetic control. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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López Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Asensio L, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Navarro V. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted soils by anolyte pH conditioning. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:477-485. [PMID: 29454170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of a polluted soil, the pH has a strong impact on the development of different physicochemical processes as precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption or ionic exchange. In addition, the pH determines the chemical speciation of the compounds present in the system and, consequently, it conditions the transport processes by which those compounds will move. This question has aroused great interest in the development of pH control technologies coupled to soil remediation processes. In electrokinetic remediation processes, pH has usually been controlled by catholyte pH conditioning with acid solutions, applied to cases of heavy metals pollution. However, this method is not effective with pollutants that can be dissociated in anionic species. In this context, this paper presents a study of the electrokinetic remediation of soils polluted with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a common polar pesticide, enhanced with an anolyte pH conditioning strategy. A numerical study is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy. Several numerical tests have been carried out for NaOH solutions with different concentrations as pH conditioning fluid. The results show that the anolyte pH conditioning strategy makes it possible to control the pH of the soil and, consequently, the chemical speciation of pollutant species. Thus, it is possible to achieve an important flux of pesticide into the anolyte compartment (electro-migration of anionic species and diffusive transport of acid species). This way, it possible to maximise the pesticide accumulation in this compartment, allowing a much more effective removal of pollutants from the soil than without the anolyte pH conditioning strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López Vizcaíno
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - A Yustres
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - L Asensio
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
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Yustres Á, López-Vizcaíno R, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo M, Navarro V. Water transport in electrokinetic remediation of unsaturated kaolinite. Experimental and numerical study. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Acosta-Santoyo G, Cameselle C, Bustos E. Electrokinetic - Enhanced ryegrass cultures in soils polluted with organic and inorganic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:118-125. [PMID: 28623746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of electric fields on seed germination and development of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was studied in clean and contaminated soil with heavy metals and/or PAHs. The application of 0.2 DCV/cm in clean soil near ryegrass seeds enhanced the germination by 75%. The presence of contaminants in soil hindered the germination and growing of ryegrass. However, the application of DC electric field favored the germination and growing of plants compensating the negative effects of the contaminants. The electrode material in anodes has a decisive influence in the germination and growing of ryegrass. Stable anode materials have to be used to avoid the release of toxic ions in the soil that affect the development of the plant. Graphite anodes are very appropriate because they are inexpensive and does not generate toxic effects on plants. The electro-phytoremediation of mixed contaminated soil with ryegrass showed very promising results, especially AC electric fields. The tests with AC current showed the highest biomass production in a treatment of 1 month. The more biomass production the more removal of heavy metals and PAHs from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Acosta-Santoyo
- Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry (CIDETEQ), Pedro Escobedo 76703, Mexico.
| | - Claudio Cameselle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Rua Maxwell s/n, Building Fundicion, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Erika Bustos
- Center of Research and Technological Development in Electrochemistry (CIDETEQ), Pedro Escobedo 76703, Mexico.
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Barba S, Villaseñor J, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Effect of the polarity reversal frequency in the electrokinetic-biological remediation of oxyfluorfen polluted soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:120-127. [PMID: 28288422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the feasibility of the periodic polarity reversal strategy (PRS) in a combined electrokinetic-biological process for the remediation of clayey soil polluted with a herbicide. Five two-weeks duration electrobioremediation batch experiments were performed in a bench scale set-up using spiked clay soil polluted with oxyfluorfen (20 mg kg-1) under potentiostatic conditions applying an electric field between the electrodes of 1.0 V cm-1 (20.0 V) and using PRS with five frequencies (f) ranging from 0 to 6 d-1. Additionally, two complementary reference tests were done: single bioremediation and single electrokinetic. The microbial consortium used was obtained from an oil refinery wastewater treatment plant and acclimated to oxyfluorfen degradation. Main soil conditions (temperature, pH, moisture and conductivity) were correctly controlled using PRS. On the contrary, the electroosmotic flow clearly decreased as f increased. The uniform soil microbial distribution at the end of the experiments indicated that the microbial activity remained in every parts of the soil after two weeks when applying PRS. Despite the adapted microbial culture was capable of degrade 100% of oxyfluorfen in water, the remediation efficiency in soil in a reference test, without the application of electric current, was negligible. However, under the low voltage gradients and polarity reversal, removal efficiencies between 5% and 15% were obtained, and it suggested that oxyfluorfen had difficulties to interact with the microbial culture or nutrients and that PRS promoted transport of species, which caused a positive influence on remediation. An optimal f value was observed between 2 and 3 d-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barba
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Villaseñor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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The influence of macroelements on energy consumption during periodic power electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals contaminated black soil. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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