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MacKeown H, Benedetti B, Scapuzzi C, Di Carro M, Magi E. A Review on Polyethersulfone Membranes in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers: Preparation, Characterization and Innovation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1758-1774. [PMID: 36263980 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2131374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The membranes in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) enclose the receiving sorbent and protect it from coming into direct contact with the environmental matrix. They have a crucial role in extending the kinetic regime of contaminant uptake, by slowing down their diffusion between the water phase and the receiving phase. The drive to improve passive sampling requires membranes with better design and enhanced performances. In this review, the preparation of standard polyethersulfone (PES) membranes for POCIS is presented, as well as methods to evaluate their composition, morphology, structure, and performance. Generally, only supplier-related morphological and structural data are provided, such as membrane type, thickness, surface area, and pore diameter. The issues related to the use of PES membranes in POCIS applications are exposed. Finally, alternative membranes to PES in POCIS are also discussed, although no better membrane has yet been developed. This review highlights the urge for more membrane characterization details and a better comprehension of the mechanisms which underlay their behavior and performance, to improve membrane selection and optimize passive sampler development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Unravelling the role of membrane pore size in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) to broaden the polarity range of sampled analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1963-1972. [PMID: 35028687 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are widely used in their standard configuration for sampling contaminants in water bodies. A wider polyethersulfone (PES) membrane pore size was employed in POCIS exposed in a static calibration experiment to investigate the uptake of 21 emerging contaminants ranging from hydrophilic (perfluoroalkyl compounds, xanthines, an artificial sweetener) to more hydrophobic compounds (pharmaceuticals, oestrogens, UV filters). Compared to standard POCIS with 0.1-µm pore size PES membranes, the POCIS with 5-µm pore size PES membranes did not increase sampling rates for compounds of relatively low and mid-hydrophobicity. However, the uptake of more hydrophobic and anionic compounds, which either poorly diffuse through or are retained within the standard 0.1-µm PES membrane, showed a marked increase. This led to the first ever recorded sampling rates for triclosan (0.249 L day-1) and two UV filters (0.075-0.123 L day-1). Based on these results, more attention should be placed on the choice of the appropriate membrane for each POCIS application. The most suitable configuration depends on the studied compound physico-chemical characteristics-such as the polarity and the compound membrane-to-sorbent partitioning coefficient-but also on the site conditions (deployment time, fouling, flow variations, et.).
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Cristale J, Oliveira Santos I, Umbuzeiro GDA, Fagnani E. Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban rivers from Piracicaba watershed (Brazil). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59244-59255. [PMID: 32748359 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are substances globally used as flame retardants and plasticizers that have been detected in all environmental compartments. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and sources of ten OPEs in the Piracicaba River Basin (Brazil). Twelve sampling sites were selected in five rivers with different pollution sources; six sampling campaigns were performed encompassing dry and wet seasons. ΣOPEs ranged from 0.12 to 6.2 μg L-1; the levels in urban areas were higher than in rural and non-urban areas, but no overall tendency concerning the seasonal effect on OPEs concentrations was observed. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were the most abundant and frequently detected compounds. Nine OPEs were detected at higher concentrations in a site affected by effluents from textile industries. An acute toxicity test using Daphnia similis was performed for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) for the calculation of a preliminary predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The risk quotient (RQ) approach was applied and risk to aquatic environment related to TEHP levels was observed in areas adjacent to textile industries, but more toxicity studies are required for the determination of a more reliable PNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil.
| | - Izabela Oliveira Santos
- School of Technology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Enelton Fagnani
- School of Technology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
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Distribution of organochlorine pesticide pollution in water, sediment, mollusk, and fish at Saguling Dam, West Java, Indonesia. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:149-157. [PMID: 35419272 PMCID: PMC8960551 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the distribution of organochlorine pesticide pollution in water, sediments, mollusks, and fish at Saguling Dam as baseline data of organochlorine pollution. Samples were obtained from 12 locations, with 9 and 3 sampling points inside and outside the dam, respectively. Measurement of organochlorine residues was carried out using methods of extraction, purification, evaporation, and gas chromatography. Results showed the presence of several types of organochlorine compounds, namely, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and endosulfan. Aldrin was dominant in water (2-37 μg/L) and sediments (2-1438 μg/L), while DDT and heptachlor were dominant organochlorine compounds in mollusks (13-2758 µg/L) and fish (11-104 μg/L), respectively. Sediments demonstrated higher organochlorine concentrations than water, mollusk, and fish. The distribution of organochlorine was affected by land use around the Citarum watershed and pollutant input from tributaries.
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Godlewska K, Jakubus A, Stepnowski P, Paszkiewicz M. Impact of environmental factors on the sampling rate of β-blockers and sulfonamides from water by a carbon nanotube-passive sampler. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:413-427. [PMID: 33334535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Passive techniques are a constantly evolving approach to the long-term monitoring of micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, in the aquatic environment. This paper presents, for the first time, the calibration results of a new CNTs-PSDs (carbon nanotubes used as a sorbent in passive sampling devices) with an examination of the effect of donor phase salinity, water pH and the concentration of dissolved humic acids (DHAs), using both ultrapure and environmental waters. Sampling rates (Rs) were determined for the developed kinetic samplers. It has been observed that the impact of the examined environmental factors on the Rs values strictly depends on the type of the analytes. In the case of β-blockers, the only environmental parameter affecting their uptake rate was the salinity of water. A certain relationship was noted, namely the higher the salt concentration in water, the lower the Rs values of β-blockers. In the case of sulfonamides, water salinity, water pH 7-9 and DHAs concentration decreased the uptake rate of these compounds by CNTs-PSDs. The determined Rs values differed in particular when the values obtained from the experiments carried out using ultrapure water and environmental waters were compared. The general conclusion is that the calibration of novel CNTs-PSDs should be carried out under physicochemical conditions of the aquatic phase that are similar to the environmental matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk 80-308, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Jakubus
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Monika Paszkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
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García-Galán MJ, Matamoros V, Uggetti E, Díez-Montero R, García J. Removal and environmental risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern from irrigation waters in a semi-closed microalgae photobioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110278. [PMID: 33038365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the efficiency of a semi-closed, tubular, horizontal photobioreactor (PBR) to treat a mixture of irrigation and rural drainage water, focusing in the removal of different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and evaluating the environmental impact of the resulting effluent. Target CECs included pharmaceuticals, personal care products and flame retardants. Of the 13 compounds evaluated, 11 were detected in the feed water entering the PBR, and diclofenac (DCF) (1107 ng L-1) and N,N-diethyl-toluamide (DEET) (699 ng L-1) were those present at the greatest concentrations. The best removal efficiencies were achieved for the pharmaceuticals diazepam (94%), lorazepam (LZP) (83%) and oxazepam (OXA) (71%), and also for ibuprofen (IBU) (70%). For the rest of the CECs evaluated, attenuation was similar to that obtained after conventional wastewater treatment, ranging from basically no elimination (carbamazepine (CBZ) and tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)) to medium efficiencies (DCF and tributyl phosphate (TBP) (50%)). Environmental risk assessment based on hazard quotients (HQs) resulted in HQ values < 0.1 (no risk associated) for most of the compounds and most of the trophic levels considered. Values between 1 and 10 (moderate risk) were obtained for tonalide (AHTN) (fish) and CBZ (invertebrates). The most sensitive trophic level was green algae, whereas fish and aquatic plants were the most resilient. Our results suggest that microalgae-based treatments could become a green, cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment regarding the efficient elimination of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Víctor Matamoros
- Group of Environmental Pollution and Agriculture, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Díez-Montero
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Pellicer-Castell E, Belenguer-Sapiña C, Amorós P, Haskouri JE, Herrero-Martínez JM, Mauri-Aucejo AR. Enhancing extraction performance of organophosphorus flame retardants in water samples using titanium hierarchical porous silica materials as sorbents. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461938. [PMID: 33535116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A sorbent for the extraction of organophosphorus flame retardants has been proposed, based on UVM-7 (University of Valencia Materials) mesoporous silica doped with titanium. Designed cartridges have been applied to the extraction and preconcentration of flame retardants in water samples, followed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector. Firstly, UVM-7 materials with different contents of titanium were synthesized and characterized by several techniques, thus confirming the proper mesoporous architecture. The potential of these materials was assessed in comparison with their morphological properties, resulting Ti50-UVM-7 the best solid phase. Several extraction parameters were also optimized. Analytical parameters were also evaluated, and limits of detection from 0.019 to 0.21 ng mL-1 were obtained, as well as intra-day relative standard deviation below 11% for all analytes. Extraction efficiencies above 80% in water samples were achieved. The reusability of the material was also proved. Finally, the designed protocol was applied for the analysis of real water samples, and quantifiable concentrations of tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were obtained in some samples. The method was compared with a United States Environmental Protection Agency general method with C18 cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Pellicer-Castell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Belenguer-Sapiña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Amorós
- Institute of Material Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jamal El Haskouri
- Institute of Material Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Herrero-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adela R Mauri-Aucejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Xing L, Tao M, Zhang Q, Kong M, Sun J, Jia S, Liu CH. Occurrence, spatial distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from the lower Yangtze River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139380. [PMID: 32464373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively used as flame retardants and plasticizers in China; however, their potential carcinogenicity causes great concern. To date, their environmental distribution in water samples from the lower Yangtze River Basin still remains uncharacterized. This study systematically investigated the occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 OPEs, as well as their associated potential risks, in water samples from the lower Yangtze River and its 88 major inflowing rivers. The total OPE (ΣOPEs) concentrations ranged from 55.6 to 5071 ng/L, with a median of 144 ng/L. Among them, halogenated OPEs were the dominant group with an average of 61.6%, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (12.6-450 ng/L, median: 53.38 ng/L) and tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (11.0-1202 ng/L, median: 36.4 ng/L) were the most abundant OPEs. Significantly different concentrations were found with spatial variations (p < 0.01), and were higher in southern cities than in northern cities of the lower Yangtze River Basin. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression and Spearman correlations showed that the main sources were likely emission of vehicular and marine traffic. Ecological risk analysis showed that the risk quotient (RQ) values of samples remained below 1, but the percentage of 0.1 < RQ ≤ 1 was 26.9%, indicating a medium risk of OPEs in water samples. Moreover, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate predominantly contributed to the ecological risk, accounting for >89.2% of the total ecological risk of ΣOPEs. However, the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of ΣOPEs were negligible at the detected concentrations, even in a high exposure scenario. The risks from major inflowing rivers of the lower Yangtze River were almost one order of magnitude higher than those of the mainstream lower Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215216, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Gao X, Xu Y, Ma M, Huang Q, Gabrielsen GW, Hallanger I, Rao K, Lu Z, Wang Z. Distribution, sources and transport of organophosphorus flame retardants in the water and sediment of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114792. [PMID: 32434112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are contaminants of emerging concern which have been detected globally. However, little information on PFRs in the Arctic freshwater environment is currently available. In this study, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic PFRs in the water and sediment of four areas (town, surroundings, coastal marine water, and glacier melt runoff) near Ny-Ålesund Svalbard were investigated by time-integrated passive sampling (water) and grab sampling (sediment). Seven kinds of PFRs were found in the Arctic waters with individual freely dissolved concentrations from 0.007 ng L-1 to 355 ng L-1, and the concentrations of chlorinated PFRs were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than those of non-chlorinated PFRs. The distribution of different PFRs in freshwater showed significant spatial differences among the different areas, and the town was found to have most kinds of PFRs and highest PFRs concentrations. The sources and transport of different kinds of PFRs were explored based on a spatial overlay analysis of the contaminant distributions, environmental conditions, and PFR applications. As a result, human settlements, industrial activities, atmospheric deposition, and transportation in Ny-Ålesund were proposed to be related to the pollution of different PFRs at Ny-Ålesund. The PFRs in the inshore marine water were found to be affected by both local ship contamination and ocean current transport. Furthermore, nine PFRs were detected in the sediments of Ny-Ålesund. Accumulation of different PFRs in the Arctic sediment was found to be dominated by their physico-chemical properties (polarity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | | | | | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Sampling Rate of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS): Influence Factors and Calibration Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a passive sampling device, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has the characteristics of simple operation, safety, and reliability for assessing the occurrence and risk of persistent and emerging trace organic pollutants. The POCIS, allowing for the determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of polar organic chemicals, exhibits good application prospects in aquatic environments. Before deploying the device in water, the sampling rate (Rs), which is a key parameter for characterizing pollutant enrichment, should be determined and calibrated accurately. However, the Rs values strongly depend on experimental hydrodynamic conditions. This paper provides an overview of the current situation of the POCIS for environmental monitoring of organic pollutants in an aquatic system. The principle and theory of the POCIS are outlined. In particular, the effect factors such as the ambient conditions, pollutant properties, and device features on the Rs are analyzed in detail from aspects of impact dependence and mechanisms. The calibration methods of the Rs under laboratory and in situ conditions are summarized. This review offers supplementary information on comprehensive understanding of mechanism and application of the POCIS. Nevertheless, the Rs were impacted by a combined effect of solute–sorbent–membrane–solution, and the influence extent of each variable was still unclear. On this basis, the ongoing challenges are proposed for the future application of the POCIS in the actual environment, for instance, the need for this device to be improved in terms of quantitative methods for more accurate measurement of the Rs.
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Wang Y, Liu H, Yang X. Development of quantitative structure-property relationship model for predicting the field sampling rate (R s) of Chemcatcher passive sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10415-10424. [PMID: 31939012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling technology has been considered as a promising tool to measure the concentration of environmental contaminants. With this technology, sampling rate (Rs) is an important parameter. However, as experimental methods employed to obtain the Rs value of a given compound were time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. A cost-effective method for deriving Rs is urgent. In addition, considering the great dependence of Rs value on water matrix properties, the laboratory measured Rs may not be a good alternative for field Rs. Thus, obtaining the field Rs is very necessary. In this study, a multiparameter quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was constructed for predicting the field Rs of 91 polar to semi-polar organic compounds. The determination coefficient (R2Train), leave-one-out cross-validated coefficient (Q2LOO), bootstrap coefficient (Q2BOOT), and root mean square error (RMSETrain) of the training set were 0.772, 0.706, 0.769, and 0.230, respectively, while the external validation coefficient (Q2EXT) and RMSEEXT of the validation set were 0.641 and 0.253, respectively. According to the acceptable criteria (Q2 > 0.600, R2 > 0.700), the model had good robustness, goodness-of-fit, and predictive performances. Therefore, we could use the model to fill the data gap for substances within the applicability domain on their missing Rs value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Gao X, Huang P, Huang Q, Rao K, Lu Z, Xu Y, Gabrielsen GW, Hallanger I, Ma M, Wang Z. Organophosphorus flame retardants and persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants in Arctic seawaters: On-board passive sampling coupled with target and non-target analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:1-10. [PMID: 31301531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants in the Arctic seas have been of concern to many researchers; however, the vast dynamic marine water poses challenges to their comprehensive monitoring within appropriate spatial and temporal scales in the Arctic. In this study, on-board passive sampling of organic pollutants using a self-developed device coupled with triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (TECAMs) was performed during an Arctic cruise. The TECAM extracts were used for target analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), and non-target screening of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) contaminants using two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). Sixteen chemicals were screened out as PBT contaminants from the 1500 features in the non-target analysis and further identified. Consequently, two chlorinated PFRs (tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate) and four PBT contaminants (4-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropylnaphthalene, 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindane, and 1-phenylnonan-1-one) were accurately quantified, with the temporally and spatially integrated concentrations ranging from 0.83 ng L-1 to 20.82 ng L-1 in the seawaters. Sources and transport of the contaminants were studied, and ocean current transport (West Spitsbergen Current, WSC) and local sources (human settlement, Arctic oil exploitation, and petroleum fuel emissions) were found to contribute to the presence of the different contaminants. Finally, annual transport fluxes of the contaminants from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean by WSC were estimated, and the results indicate that their hazard to the Arctic should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | | | | | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Shao H, Wu M, Zhang J, Li D, Li J, Wang H, Shi W, Xu G. Occurrence, Distribution, and Potential Sources of Organophosphate Esters in Urban and Rural Surface Water in Shanghai, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:115-126. [PMID: 31134307 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and distribution patterns of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban and rural surface water in a typical cosmopolitan city: Shanghai, China. In addition, concentration levels and removal efficiencies of seven sewage treatment plants were analyzed. The OPEs concentrations detected in urban rivers were significantly higher than those detected in rural rivers. Total OPEs ranged from 185.4 to 321 ng L-1 in rural surface water and from 340 to 1688.7 ng L-1 in urban, with an average of 221.8 ng L-1 and 850.2 ng L-1, respectively. Compared with other studies published in the world, the OPEs contamination in surface river water in Shanghai was at a moderate level. Furthermore, the potential sources of OPEs in urban surface water were investigated, and the results indicated that OPEs in urban surface water mainly came from three potential sources. In rural surface water, the OPE concentrations were uniformly distributed, so OPEs in rural surface water may came from nonpoint source pollution. Last, a preliminary environmental risk assessment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed low environmental risks at all sampling sites (except for sampling point R7: medium risk for algae) for the three aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Health risk assessment indicated a noncarcinogenic risk for diverse human groups for ƩOPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Godlewska K, Stepnowski P, Paszkiewicz M. Application of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler for Isolation of Environmental Micropollutants – A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:1-28. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1565983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Paszkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:247-263. [PMID: 30173033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. They are also utilized as plasticizers, antifoaming or anti-wear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids and floor polishing agents. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge regardimg the analytical methodology applied for their determination in wastewater and aquatic environment as well as their occurrence in water, wastewater, sediments and sludge. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives have been identified, which include the elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of OPFRs in aquatic environment and possible risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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16
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Allan IJ, Garmo ØA, Rundberget JT, Terentjev P, Christensen G, Kashulin NA. Detection of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and other organophosphorous compounds in Arctic rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28730-28737. [PMID: 30121771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The flame-retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBrPP) was in the 1970s banned for uses in textiles that may be in contact with the skin, owing to strong suspicions that the substance was a human carcinogen. The substance is looked for but rarely detected in samples from the built and natural environments, but there are indications that TDBrPP is still in use. Here, we report the measurement of a polymer-water partition coefficient (Kpw) for two types of silicone rubber (SR), allowing quantitative estimation of freely dissolved concentrations of TDBrPP by passive sampling in water. We found levels of 100 to 200 pg/L in two Arctic rivers that were sampled during a 2014-2015 survey of contamination using passive samplers in Norwegian and Russian rivers draining into the Barents Sea. We also report the widespread presence of other organophosphorus flame retardants in this survey of eight rivers that drain into the Barents Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øyvind A Garmo
- Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Thomas Rundberget
- Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Terentjev
- Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems (INEP), 4а Acadеmic Campus, Аpаtitу, Murmansk province, Russian Federation, 184200
| | - Guttorm Christensen
- Akvaplan-NIVA, The Fram centre, Hjalmar Johansensgata 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikolay A Kashulin
- Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems (INEP), 4а Acadеmic Campus, Аpаtitу, Murmansk province, Russian Federation, 184200
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17
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Liu Y, Song N, Guo R, Xu H, Zhang Q, Han Z, Feng M, Li D, Zhang S, Chen J. Occurrence and partitioning behavior of organophosphate esters in surface water and sediment of a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Taihu Lake): Implication for eco-toxicity risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:255-263. [PMID: 29571146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, which have been considered or suspected as carcinogens and neurotoxicants. In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, partitioning character and potential risks of OPEs in the surface water and sediment collected from Taihu Lake were investigated. The concentrations of ∑12 OPEs varied from 1.0 × 102 to 1.7 × 103 ng/L for the surface water and from 8.1 to 4.2 × 102 ng/g dw for the sediment. Trimethyl phosphate (TEP) was the predominant congener in the surface water, while Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in the sediment. Positive correlations between OPEs indicated that they may have the same sources and/or similar environmental behavior. The pseudo-partitioning values of OPEs ranged from 0.59 to 6.5 × 104 L/kg. TEHP has the highest pseudo-partitioning coefficient, which indicated that TEHP inclined to be enriched in the sediment in Taihu Lake. Risk assessment (RQ) showed that individual OPEs in the surface water and sediment posed no/low risk to aquatic organisms, except 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (moderate risk) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Mengjuan Feng
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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18
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Picó Y. Analytical challenges to determine emerging persistent organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Chen M, Liu Y, Guo R, Xu H, Song N, Han Z, Chen N, Zhang S, Chen J. Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in sediment from Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13787-13795. [PMID: 29508199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 12 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in the sediments collected from Taihu Lake. Compared to the same lake in 2012 (3.4-14 ng/g dw), the concentrations of ∑12 OPEs in sediments ranged from 10.76 to 335.37 ng/g dw and from 8.06 to 425.39 ng/g dw in 2015 and in 2016, respectively, indicating that the OPEs levels in Taihu Lake have aggravated, recently. TEHP was the most abundant compound of the OPEs, which suggested that TEHP was the most widely used around Taihu Lake recently. The positive correlations between some of individual OPEs and the principal components analysis suggested the same potential sources for them. The strong positive correlation between ∑BPs and TOC content indicated that TOC content was one of the factors affected the distribution of ∑OPEs in the sediment. Risk quotient (RQ) for OPEs showed no high eco-toxicity risk in sediment for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Chen
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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20
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Cerveny D, Grabic R, Fedorova G, Grabicova K, Turek J, Zlabek V, Randak T. Fate of perfluoroalkyl substances within a small stream food web affected by sewage effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:226-233. [PMID: 29427964 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The fate of fourteen target perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are described within a small stream affected by a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent. Concentrations of target PFASs in samples of water, benthic macroinvertebrates and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are presented. Two hundred brown trout individuals originating from clean sites within the same stream were tagged and stocked into an experimental site affected by the STP's effluent. As a passive sampling approach, polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in the water to reveal the water-macroinvertebrates-fish biotransformation processes of PFASs. Bioconcentration/bioaccumulation of target compounds was monitored one, three, and six months after stocking. Twelve of the fourteen target PFASs were found in concentration above the LOQ in at least one of the studied matrices. The compound pattern varied significantly between both the studied species and water samples. Concerning the accumulation of PFASs in fish, the highest concentrations were found in the liver of individuals sampled after three months of exposure. These concentrations rapidly decreased after six months although the water concentrations were slightly increasing during experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cerveny
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Turek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
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21
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Zha D, Li Y, Yang C, Yao C. Assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in surface water and sediment from a freshwater environment (Yangtze River, China). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:222. [PMID: 29546485 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in the surface water, suspended sediments, and river sediments from the Yangtze River in China. A modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (m-POCIS) was successfully used to quantify the OPFR concentrations in surface water. The OPFR concentrations estimated by the field m-POCIS at six sampling locations ranged from 8.99 to 112.45 ng/L with an average concentration of 47.04 ng/L. The OPFR concentrations in suspended sediments were related to the sediment particle size distribution. Chlorinated and alkyl OPFRs were the principle compounds in sediments, especially tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) with concentrations of 3.37-29.65 ng/g. The relationship between the OPFR concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) contents in sediments was examined. The results suggested that the OPFR concentrations were significantly correlated with the TOC contents. The primary OPFR transport mechanism in a freshwater environment occurs in surface water rather than sediment. This was evaluated by the logKow and field sediment-water partition coefficient (logKoc) values between the sediment and water. Finally, the various distributions and transport of OPFRs at the sampling sites indicated that human activities, agricultural production, and wastewater effluents from sewage plants have an important effect on the OPFR levels in a freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoping Zha
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education; College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education; College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China.
| | - Cunman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education; College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China
| | - Chi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education; College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China
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22
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Li Y, Yang C, Zha D, Wang L, Lu G, Sun Q, Wu D. In situ calibration of polar organic chemical integrative samplers to monitor organophosphate flame retardants in river water using polyethersulfone membranes with performance reference compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1356-1363. [PMID: 28851155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampler is an innovative way of monitoring chemicals in different environmental. A modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (m-POCIS) with a performance reference compound (PRC) was used to evaluate the concentrations of 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) under field conditions. The m-POCIS was deployed for 15days under laboratory conditions and 21days under in situ conditions to determine the concentrations of OPFRs. The analytes were trapped in the sorbent and the microporous polyethersulfone (PES) membrane of the m-POCIS. Sampling rates (Rs) were determined for the studied compounds and ranged from 0.02±0.0003L/d (triphenylphosphine oxide, TPPO) to 0.24±0.021L/d (tripropyl phosphate, TPrP) in the laboratory. The membranes accumulation increased with usage and was correlated to the logKow. Among the tested compounds, tripentylphosphate (TPeP) and triphenylphosphate (TPhP) had the highest logKow values and were mostly detected in the membranes. This behavior resulted in a lag-phase, which was measured by extrapolating the data from the last third of the uptake phase (quasilinear) to the x-axis using a linear regression, before the compounds transferred into the sorbent. TPhP was the only compound with a lag-phase of 3.9days during the 15days experiment. Deuteratedtributyl phosphate (TBP-d27) and desisopropyl atrazine-d5 (DIA-d5) were identified through specific experiments as potential PRC. The results from the PRC calibrations suggested that DIA-d5 (ke (in situ)=0.075±0.0048day-1) can be used as a PRC for the evaluation of OPFRs using m-POCISs. The time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations estimated by the m-POCIS with or without a PRC were significantly correlated with the corresponding values determined from the grab samples. After the PRC calibration, the TWA concentrations of the tested OPFRs in an aquatic environment were lower than those estimated using the laboratory sampling rates (Rs). The m-POCIS with a PRC correction was a suitable tool for estimating OPFRs TWA concentrations in the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
| | - Cunman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Daoping Zha
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
| | - Qin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
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Wang G, Chen H, Du Z, Li J, Wang Z, Gao S. In vivo metabolism of organophosphate flame retardants and distribution of their main metabolites in adult zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:50-59. [PMID: 28292737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolism of chemicals as well as the distribution and depuration of their main metabolites in tissues are essential for evaluating their fate and potential toxicity in vivo. Herein, we investigated the metabolism of six typical organophosphate (OP) flame retardants (tripropyl phosphate (TPRP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tri-p-cresyl phosphate (p-TCP)) in adult zebrafish in laboratory at three levels (0, 1/150 LC50 (environmentally relevant level), and 1/30 LC50 per OP analog). Twenty main metabolites were detected in the liver of OPs-exposed zebrafish using high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-TOF). The reaction pathways involving scission of the ester bond (hydrolysis), cleavage of the ether bond, oxidative hydroxylation, dechlorination, and coupling with glucuronic acid were proposed, and were further confirmed by the frontier electron density and point charge calculations. Tissue distribution of the twenty metabolites revealed that liver and intestine with the highest levels of metabolites were the most active organs for OPs biotransformation among the studied tissues of intestine, liver, roe, brain, muscle, and gill, which showed the importance of hepatobiliary system (liver-bile-intestine) in the metabolism and excretion of OPs in zebrafish. Fast depuration of metabolites from tissues indicated that the formed metabolites might be not persistent in fish, and easily released into water. This study provides comprehensive information on the metabolism of OPs in the tissue of zebrafish, which might give some hints for the exploration of their toxic mechanism in aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Hanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Zha D, Li Y, Wang L, Yang C, Lu G. Occurrence and attenuation of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in rivers impacted by sewage treatment plants. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06852b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and transformation products were attenuated in the wastewater-impacted river, and environment conditions influenced the attenuation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoping Zha
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- HoHai University
- Nanjing
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- HoHai University
- Nanjing
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation Bureau
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Cunman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- HoHai University
- Nanjing
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environment
- HoHai University
- Nanjing
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