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Unraveling the role of electrolytes during electrochemical oxidation by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Liu M, Dong J, Shen Y, Zhang C, Fu D. Electrochemical mineralization of uric acid with boron-doped diamond electrode: Factor analysis and degradation mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124358. [PMID: 31330435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the mineralization performance and pathway of uric acid (UA) on boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes were investigated. The oxidation behavior of UA on BDD surface was firstly tested through cyclic voltammetry measurements. The individual and joint effects of four quantitative parameters (applied current density, NaHCO3 concentration, NaCl concentration and flow rate) on UA mineralization were then examined with Doehlert experimental design. The results acquired by statistical analysis revealed that NaCl concentration and applied current density displayed the most dominant roles on UA degradation, while the influences of NaHCO3 concentration and flow rate were statistically insignificant. As a result, the following optimal conditions were reached: applied current density of 7.80 mA cm-2, NaHCO3 concentration of 6.0 mM, NaCl concentration of 9.0 mM and flow rate of 600 mL min-1, which gave a TOC decay of 89.4%, a specific energy consumption of 125.36 KWh kg-1 TOC, a combustion current efficiency of 15.0% and an electrical energy per order of 35.79 KWh m-3 order-1 within 30 min of electrolysis. Further results from LC/MS analysis confirmed the ring rupture of UA during the electrolysis, due to the attack of hydroxyl radicals and active chlorine species. Accordingly, two plausible degradation pathways of UA in bicarbonate and chloride media on BDD anode were proposed respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yawen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Dong J, Zhao W, Zhou S, Zhang C, Fu D. Transformation of bisphenol A by electrochemical oxidation in the presence of nitrite and formation of nitrated aromatic by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124835. [PMID: 31549673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the electrocatalytic abatement of bisphenol A (BPA) with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode had been conducted in NaNO2 electrolytes. Central composite design was used as statistical multivariate method to optimize the operating parameters adopted (applied current density, flow rate, concentration of NaNO2 and initial pH). The results from response surface analysis indicated that pH was the most influential factor for TOC decay, and a maximum TOC decay of 63.7% was achieved under the optimized operating conditions (9.04 mA cm-2 of applied current density, 400 mL min-1 of flow rate, 10 mM of NaNO2, 4.0 of initial pH and 60 min of electrolysis time). Besides, LC/MS technique was applied to identify the main reaction intermediates, and plenty of nitrated oligomers were detected at the end of the degradation. These by-products were generated via the coaction of coupling reaction of nitrated phenol and electrophilic substitution mediated by nitrogen dioxide radicals. Moreover, our results showed that the degree of nitration depended heavily on the employed initial nitrite concentration. This was one of the very few investigations dealing with nitrophenolic by-products in nitrite medium, and thus the findings exhibited important implications for electrochemical degradation of BPA and its related phenolic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenjia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Chen W, Dong J, Zhou S, Zhang C, Fu D. Electrochemical mineralization of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol using boron-doped diamond anodes: Factor analysis and mechanisms study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhang C, Dong J, Liu M, Zhao W, Fu D. The role of nitrite in electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol: An unexpected nitration process relevant to groundwater remediation with boron-doped diamond electrode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:547-557. [PMID: 30951999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using boron-doped diamond (BDD) to mineralize recalcitrant organics has been one of the hottest areas of research interest in the field of water treatment. Here we report for the first time that, in the presence of nitrite ions (NO2-), the anodic oxidation of phenol with BDD electrode will lead to the formation of nitrated by-products of phenol. These by-products include 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenol, 2,3,4,5,6-pentanitrophenol, as well as a large number of dimers and trimers of nitrophenols. Increasing the concentration of NO2- will not only greatly affects the degradation and mineralization of phenol, but also enhances the formation of nitrophenols. The nitrated by-products are mainly generated via electrophilic substitution reactions mediated by nitrogen dioxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals, as well as via coupling reactions of phenol. In addition, it is found that several simple nitrophenols may also be formed in nitrate media. As a whole, formation of nitrated by-products is a novel phenomenon in anodic oxidation processes. Since nitrated aromatics are well known for their persistence in the environment, their formations in BDD anode cells should be carefully scrutinized before such technology is applied to groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenjia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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Zhu C, Jiang C, Chen S, Mei R, Wang X, Cao J, Ma L, Zhou B, Wei Q, Ouyang G, Yu Z, Zhou K. Ultrasound enhanced electrochemical oxidation of Alizarin Red S on boron doped diamond(BDD) anode:Effect of degradation process parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:685-695. [PMID: 29958164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Textile wastewater is characterized by high toxicity, complex structure, and resistance to biodegradation. Therefore, advanced oxidation technologies have received extensive attention. However, it is usually difficult to achieve a desired degradation effect using a single technology. The combination of various advanced oxidation technologies is an important way to achieve efficient degradation of organic wastewater. The present investigation was focused on ultrasound enhanced electrochemical oxidation (US-EO) of typical anthracene Alizarin Red S dye on a boron doped diamond anode. Our work indicates that ultrasonic oxidation technology which is mainly based on cavitation, can produce strongly oxidizing active substances such as OH, HO2, O, and H2O2, that accelerate the destruction of the dye molecular structure and achieve dye decolorization and mineralization. The effects on cavitation and decomposition of ARS by the parameters that affect degradation, including solution temperature, initial pH, and electrolytes, were examined. Results show that low temperature was more conducive to ultrasonic cavitation in the US-EO process; the degradation efficiency rate of EO was higher than that of US-EO when the solution temperature was above 45 °C. Ultrasonic cavitation was significantly more efficient in acid than in alkaline conditions. Almost 100% color removal and 86.07% COD removal was achieved for 100 mg L-1 ARS concentration with a 0.05 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, temperature of 30 °C and pH of 4.97 after 3 h. GC-MS analysis showed that the intermediate products of ARS in the US-EO process were phthalic anhydride, PEAs and bisphenol A, which is eventually mineralized to CO2 and H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Chuqi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Shou Chen
- Shenzhen 863 New Material and Technology Co., Ltd, BeautyStar Sci-tech Industrial Park, 2/F, Building 2, No.1001, Longgang Road, (Pingdi Section), Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518117, PR China
| | - Ruiqiong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shenzhen 863 New Material and Technology Co., Ltd, BeautyStar Sci-tech Industrial Park, 2/F, Building 2, No.1001, Longgang Road, (Pingdi Section), Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518117, PR China
| | - Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Qiuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Guangqi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
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Xian J, Liu M, Chen W, Zhang C, Fu D. Chemometric study on the electrochemical incineration of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid using boron-doped diamond anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:257-265. [PMID: 29421737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical incineration of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode had been initially performed under galvanostatic conditions. The main and interaction effects of four operating parameters (flow rate, applied current density, sulfate concentration and initial DTPA concentration) on mineralization performance were investigated. Under similar experimental conditions, Doehlert matrix (DM) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used as statistical multivariate methods in the optimization of the anodic oxidation processes. A comparison between DM model and CCRD model revealed that the former was more accurate, possibly due to its higher operating level numbers employed (7 levels for two variables). Despite this, these two models resulted in quite similar optimum operating conditions. The maximum TOC removal percentages at 180 min were 76.2% and 73.8% for case of DM and CCRD, respectively. In addition, with the aid of quantum chemistry calculation and LC/MS analysis, a plausible degradation sequence of DTPA on BDD anode was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Zhang C, Xian J, Liu M, Fu D. Formation of brominated oligomers during phenol degradation on boron-doped diamond electrode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:123-135. [PMID: 29032093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the brominated oligomers formed during phenol degradation with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode had been initially studied at three different concentrations of bromide (1, 10 and 100mM). The results from LC/MS analysis indicated that, brominated monomer, dimer and trimer of phenols resulting from electrophilic substitution and coupling reactions were the important reaction by-products. Specifically, the trimer by-products were generated only in bromide-rich systems. The reaction mechanisms concerning oligomer formations were proposed in detail accordingly. The above results were in well accordance with those recorded in the degradation experiments. As a whole, bromides and chlorides demonstrated quite different effects toward phenol degradation, which deepened our understanding on the reactions involved in BDD anode cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jiahui Xian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Zhang C, Chen W, Xian J, Fu D. Application of a novel definitive screening design to in situ chemical oxidation of acid orange-II dye by a Co2+/PMS system. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13446k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel definitive screening design (DSD) was initially used to investigate the in situ chemical oxidation of acid orange-II (AO II) dye using a homogeneous cobalt-catalyzed peroxymonosulfate (Co2+/PMS) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Jiahui Xian
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
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