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Tommonaro G, Paris D, Guerriero G, Majdoubi FZ, Grieco G, Iodice C, Caso L, Ouizgane A, El Moujtahid A, El Ghizi S, Bousseba M, Hasnaoui M, Iodice A, Tramice A. Fatty Acids in Waste Tissues: The Nutraceutical Value of Gonads and Livers from the Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio Fishes. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030188. [PMID: 36976237 PMCID: PMC10059766 DOI: 10.3390/md21030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishes are an important component of human nutrition, mainly acting as source of essential fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The increase in their consumption has led to a growth of fishes waste; therefore, the disposal and recycling of waste has become a key issue to address, in accordance with circular economy principles. The Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio fishes, living in freshwater and marine environments, were collected at mature and immature stages. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of liver and ovary tissues were investigated by GC-MS and compared with edible fillet tissues. The gonadosomatic index, the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes were measured. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be abundant in the mature ovary and fillet of both species, with a polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio ranging from 0.40 to 1.06 and a monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio between 0.64 and 1.84. Saturated fatty acids were found to be highly abundant in the liver and gonads of both species (range 30-54%), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (range 35-58%). The results suggested that the exploitation of fish wastes, such as the liver and ovary, may represent a sustainable strategy for the achievement of high value-added molecules with nutraceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Tommonaro
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR-ICB, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Debora Paris
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR-ICB, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Comparative Endocrinology Laboratories (EClab), Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fatima-Zahra Majdoubi
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Gaetano Grieco
- Comparative Endocrinology Laboratories (EClab), Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Carmine Iodice
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR-ICB, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lucio Caso
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR-ICB, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anouar Ouizgane
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Aziz El Moujtahid
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
- Deraoua Fisheries Farm, National Hydrobiology and Fisheries Center, National Agency for Water and Forests, Rabat-Chellah 10002, Morocco
| | - Sara El Ghizi
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Meriem Bousseba
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Hasnaoui
- Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering Laboratory (LGEEAI), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Annalaura Iodice
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR-ICB, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Annabella Tramice
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR-ICB, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Yang Q, Reid K, Zhu G. Biological-physical processes regulate autumn prey availability of spiny icefish Chaenodraco wilsoni in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctic. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:289-301. [PMID: 35633144 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the adaptability of a Southern Ocean predator, which is dependent on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), to potential changes in food availability. Muscle fatty acids (FAs) of the spiny icefish Chaenodraco wilsoni collected from three areas in the Bransfield Strait (BS), northern Antarctic Peninsula during February-April 2016 give a good representation of their feeding variability. The compositions of 22:6n3 (DHA) and 20:5n3 (EPA) were both higher in the Transitional Zonal Water with Bellingshausen influence (TBW)-controlled C. wilsoni than in the Transitional Zonal Water with Weddell Sea influence (TWW)-controlled fish. This was positively correlated with photoadaptation and carbon sequestration in TBW-controlled phytoplankton. Results for the FAs 16:1n7, 16:0, DHA and EPA indicate the presence of dinoflagellates in all three areas, suggesting that during late summer and early fall, there is a seasonal phytoplankton succession, where small phytoplankton become dominant, in the BS. In addition, the compositions of some long-chain FAs (>20, such as 20:0, 20:1, 22:0 and 22:1n9) and ∑18 indicated that the food chain based on flagellates and copepods was more apparent in TWW-controlled C. wilsoni, especially the effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the variation of prey communities in TWW-controlled areas. FA markers such as SFA/(PUFA+MUFA), ∑15 + ∑17 and ARA were more pronounced in TWW-controlled C. wilsoni, indicating a more strongly carnivorous and benthic food source. In the TBW-TWW confluence, the complex hydrological structure, including the presence of a large number of mesoscale eddies, allows rich nutrients and krill larvae to remain in it, providing a rich food source for the C. wilsoni. Overall, the FA data of this study show that the diet of C. wilsoni varies in different marine environments, aiding their survivability at the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Polar Research, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keith Reid
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Ross Analytics, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Guoping Zhu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Polar Research, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai, China
- Polar Marine Ecosystem Group, The Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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New insights into the autecology of the two sympatric fish species Notothenia coriiceps and N. rossii from western Antarctic Peninsula: A trophic biomarkers approach. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lee MC, Choi BS, Kim MS, Yoon DS, Park JC, Kim S, Lee JS. An improved genome assembly and annotation of the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis and comparison of fatty acid metabolism between T. kingsejongensis and the temperate copepod T. japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100703. [PMID: 32563028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Copepods in the genus Tigriopus are widely distributed in the intertidal zone worldwide. To assess differences in fatty acid (FA) metabolism among congeneric species in this genus inhabiting polar and temperate environments, we analyzed and compared FA profiles of the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis and the temperate copepod T. japonicus. Higher amounts of total FAs were found in the Antarctic copepod T. kingsejongensis than the temperate copepod T. japonicus under administration of the identical amount of Tetraselmis suecica. To determine the genomic basis for this, we identified fatty acid metabolism-related genes in an improved genome of T. kingsejongensis. The total length of the assembled genome was approximately 338 Mb with N50 = 1.473 Mb, 938 scaffolds, and a complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs value of 95.8%. A total of 25,470 genes were annotated using newly established pipeline. We identified eight elongation of very long-chain fatty acid protein (Elovl) genes and nine fatty acid desaturase (Fad) genes in the genome of T. kingsejongensis. In addition, fatty acid profiling suggested that the duplicated Δ5/6 desaturase gene in T. kingsejongensis is likely to play an essential role in synthesis of different FAs in T. kingsejongensis to those in T. japonicus. However, further experimental research is required to validate our in silico findings. This study provides a better understanding of fatty acid metabolism in the Antarctic copepod T. kingsejongensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | | | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Study of Synthesis Pathways of the Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 20:5n-3 in the Diatom Chaetoceros Muelleri Using 13C-Isotope Labeling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050797. [PMID: 32455747 PMCID: PMC7277837 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to characterize the synthesis pathways producing the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 20:5n-3 (EPA). For this, the incorporation of 13C was experimentally monitored into 10 fatty acids (FA) during the growth of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri for 24 h. Chaetoceros muelleri preferentially and quickly incorporated 13C into C18 PUFAs such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6 as well as 16:0 and 16:1n-7, which were thus highly 13C-enriched. During the experiment, 20:5n-3 and 16:3n-4 were among the least-enriched fatty acids. The calculation of the enrichment percentage ratio of a fatty acid B over its suspected precursor A allowed us to suggest that the diatom produced 20:5n-3 (EPA) by a combination between the n-3 (via 18:4n-3) and n-6 (via 18:3n-6 and 20:4n-6) synthesis pathways as well as the alternative ω-3 desaturase pathway (via 20:4n-6). In addition, as FA from polar lipids were generally more enriched in 13C than FA from neutral lipids, particularly for 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6, the existence of acyl-editing mechanisms and connectivity between polar and neutral lipid fatty acid pools were also hypothesized. Because 16:3n-4 and 20:5n-3 presented the same concentration and enrichment dynamics, a structural and metabolic link was proposed between these two PUFAs in C. muelleri.
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Zhang K, Fu Q, Ge F, Jin X, Guo R, Qiao X, Zhao X, Zheng X. The correlation study between fatty acids and organochlorine pesticides or δ 15N values in fish tissues from Dongting Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109358. [PMID: 31247395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, while their correlations with δ15N values and fatty acids (FAs) in fish tissues remain largely unexplored. In the present study, six species of fish for daily consumption were collected from Dongting Lake, and they were dissected to tissue samples to analyze the δ15N values, FAs and OCPs. The results showed that the δ15N values of fish were ranked in the same order in different fish tissues. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) had a different distribution pattern in fish tissues, while the saturated fatty acid (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were not. The composition of HCHs in fish tissues exhibited a tissue-specific and species-specific manner, while such pattern was not detected for DDTs. The correlation analysis indicated that the ratio of DHA/EPA was increased with the increase of δ15N value in the muscle, liver, gill, skin and intestine, indicating the substance flow in freshwater ecosystem. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between the concentrations of some PUFAs and OCPs in the muscle, suggesting that people should pay attention to co-intake of OCPs when they supplemented the PUFAs needed by the human body through fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Qing Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fangfang Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiaoling Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Rui Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Fatty Acids from Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Shells Obtained via Rapid Solid Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE). SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea urchins (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) are good a source of bioactive compounds belonging to different classes of natural substances. The edible Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is a renowned animal model for study in different fields of biology, but it is intensively harvested for high commercial value due to the delicacy of its gonads. Most studies have focused on the composition and the nutritional value of P. lividus gonads (the edible part), but little interest has been taken in the other body parts, such as the shells and spines, which are generally considered waste material. The purpose of this study was to obtain an extract from sea urchin shells, with a green methodology of extraction, and to characterize the lipophilic components for potential applications. The shells of P. lividus were extracted via a very well performing technology based on rapid solid liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) implemented via an automated device (Naviglio Extractor®). The obtained extract shows the presence of fatty acids and their esters (methyl, ethyl and 1-glycerol esters). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements were used to determine fatty acid abundance in the chromatographic fractions of the extract. Arachidonic acid (ARA), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), and 11-eicosenoic acids and their esters are the most abundant components. The presence of many polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the extract, even in low percentages allows a future application in nutrition or medical use.
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Antonucci M, Belghit I, Truzzi C, Illuminati S, Araujo P. Modeling the influence of time and temperature on the levels of fatty acids in the liver of Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antarctic fish (Trematomus bernacchii) are an ideal group for studying the effect of ocean warming on vital physiological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation, including changes in the fatty acid composition to higher heat tolerance in the sub-zero waters of the Southern Ocean. Despite the awareness of the impact of ocean warming on marine life, bioclimatic models describing the effect of temperature and time on fatty acid levels in marine species have not been considered yet. The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in the concentrations of fatty acids in liver from T. bernacchii in response to an increase in temperature in the Antarctic region. Changes in the concentrations of fatty acids in liver from T. bernacchii were observed after varying simultaneously and systematically the temperature and time. The fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography prior to acclimation (− 1.8 °C) and after acclimation (0.0, 1.0, and 2.0 °C) at different times (1, 5, and 10 days). The observed changes were graphically visualized by expressing the fatty acid concentration in absolute units (mg g−1) as a function of the temperature and time using polynomial models. Major changes in fatty acid composition were observed at day 1 of exposition at all temperatures. At day 5, the fish seem to tolerate the new temperature condition. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids were almost constant throughout the various conditions. The concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (in particular 18:1n − 9) decrease at day 1 for all temperatures. In contrast, there was an increase in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (in particular 20:5n − 3 and 22:6n − 3) with increasing temperatures after 1, 5, and 10 days of exposure. The proposed models were in agreement with reported studies on polar and temperate fish, indicating possibly similar adaptation mechanisms for teleost to cope with global warming.
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Near-future ocean acidification does not alter the lipid content and fatty acid composition of adult Antarctic krill. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12375. [PMID: 31451724 PMCID: PMC6710253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill) is a keystone species in the Southern Ocean, but little is known about how it will respond to climate change. Ocean acidification, caused by sequestration of carbon dioxide into ocean surface waters (pCO2), alters the lipid biochemistry of some organisms. This can have cascading effects up the food chain. In a year-long laboratory experiment adult krill were exposed to ambient seawater pCO2 levels (400 μatm), elevated pCO2 levels mimicking near-future ocean acidification (1000, 1500 and 2000 μatm) and an extreme pCO2 level (4000 μatm). Total lipid mass (mg g-1 DM) of krill was unaffected by near-future pCO2. Fatty acid composition (%) and fatty acid ratios associated with immune responses and cell membrane fluidity were also unaffected by near-future pCO2, apart from an increase in 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratios in krill in 1500 μatm pCO2 in winter and spring. Extreme pCO2 had no effect on krill lipid biochemistry during summer. During winter and spring, krill in extreme pCO2 had elevated levels of 18:2n-6 (up to 1.2% increase), 20:4n-6 (up to 0.8% increase), lower 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 and 20:5n-3/20:4n-6 ratios, and showed evidence of increased membrane fluidity (up to three-fold increase in phospholipid/sterol ratios). These results indicate that the lipid biochemistry of adult krill is robust to near-future ocean acidification.
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Guidetti Vendruscolo R, Bittencourt Fagundes M, Jacob-Lopes E, Wagner R. Analytical strategies for using gas chromatography to control and optimize microalgae bioprocessing. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cui L, Wang S, Yang X, Gao L, Zheng M, Wang R, Qiao L, Xu C. Fatty acids, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in paired muscle and skin from fish from the Bohai coast, China: Benefits and risks associated with fish consumption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:952-960. [PMID: 29929334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption benefits early cognitive development and cardiovascular health because of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fish, but toxic pollutants in fish, like dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), may decrease or counteract these benefits. In this study, the fatty acids, dl-PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were analyzed in paired muscle and skin from 13 fish and one squid species from the Bohai coast, which have been influenced by serious dioxin pollution from the Bohai Rim Region. The total fatty acid concentrations in the muscle and skin were 2.6-87 and 3.6-156 mg/g wet weight (ww), respectively. The total polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher in skin than muscle for almost half of the species. The total PCDD/F and dl-PCB toxic equivalents in the muscle and skin were 0.055-0.68 and 0.0099-0.43 pg/g ww, respectively, and were up to five times higher in the muscle than in the skin for eight species. Few benefit-risk studies for fish consumption with and without skin have been performed, so benefit-risk quotients (BRQs) for eating only muscle, only skin, and eating both were calculated. To achieve the recommended 250 mg of EPA + DHA intake, eating only muscle, only skin, and eating both from seven species with BRQs < 1 would cause no significant risk. Removing skin before eating is not necessary for these species. Three fish species had BRQs < 1 for muscle only but BRQs > 1 for skin only. Removing skin before eating would be better for these species. The other four fish species had BRQs > 1 for eating only muscle, only skin, and eating both, indicating the potential risk caused by PCDD/F and dl-PCB. Amounts of the four fish species consumed should be decreased, and other sources of EPA and DHA should be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Runhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Profiling of Heterobranchia Sea Slugs from Portuguese Coastal Waters as Producers of Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051027. [PMID: 29702573 PMCID: PMC6100031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprospection of marine invertebrates has been predominantly biased by the biological richness of tropical regions, thus neglecting macro-organisms from temperate ecosystems. Species that were not the object of studies on their biochemical composition include the Heterobranchia gastropods Armina maculata, Armina tigrina and Aglaja tricolorata, inhabitants of the Portuguese Atlantic coastal waters. Here, we present for the first time the fatty acid profile of neutral lipids and homarine content of these three species. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the fatty acid content among species points to the existence of a fatty acid profile of neutral lipids, particularly of each genus. The results from cytotoxicity assays, using the acetonic extracts of the gastropods on human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines, revealed a pronounced cytotoxic effect of the A. tigrina extract on both cell lines (IC50 values of 68.75 and 69.77 μg mL−1 for AGS and A549, respectively). It is worth noting the significant reduction of NO levels in LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to A. tricolorata extract, at concentrations as low as 125 μg mL−1.
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