1
|
Yang X, Yin ML, Huan ZL, Zhu YB, Zhao SP, Xi HL. Microecological characteristics of water bodies/sediments and microbial remediation strategies after 50 years of pollution exposure in ammunition destruction sites in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118640. [PMID: 38479720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The effects of long-term ammunition pollution on microecological characteristics were analyzed to formulate microbial remediation strategies. Specifically, the response of enzyme systems, N/O stable isotopes, ion networks, and microbial community structure/function levels were analyzed in long-term (50 years) ammunition-contaminated water/sediments from a contamination site, and a compound bacterial agent capable of efficiently degrading trinitrotoluene (TNT) while tolerating many heavy metals was selected to remediate the ammunition-contaminated soil. The basic physical and chemical properties of the water/sediment (pH (up: 0.57-0.64), nitrate (up: 1.31-4.28 times), nitrite (up: 1.51-5.03 times), and ammonium (up: 7.06-70.93 times)) were changed significantly, and the significant differences in stable isotope ratios of N and O (nitrate nitrogen) confirmed the degradability of TNT by indigenous microorganisms exposed to long-term pollution. Heavy metals, such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cs, and Sb, have synergistic toxic effects in ammunition-contaminated sites, and significantly decreased the microbial diversity and richness in the core pollution area. However, long-term exposure in the edge pollution area induced microorganisms to use TNT as a carbon and nitrogen sources for life activities and growth and development. The Bacteroidales microbial group was significantly inhibited by ammunition contamination, whereas microorganisms such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Comamonadaceae gradually adapted to this environmental stress by regulating their development and stress responses. Ammunition pollution significantly affected DNA replication and gene regulation in the microecological genetic networks and increased the risk to human health. Mg and K were significantly involved in the internal mechanism of microbial transport, enrichment, and metabolism of TNT. Nine strains of TNT-utilizing microbes were screened for efficient TNT degradation and tolerance to typical heavy metals (copper, zinc and lead) found in contaminated sites, and a compound bacterial agent prepared for effective repair of ammunition-contaminated soil significantly improved the soil ecological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Mao-Ling Yin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zheng-Lai Huan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yong-Bing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castro SVF, Pereira JFS, Souza MMC, Siqueira GP, Santana MHP, Richter EM, Munoz RAA. Rapid sequential determination of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine in forensic samples employing a graphite sheet sensor and cyclic square-wave stripping voltammetry. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:396. [PMID: 38877161 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of a portable analytical procedure is described for rapid sequential detection and quantification of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in forensic samples using a graphite sheet (GS). A single GS platform works as a collector of explosive residues and detector after its assembly into a 3D-printed cell. The detection strategy is based on cyclic square-wave stripping voltammetry. The cathodic scan from + 0.1 to -1.0 V with accumulation at 0.0 V enables the TNT detection (three reduction peaks), and the anodic scan from + 0.2 to + 1.55 V with accumulation at -0.9 V provides the RDX detection (two oxidation processes). Low detection limit values (0.1 µmol L-1 for TNT and 2.4 µmol L-1 for RDX) and wide linear ranges (from 1 to 150 µmol L-1 for TNT and from 20 to 300 µmol L-1 for RDX) were obtained. The sensor did not respond to pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), which was evaluated as a potential interferent, because plastic explosives contain mixtures of TNT, RDX, and PETN. The GS electrode was also evaluated as a collector of TNT and RDX residues spread on different surfaces to simulate forensic scenarios. After swiping over different surfaces (metal, granite, wood, cloths, hands, money bills, and cellphone), the GS electrode was assembled in the 3D-printed cell ready to measure both explosives by the proposed method. In all cases, the presence of TNT and RDX was confirmed, attesting the reliability of the proposed device to act as collector and sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V F Castro
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Jian F S Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria M C Souza
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilvana P Siqueira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário H P Santana
- Forensic Laboratory of the Federal Police, Uberlândia, 38408-663, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang L, Liu H, Wang B, Zhang W, Wang J, Xiong Y. Selective SERS Detection of TATB Explosives Based on Hydroxy-Terminal Nanodiamond-Multilayer Graphene Substrate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22166-22174. [PMID: 38799344 PMCID: PMC11112555 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Selective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of target explosives with good reproducibility is very important for monitoring soldiers' health and ecological environment. Here, the specific charge transfer pathway was constructed between a stable nanodiamond-multilayer graphene (MGD) film substrate and the target explosives. Two-step wet chemical oxidation methods of H2O2 (30%) and HNO3 (65%) solutions were used to regulate the terminal structure of MGD films. The experimental results showed that the hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups are successfully modified on the surface of MGD thin films, and the MGD-OH substrates having good selectivity for 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) explosive in mixed solutions of the TATB, 2,2-dinitroethene-1,1-diamine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine explosives compared with MGD substrates were demonstrated. Finally, first-principles density functional theory simulations revealed that the SERS enhancement of the MGD-OH substrate is mainly attributed to the transferred electrons between the -NO2 groups of TATB and the -OH groups of the MGD-OH substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Huiqiang Liu
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Joint
Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, School of Mathematics
and Physics, Southwest University of Science
and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School
of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest
University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Strickland KA, Martinez Rodriguez B, Holland AA, Wagner S, Luna-Alva M, Graham DE, Caranto JD. Activity assays of NnlA homologs suggest the natural product N-nitroglycine is degraded by diverse bacteria. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:830-840. [PMID: 38655556 PMCID: PMC11035981 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Linear nitramines (R-N(R')NO2; R' = H or alkyl) are toxic compounds, some with environmental relevance, while others are rare natural product nitramines. One of these natural product nitramines is N-nitroglycine (NNG), which is produced by some Streptomyces strains and exhibits antibiotic activity towards Gram-negative bacteria. An NNG degrading heme enzyme, called NnlA, has recently been discovered in the genome of Variovorax sp. strain JS1663 (Vs NnlA). Evidence is presented that NnlA and therefore, NNG degradation activity is widespread. To achieve this objective, we characterized and tested the NNG degradation activity of five Vs NnlA homologs originating from bacteria spanning several classes and isolated from geographically distinct locations. E. coli transformants containing all five homologs converted NNG to nitrite. Four of these five homologs were isolated and characterized. Each isolated homolog exhibited similar oligomerization and heme occupancy as Vs NnlA. Reduction of this heme was shown to be required for NnlA activity in each homolog, and each homolog degraded NNG to glyoxylate, NO2- and NH4+ in accordance with observations of Vs NnlA. It was also shown that NnlA cannot degrade the NNG analog 2-nitroaminoethanol. The combined data strongly suggest that NnlA enzymes specifically degrade NNG and are found in diverse bacteria and environments. These results imply that NNG is also produced in diverse environments and NnlA may act as a detoxification enzyme to protect bacteria from exposure to NNG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Strickland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | | | - Ashley A Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Shelby Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Michelle Luna-Alva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - David E Graham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jonathan D Caranto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhatta RP, Agarwal A, Kachwal V, Raichure PC, Laskar IR. Enhanced TNT vapor sensing through a PMMA-mediated AIPE-active monocyclometalated iridium(III) complex: a leap towards real-time monitoring. Analyst 2024; 149:2445-2458. [PMID: 38506420 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Based on the explosive nature and harmful effects of nitro-based explosive materials on living beings and the environment, it is extremely important to develop luminescence-based probe molecules for their detection with excellent selectivity and sensitivity. Two AIPE (aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission)-active iridium(III) complexes (M1 and M2) were developed for the sensitive detection of TNT in both contact and non-contact modes. The aggregate solutions of both complexes (M1 and M2 in THF/H2O, 1/9 by volume) detected TNT at the pico-molar (pM) level. These complexes showed greatly enhanced emission intensity while embedded in a PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate) matrix film. The amplified quantum efficiency, improved phosphorescence lifetime, and enhanced porous network of M2-PMMA composite helps to improve the sesitivity of TNT vapor detection. Interestingly, the sensitivity of the detection of TNT by the M2 complex was significantly improved (5-fold) in a PMMA-incorporated complex (CP) with an observed limit of detection (LOD) of 12.8 ppb. From the BET analysis of CP, it was observed that the mesoporous network of CP has an average pore diameter of 8.52 nm and a surface area of 2.03 m2 g-1. The porous network of CP assists in trapping TNT vapor in a polymeric network containing an electron-rich probe (iridium(III) complex, M2), which helps to effectively trap TNT, thus enhancing electronic communication. As a result, significant emission quenching was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad Bhatta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Annu Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Vishal Kachwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Pramod C Raichure
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Corredor D, Duchicela J, Flores FJ, Maya M, Guerron E. Review of Explosive Contamination and Bioremediation: Insights from Microbial and Bio-Omic Approaches. TOXICS 2024; 12:249. [PMID: 38668472 PMCID: PMC11053648 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Soil pollution by TNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX(hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), resulting from the use of explosives, poses significant challenges, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity and alteration of microbial communities. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate this damage. This review focuses on Microbial and Bio-omics perspectives within the realm of soil pollution caused by explosive compounds. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, reviewing 79 articles meeting bibliometric criteria from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, relevant patents were scrutinized to establish a comprehensive research database. The synthesis of these findings serves as a critical resource, enhancing our understanding of challenges such as toxicity, soil alterations, and microbial stress, as well as exploring bio-omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in the context of environmental remediation. The review underscores the importance of exploring various remediation approaches, including mycorrhiza remediation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation. Moreover, an examination of patented technologies reveals refined and efficient processes that integrate microorganisms and environmental engineering. Notably, China and the United States are pioneers in this field, based on previous successful bioremediation endeavors. This review underscores research's vital role in soil pollution via innovative, sustainable bioremediation for explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Corredor
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Jessica Duchicela
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Francisco J. Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería e Industrias, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador
| | - Maribel Maya
- Departamento de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y de Comercio, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Edgar Guerron
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alvarado-Ramírez L, Rostro-Alanis MDJ, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Hernández Luna CE, Castillo-Zacarías C, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by a cocktail of native laccases from Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43 under oxygenic and non-oxygenic atmospheres. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141406. [PMID: 38367881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a highly toxic nitroaromatic explosive known for its environmental consequences, contaminating soil and groundwater throughout its life cycle, from production to disposal. Therefore, the urgency of developing innovative and ecological strategies to remedy the affected areas is recognized. This study reports, for the first time, the enzymatic biotransformation of TNT by a cocktail of native laccases from Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43. The laccases displayed efficient TNT conversion under both oxygenic and non-oxygenic conditions, achieving biotransformation rates of 80% and 87% within 48 h at a temperature of 60 °C and pH 7. Preliminary kinetic constants were calculated with the laccase cocktail, being a Vmax of 1.133 μM min-1 and 0.2984 μM min-1, and the Km values were 1586 μM and 458 μM, in an oxygenic and non-oxygenic atmosphere, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) confirmed the formation of amino dinitrotoluene isomers and hydroxylamine isomers as biotransformation products. In summary, this study suggests the potential application of laccases for the direct biotransformation of recalcitrant compounds like TNT, offering an environmentally friendly approach to address contamination issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Hernández Luna
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán, Cd. Universitaria, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Castillo-Zacarías
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Geris R, Malta M, Soares LA, de Souza Neta LC, Pereira NS, Soares M, Reis VDS, Pereira MDG. A Review about the Mycoremediation of Soil Impacted by War-like Activities: Challenges and Gaps. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:94. [PMID: 38392767 PMCID: PMC10890077 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The frequency and intensity of war-like activities (war, military training, and shooting ranges) worldwide cause soil pollution by metals, metalloids, explosives, radionuclides, and herbicides. Despite this environmentally worrying scenario, soil decontamination in former war zones almost always involves incineration. Nevertheless, this practice is expensive, and its efficiency is suitable only for organic pollutants. Therefore, treating soils polluted by wars requires efficient and economically viable alternatives. In this sense, this manuscript reviews the status and knowledge gaps of mycoremediation. (2) Methods: The literature review consisted of searches on ScienceDirect and Web of Science for articles (1980 to 2023) on the mycoremediation of soils containing pollutants derived from war-like activities. (3) Results: This review highlighted that mycoremediation has many successful applications for removing all pollutants of war-like activities. However, the mycoremediation of soils in former war zones and those impacted by military training and shooting ranges is still very incipient, with most applications emphasizing explosives. (4) Conclusion: The mycoremediation of soils from conflict zones is an entirely open field of research, and the main challenge is to optimize experimental conditions on a field scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Geris
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Malta
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luar Aguiar Soares
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Cardoso de Souza Neta
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Natan Silva Pereira
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Miguel Soares
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa da Silva Reis
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Madson de Godoi Pereira
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Bahia State University, Silveira Martins Street, N. 2555, Cabula, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu N, Qin J, Ge X, Lu Y, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Ye Z. Preparation and study of straw porous biochar with aromatic ring structure for adsorption performance and mechanism toward TNT red water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118483-118494. [PMID: 37917258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) production processes generate a substantial amount of toxic wastewater. Therefore, it is crucial to identify efficient and sustainable methods for treating this wastewater. This paper explores the application of sustainable biomass-derived carbon produced from rice straw for the adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water. The rice straw-derived biochar (SBC) materials were synthesized by two-step reactions through hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation with KOH. Characterization of the fabricated biochar was conducted using various techniques. Here, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used as an evaluation index for adsorption efficiency. The adsorption kinetics showed a good fit with the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 30 min. The biochar's high surface area (1319 m2/g) and large pore volume (1.058 cm3/g) gave it a large adsorption capacity. The Langmuir model exhibited better correlation for equilibrium data analysis, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 173.9 mg/g at 298 K. The SBC was found to have a high removal effect over a wide pH range (from 1 to 13) and showed remarkable stability after undergoing five desorption-adsorption cycles using ethanol and acetone as eluent. The results provide a simple and low-cost method for the efficient treatment of TNT red water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nengsheng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiangzhou Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jihan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Quanlin Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfang Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gupta S, Goel SS, Ramanathan G, Ronen Z. Biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by Diaphorobacter sp. strain DS2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120749-120762. [PMID: 37943434 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorobacter strain DS2 degrades 3-nitrotoluene and 2-nitrotoluene via ring oxidation with 3-nitrotoluene dioxygenase (3NTDO). In the current study, we hypothesized that 3NTDO might also be involved in the degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a major nitroaromatic explosive contaminant in soil and groundwater. Strain DS2 transforms TNT as a sole carbon and nitrogen source when grown on it. Ammonium chloride and succinate in the medium accelerated the TNT degradation rate. A resting cell experiment suggested that TNT does not compete with 3NT degradation (no negative impact of TNT on the reaction velocity for 3NT). Enzyme assay with 3NTDO did not exhibit TNT transformation activity. The above results confirmed that 3NTDO of DS2 is not responsible for TNT degradation. In the resting cell experiment, within 10 h, 4ADNT completely degraded. The degradation of 2ADNT was 97% at the same time. We hypothesized that 3NTDO involve in this reaction. Based on the DS2 genome, we proposed that the N-ethylmaleimide reductases (nemA) were involved in the initial reduction of the nitro group and aromatic ring of TNT. Our findings suggest that strain DS2 could be helpful for the removal of TNT from contaminated sites with or without any additional carbon and nitrogen source and with minimal accumulation of undesirable intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus 8490000, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Shikhar S Goel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus 8490000, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang X, Zhao SP, Xi HL. Defense mechanisms of alfalfa against cyclic tetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165585. [PMID: 37467987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the environmental toxicity and ecological risk caused by cyclic tetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) pollution in military activity sites. In this study, the response mechanism of alfalfa plants to HMX was analyzed from the aspects of the photosynthetic system, micromorphology, antioxidant enzyme system, mineral metabolism, and secondary metabolism, in order to improve the efficiency of plant restoration. Exposure to 5 mg·L-1 HMX resulted in a significant increase in leaf N content and a significant increase and drift of the Fourier transform infrared protein peak area. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed damage to the root system subcellular morphology, but the plant leaves effectively resisted HMX pressure, and the photosynthetic parameters essentially maintained steady-state levels. The root proline content decreased significantly by 23.1-47.2 %, and the root reactive oxygen species content increased significantly by 1.66-1.80 fold. The roots regulate the transport/absorption of many elements that impart stress resistance, and Cu, Mn, and Na uptake is significantly associated with secondary metabolism. The metabolism of roots was upregulated in general by HMX exposure, with the main differences appearing in the content of lipids and lipid-like molecules, further confirming damage to the root biofilm structure. HMX causes an imbalance in the energy supply from oxidative phosphorylation in roots and generates important biomarkers in the form of pyrophosphate and dihydrogen phosphate. Interestingly, HMX had no significant effect on basic metabolic networks (i.e., glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle), confirming that alfalfa has good stress resistance. Alfalfa plants apparently regulate multiple network systems to resist/overcome HMX toxicity. These findings provide a scientific basis for improving plant stress tolerance and understanding the HMX toxicity mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Das CK, Manna MS, Roy M, Das N, Nandi NB, Ghanta S. Design of insensitive high explosives based on FOX-7: a theoretical prospectives. J Mol Model 2023; 29:355. [PMID: 37910226 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT This article presents a theoretical study of three insensitive high explosives based on the FOX-7 moiety. A few heterocyclic five- and six-member nitrogen-rich compounds have been created in an effort to better serve as a potential insensitive high explosive. It has been addressed how these molecules should be optimised in terms of stability, sensitivity, detonation properties, IR frequency computations, formal charge calculations, and more. Comprehensive research has been done on these compounds' molecular density and energy of activation associated with the conversion from nitro (C-NO2) to nitrito (C-ONO) during the initial phase of their decomposition. The bond dissociation energy along with BSSE correction for the most reactive C-NO2 bond is examined. The two designed molecules have intra-molecular hydrogen-bonding while other does not have any intra-molecular hydrogen-bonding. The newly designed compounds exhibit higher detonation values compared to TNT, which suggests that they ought to be prepared in a laboratory by skilled experimenters. METHODS The stability of the C-NO2 link and the covalent character of the bonds have both been calculated using the atoms in molecule (AIM) method. The electronic structure calculations have been recovered at DFT method with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set using the Gaussian-16 quantum chemistry programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Mriganka Sekhar Manna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Manas Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Nishan Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Nishithendu Bikash Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Susanta Ghanta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang H, Zhu Y, Wang S, Zhao S, Nie Y, Ji C, Wang Q, Liao X, Cao H, Liu X. Spatial-vertical variations of energetic compounds and microbial community response in soils from an ammunition demolition site in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162553. [PMID: 36898332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammunition-related activities have caused severe energetic compound (EC) contamination and pose serious risks to ecosystems. However, little is known regarding the spatial-vertical variations of ECs or their migration in soils at ammunition demolition sites. Although the toxic effect of some ECs to microorganisms have been reported through laboratory simulations, the responses of indigenous microbial communities to ammunition demolition activities are unclear. In this study, the spatial-vertical variations of ECs in 117 topsoil samples and three soil profiles from a typical ammunition demolition site in China were studied. Heavy contamination of ECs was concentrated in the top soils of the work platforms, and ECs were also detected in the surrounding area and nearby farmland. ECs showed different migration characteristics in the 0-100 cm soil layer of the different soil profiles. Demolition activities and surface runoff play critical roles in the spatial-vertical variations and migration of ECs. These findings suggest that ECs are able to migrate from the topsoil to the subsoil and from the core demolition area to further ecosystems. The work platforms exhibited lower microbial diversity and different microbiota compositions compared to the surrounding areas and farmlands. Using the random forest analysis, pH and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) were characterized as the most important factors affecting microbial diversity. Network analysis revealed that Desulfosporosinus was highly sensitive to ECs and may be a unique indicator of EC contamination. These findings provide key information in understanding EC migration characteristics in soils and the potential threats to indigenous soil microorganisms in ammunition demolition sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xuan H, Huang X, Shang F, He H, Liu J. Theoretical insights into the synthesis reaction mechanism of HMX based on TAT nitration reaction. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
15
|
Yang X, Zhao SP, Xi HL. Physiological response mechanism of alfalfa seedlings roots to typical explosive cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107756. [PMID: 37216824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the physiological response mechanism of alfalfa seedlings roots to a typical explosive, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), so as to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. The response of plants to different levels of RDX were analyzed from the perspectives of mineral nutrition and metabolic networks. Exposure to RDX at 10-40 mg L-1 had no significant effect on root morphology, but the plant roots significantly accumulated RDX in solution (17.6-40.9%). A 40 mg L-1 RDX exposure induced cell gap expansion and disrupted root mineral metabolism, The key response elements, P, Cu, and Mg, were significantly increased by 1.60-1.66, 1.74-1.90, and 1.85-2.50 times, respectively. The 40 mg L-1 RDX exposure also significantly disturbed root basal metabolism, resulting in a total of 197 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). The main response metabolites were lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the key physiological response pathways were arginine biosynthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. A total of 19 DEMs in root metabolic pathways, including L-arginine, L-asparagine, and ornithine, were significantly responsive to RDX exposure. The physiological response mechanism of roots to RDX therefore involve mineral nutrition and metabolic networks and are of great significance for improving phytoremediation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Persico F, Coulon F, Ladyman M, López CF, Temple T. Evaluating the effect of insensitive high explosive residues on soil using an environmental quality index (EQI) approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161797. [PMID: 36716874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of Insensitive High Explosive (IHE) detonation residues to soil quality was assessed using a series of outdoor soil mesocosms. Two different soils were used including a pristine sandy soil and a land-degraded soil collected from a training range. Both soils were spiked with an IHE mixture comprised of 53 % NTO, 32 % DNAN and 15 % RDX at three different concentrations 15, 146 and 367 mg/kg respectively. The concentration levels were derived from approximate residues from 100 detonations over a 2 week training period. A set of five physico-chemical and biological indicators representative of the two soils were selected to develop environmental quality indexes (EQI). It was found that none of the concentrations tested for the pristine soil affected the chemical, biological and physical indicators, suggesting no decrease in soil quality. In contrast, the EQI for the degraded soil was reduced by 24 %, mainly due to a decrease in the chemical and biological components of the soil. Therefore, it is concluded that depending on the soil health status, IHE residues can have minor or severe consequences on soil health. Further studies are needed to determine the environmental impact of IHE on soil and water especially in the case where a larger number of detonations are more likely to be carried out on a training range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Persico
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Melissa Ladyman
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Carmen Fernández López
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. C/Coronel López Peña S/N, Santiago de La Ribera, 30720 Murcia, Spain
| | - Tracey Temple
- Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan IU, Qi SS, Gul F, Manan S, Rono JK, Naz M, Shi XN, Zhang H, Dai ZC, Du DL. A Green Approach Used for Heavy Metals 'Phytoremediation' Via Invasive Plant Species to Mitigate Environmental Pollution: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12040725. [PMID: 36840073 PMCID: PMC9964337 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) normally occur in nature and are rapidly released into ecosystems by anthropogenic activities, leading to a series of threats to plant productivity as well as human health. Phytoremediation is a clean, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for reducing soil toxicity, particularly in weedy plants (invasive plant species (IPS)). This method provides a favorable tool for HM hyperaccumulation using invasive plants. Improving the phytoremediation strategy requires a profound knowledge of HM uptake and translocation as well as the development of resistance or tolerance to HMs. This review describes a comprehensive mechanism of uptake and translocation of HMs and their subsequent detoxification with the IPS via phytoremediation. Additionally, the improvement of phytoremediation through advanced biotechnological strategies, including genetic engineering, nanoparticles, microorganisms, CRISPR-Cas9, and protein basis, is discussed. In summary, this appraisal will provide a new platform for the uptake, translocation, and detoxification of HMs via the phytoremediation process of the IPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah Khan
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shan-Shan Qi
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Farrukh Gul
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sehrish Manan
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Justice Kipkorir Rono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Misbah Naz
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xin-Ning Shi
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- School of Inspection and Testing Certificate, Changzhou Vocational Institute Engineering, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Zhi-Cong Dai
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dao-Lin Du
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo J, Li Y, Cao H, Zhu Y, Liu X, Li H, Liao X. Variations of microbiota in three types of typical military contaminated sites: Diversities, structures, influence factors, and co-occurrence patterns. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130290. [PMID: 36335906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with energetic compounds (ECs) is common in military sites and poses a great risk to the environment and human health. However, its effects on the soil bacterial communities remain unclear. This study assessed the variations of bacterial communities, co-occurrence patterns, and their influence factors in three types of typical military-contaminated sites (artillery range, military-industrial site, and ammunition destruction site). The results showed that the most polluted sites were ammunition destruction sites, followed by military-industrial sites, whereas pollution in the artillery ranges was minimal. The average concentrations of ECs including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in the study sites ranged 120-1.67 × 105, 20-7.20 × 104, and 180-2.38 × 105 μg/kg, respectively. Bacterial diversity and community structure in military-industrial and ammunition destruction sites were significantly changed, but not in artillery ranges. TNT, pH, and soil moisture are the critical factors affecting bacterial communities in contaminated military sites. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that the pressure of ECs affected bacterial interactions and microbiota function. Our findings provide new insights into the variations in bacterial communities in EC-contaminated military sites and references for the bioremediation of ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Barbosa J, Asselman J, Janssen CR. Synthesizing the impact of sea-dumped munition and related chemicals on humans and the environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114601. [PMID: 36652858 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine environments are globally impacted by vast quantities of munition disposed following both World Wars. Dumped munitions contain conventional explosives, chemicals warfare agents as well as a variety of metals. Field monitoring studies around marine dumpsites report the presence of munition constituents in water and sediment samples. The growing interest and developments in the ocean as a new economic frontier underline the need to remediate existing dumpsites. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the magnitude and potential risks associated with marine munition dumpsites. An overview of the global distribution of dumpsites identifying the most impacted areas is provided, followed by the currently available data on the detection of munition constituents in environmental samples and evidence of their toxic potential to human and environmental health. Finally, existing data gaps are identified and future research needs promoting better understanding of the impact of the dumped material on the marine environment suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, GhEnToxLab, Ghent University, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, GhEnToxLab, Ghent University, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gupta S, Goel SS, Siebner H, Ronen Z, Ramanathan G. Transformation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene by Stenotrophomonas strain SG1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137085. [PMID: 36328316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
TNT, or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, is a common explosive that can contaminate soil and groundwater in production sites, military training areas, and disposal locations. The compound is highly toxic; therefore, there is an urgent need to rehabilitate the impacted environments. Harnessing the microbial ability to biodegrade TNT into environmentally harmless compound(s) is one approach to remediating contaminated sites. In our study, we report on the genomic and metabolic ability of Stenotrophomonas strain SG1 to degrade TNT under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacterial strain SG1 was first isolated as a contaminant from a culture of Diaphorobacter sp. strain DS2 over minimal media supplemented with TNT. The draft genome assembly of strain SG1 is ∼4.7 Mb and is distributed among 358 contigs. The homology search against the custom database of enzymes responsible for TNT biodegradation revealed the presence of three N-ethylmaleimide reductases (NemA) with a defined KEGG ortholog and KEGG pathway of TNT degradation. The presence of respiratory nitrate reductases has also been mapped, which supports denitrification under anaerobic conditions. Experimentally, the TNT transformation rate accelerated when carbon sources, such as sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium succinate, sucrose, and glucose (final concentration of 5 mM), were added. Citrate promoted the highest growth and TNT transformation ratio (88.35%) in 120 h. With the addition of 5 mM ammonium chloride, TNT completely disappeared in the citrate and sucrose-containing treatments in 120 h. However, higher biomass was obtained in the sucrose and glucose-containing treatments in 120 h. During incubation, the formation of amino dinitrotoluene isomers, dinitrotoluene isomers, trinitrobenzene, azoxy isomers, diaryl hydroxylamines, and corresponding secondary amines was confirmed by GC/MS and UPLC/MS. 2-Amino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene, and 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene were also identified in the culture supernatant by GC/MS. Under anaerobic conditions, TNT completely disappeared in the citrate and citrate plus nitrate treatments. Since the strain shows the ability to remove TNT, this research should be useful in basic research and practical applications for removing TNT from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Shikhar S Goel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel.
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Design of derivatives of FOX-7-based new four-member heterocyclic insensitive high energy density molecules: a theoretical prospectives. J Mol Model 2022; 29:18. [PMID: 36564605 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical analysis of the novel, insensitive and high-energy density compounds based on the 1,1-dinitro-2,2-diamino-ethylene (FOX-7) moiety is presented here. In order to better serve as a prospective insensitive, high-energy molecule, a few novel heterocyclic four-member compounds were developed. METHODS The atoms in molecule (AIM) calculations have been used to estimate the stability of the C-NO2 bond as well as the covalent nature of the bonds. Using the Gaussian-16 quantum chemistry software, the electronic structure computations have been retrieved at the B3LYP level of theory with an aug-ccpVDZ basis set. RESULTS It was discussed the impact sensitivity, thermal stability, detonation characteristics, harmonic vibrational frequency calculations, natural bond orbital calculations, the optimised structure of these molecules and more. The crystal density, activation energy for the nitro (C-NO2) to nitrito (C-ONO) transformation during the first stage of thermal breakdown, and the C-NO2 bond dissociation energy with BSSE correction of these molecules have been comprehensively investigated. CONCLUSION These newly modelled compounds have been discovered to exhibit comparable detonation characteristics to those of FOX-7, which implies that they should be synthesised in a lab by experienced experimentalists.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lyu JT, Liang WS, Lv JG. A flow-drop electrochemiluminescent design for portable detection of soil and skin 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
23
|
Srivastava V, Boczkaj G, Lassi U. An Overview of Treatment Approaches for Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) Explosive in Soil, Groundwater, and Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15948. [PMID: 36498024 PMCID: PMC9737503 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) is extensively exploited in the manufacturing of explosives; therefore, a significant level of HMX contamination can be encountered near explosive production plants. For instance, up to 12 ppm HMX concentrations have been observed in the wastewater effluent of a munitions manufacturing facility, while up to 45,000 mg/kg of HMX has been found in a soil sample taken from a location close to a high-explosive production site. Owing to their immense demand for a variety of applications, the large-scale production of explosives has culminated in severe environmental issues. Soil and water contaminated with HMX can pose a detrimental impact on flora and fauna and hence, remediation of HMX is paramount. There is a rising demand to establish a sustainable technology for HMX abatement. Physiochemical and bioremediation approaches have been employed to treat HMX in the soil, groundwater, and wastewater. It has been revealed that treatment methods such as photo-peroxidation and photo-Fenton oxidation can eliminate approximately 98% of HMX from wastewater. Fenton's reagents were found to be very effective at mineralizing HMX. In the photocatalytic degradation of HMX, approximately 59% TOC removal was achieved by using a TiO2 photocatalyst, and a dextrose co-substrate was used in a bioremediation approach to accomplish 98.5% HMX degradation under anaerobic conditions. However, each technology has some pros and cons which need to be taken into consideration when choosing an HMX remediation approach. In this review, various physiochemical and bioremediation approaches are considered and the mechanism of HMX degradation is discussed. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies are also discussed along with the challenges of HMX treatment technologies, thus giving an overview of the HMX remediation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fernandez-Lopez C, Posada-Baquero R, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Nature-based approaches to reducing the environmental risk of organic contaminants resulting from military activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157007. [PMID: 35768030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As is the case with many other industrial activities, the organic contaminants at military-impacted sites may pose significant hazards to the environment and human health. Given the expected increase in defense investments globally, there is a need to make society aware of the risks of emissions of organic contaminants generated by military activities and to advance risk minimization approaches. The most recent advances in environmental analytical chemistry, persistence, bioavailability and risk assessment of organic contaminants indicate that efficient risk reductions through biological means are possible. This review debates the organic contaminants of interest associated with military activities, the methodology used to extract and analyze these contaminants, and the nature-based remediation technologies available to recover these sites. In addition, we revise the military environmental regulatory frameworks designed to sustain such actions. Military activities that potentially release organic contaminants on land could be classified as infrastructure and base operations, training exercises and armed conflicts; additionally, chemicals may include potentially toxic compounds, energetic compounds, chemical warfare agents and military chemical compounds. Fuel components, PFASs, TNT, RDX and dyphenylcyanoarsine are examples of organic contaminants of environmental concern. Particularly in the case of potentially toxic and energetic compounds, bioremediation and phytoremediation are considered eco-friendly and low-cost technologies that can be used to remediate these contaminated sites. In addition, this article identifies implementing the bioavailability of organic contaminants as a justifiable approach to facilitate the application of these nature-based approaches and to reduce remediation costs. More realistic risk assessment in combination with new and economically feasible remediation methods that reduce risk by reducing bioavailability (instead of lowering the total contaminant concentration) will serve as an incentive for the military and regulators to accept nature-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez-Lopez
- University Centre of Defense at the Spanish Air Force Academy (CUD-AGA), Santiago de la Ribera, Spain
| | - Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Facile Synthesis of Micro-Mesoporous Copper Phyllosilicate Supported on a Commercial Carrier and Its Application for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitro-Group in Trinitrobenzene. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165147. [PMID: 36014388 PMCID: PMC9414592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel Cu-based catalysts has become one of the frontiers in the catalytic production of platform chemicals and in environment protection. However, the known methods of their synthesis are too complicated and result in materials that cannot be used instantly as commercial catalysts. In the present work, a novel material has been synthesized by the facile method of deposition-precipitation using thermal hydrolysis of urea. The conditions for Cu phyllosilicate formation have been revealed (molar ratio urea:copper = 10, 92 °C, 8-11 h). The prepared Cu-based materials were studied by TG-DTA, SEM, TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption and TPR-H2 methods, and it was found that the material involves nanoparticles of micro-mesoporous copper phyllosilicate phase with a chrysocolla-like structure inside the pores of a commercial meso-macroporous silica carrier. The chrysocolla-like phase is first shown to be catalytically active in the selective reduction of the nitro-group in trinitrobenzene to an amino-group with molecular hydrogen. Complete conversion of trinitrobenzene with a high yield of amines has been achieved in short time under relatively mild conditions (170 °C, 1.3 MPa) of nitroarene hydrogenation over a copper catalyst.
Collapse
|
26
|
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) degradation by Indiicoccus explosivorum (S5-TSA-19). Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:447. [PMID: 35778571 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a nitro-aromatic explosive commonly used for defense and several non-violent applications is contributing to serious environmental pollution problems including human health. The current study investigated the remediation potential of a native soil isolate, i.e., Indiicoccus explosivorum (strain S5-TSA-19) isolated from collected samples of an explosive manufacturing site, against TNT. The survivability of I. explosivorum against explosives is indirectly justified through its isolation; thus, it is being chosen for further study. At a TNT concentration of 120 mg/L within an optimized environment (i.e., at 30 °C and 120 rpm), the isolate was continually incubated for 30 days in a minimal salt medium (MSM). The proliferation of the isolate and the concentration of TNT, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ion were evaluated at a particular time during the experiment. Within 168 h (i.e., 7 days) of incubation, I. explosivorum co-metabolically degraded 100% TNT. The biodegradation procedure succeeded the first-order kinetics mechanism. Formations of additional metabolites like 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2-DANT), and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), were also witnessed. TNT seems to be non-toxic for the isolate, as it reproduced admirably in TNT presence. To date, it is the first report of Indiicoccus explosivorum, efficiently bio-remediating TNT, i.e., a nitro-aromatic compound via different degradation pathways, leading to the production of simpler as well as less harmful end products. Further, at the field-scale application, Indiicoccus explosivorum may be explored for the bioremediation of TNT (i.e., a nitro-aromatic compound)-contaminated effluents.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang X, Lai JL, Zhang Y, Luo XG. Toxicity analysis of TNT to alfalfa's mineral nutrition and secondary metabolism. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1273-1284. [PMID: 35305132 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa has the ability to degrade TNT. TNT exposure caused root disruption of mineral nutrient metabolism. The exposure of TNT imbalanced basal cell energy metabolism. The mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) toxicity effects was analyzed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings by examining the mineral nutrition and secondary metabolism of the plant roots. Exposure to 25-100 mg·L-1 TNT in a hydroponic solution for 72 h resulted in a TNT absorption rate of 26.8-63.0%. The contents of S, K, and B in root mineral nutrition metabolism increased significantly by 1.70-5.46 times, 1.38-4.01 times, and 1.40-4.03 times, respectively, after TNT exposure. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the roots identified 189 significantly upregulated metabolites and 420 significantly downregulated metabolites. The altered metabolites were primarily lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the most significant enrichment pathways were alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. TNT itself was transformed in the root system into several intermediate products, including 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,4',6,6'-tetranitro-2',4-azoxytoluene, 4,4',6,6'-tetranitro-2,2'-azoxytoluene, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Overall, TNT exposure disturbed the mineral metabolism balance, and significantly interfered with basic plant metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang H, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhao S, Nie Y, Liao X, Cao H, Yin H, Liu X. Determination of Energetic Compounds in Ammunition Contaminated Soil by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Gas Chromatography – Microelectron Capture Detection (GC-µECD). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2059495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang X, Lai JL, Zhang Y, Luo XG. Reshaping the microenvironment and bacterial community of TNT- and RDX-contaminated soil by combined remediation with vetiver grass (Vetiveria ziznioides) and effective microorganism (EM) flora. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152856. [PMID: 34998745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Explosive pollutants remaining in global soils are serious threats to human health and ecological safety. Soils contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) are simulated in this study and remediated using vetiver grass and effective microorganism (EM) flora to determine the efficacy of combined remediation in reshaping the microenvironment and bacterial community of soils contaminated by explosives. The degradation rates of TNT and RDX after 60 days of combined remediation were 95.66% and 84.37%, respectively. Soil microbial activity and enzyme activities related to the nitrogen cycle were upregulated. The content of soil elements in the remediation group changed significantly. Vetiver remediation increased the diversity and significantly changed the structure of the microbial community. Notably, bacteria, such as Sphingomonadaceae and Actinobacteriota, which can degrade explosives, occupied the soil niche, and the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, which are involved in sugar metabolism, showed particularly increased abundance. The metabolism of soil carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids was upregulated in the vetiver, EM flora, and combined vetiver+EM flora remediation groups, and the most significantly upregulated pathway was galactose metabolism. The combined vetiver and EM flora treatment of soil contaminated by explosives greatly improved the ecology of the soil microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gonçalves RF, Kuznetsov A, Rocco BT, Leopoldo Rocco J, A.F.F. Rocco J. Reactive Molecular Dynamics and DFT Simulations of FTDO Explosive. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
31
|
Cheng X, Chen KX, Jiang ND, Wang L, Jiang HY, Zhao YX, Dai ZL, Dai YJ. Nitroreduction of imidacloprid by the actinomycete Gordonia alkanivorans and the stability and acute toxicity of the nitroso metabolite. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132885. [PMID: 34774905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide imidacloprid (IMI), which is used worldwide, pollutes environments and has significant ecotoxicological effects. Microbial metabolism and photolysis are the major pathways of IMI degradation in natural environments. Several studies have reported that the metabolites of IMI nitroreduction are more toxic to some insects and mammals than IMI itself. Thus, environmental degradation of IMI may enhance the ecotoxicity of IMI and have adverse effects on non-target organisms. Here, we report that an actinomycete-Gordonia alkanivorans CGMCC 21704-transforms IMI to a nitroreduction metabolite, nitroso IMI. Resting cells of G. alkanivorans at OD600 nm = 10 transformed 95.7% of 200 mg L-1 IMI to nitroso IMI in 4 d. Nitroso IMI was stable at pH 4-9. However, it rapidly degraded under sunlight via multiple oxidation, dehalogenation, and oxidative cleavage reactions to form 10 derivatives; the half-life of nitroso IMI in photolysis was 0.41 h, compared with 6.19 h for IMI. Acute toxicity studies showed that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of IMI, nitroso IMI, and its photolytic metabolites toward the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna for immobilization (exposed to the test compounds for 48 h) were 17.70, 9.38, 8.44 mg L-1, respectively. The half-life of nitroso IMI in various soils was also examined. The present study reveals that microbial nitroreduction accelerates IMI degradation and the nitroso IMI is easily decomposed by sunlight and in soil. However, nitroso IMI and its photolytic products have higher toxicity toward D. magna than the parent compound IMI, and therefore increase the ecotoxicity of IMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng-Dang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huo-Yong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xiu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jun Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang H, Zhu Y, Wang S, Zhao S, Nie Y, Liao X, Cao H, Yin H, Liu X. Contamination characteristics of energetic compounds in soils of two different types of military demolition range in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118654. [PMID: 34890741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of energetic compounds (ECs) in military ranges has become the focus of worldwide attention. However, few studies on the contamination of ECs at Chinese military ranges have been reported to date. In this study, two different types of military demolition range in China, Dunhua (DH) and Taiyuan (TY), were investigated and the ECs in their soils were determined. 10 ECs were detected at both ranges. While all the contamination characteristics were distinct, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was the most abundant contamination source in soils at DH range, with an average concentration of 1106 mg kg-1 and a maximum concentration of 34,083 mg kg-1. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and two mono-amino degradation products of TNT were also found to have high concentrations, with potential ecological and human health risks. In contrast, the concentrations of ECs in soils of TY range were much lower. The content of RDX was most significant, with average and maximum concentrations of 7.8 and 158 mg kg-1, respectively. However, the potential threat to human health of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in soils at both ranges should not be ignored. The differences in pollution characteristics of the ECs at DH and TY are closely related to the types and amounts of the munitions destroyed. Moreover, the spatial distribution of ECs at the demolition ranges was extremely heterogeneous, which may be attributed to the use of open burning / open detonation and the non-homogeneous composition of the munitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fuller ME, Farquharson EM, Hedman PC, Chiu P. Removal of munition constituents in stormwater runoff: Screening of native and cationized cellulosic sorbents for removal of insensitive munition constituents NTO, DNAN, and NQ, and legacy munition constituents HMX, RDX, TNT, and perchlorate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127335. [PMID: 34798548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Technologies are needed to address contamination with energetic compounds at military installations. This research developed and evaluated novel and sustainable materials that can be used to remove munition constituents (MC) from stormwater runoff. Initial work focused on 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), as it is both highly soluble and ionized at environmentally relevant pH values. Screening cellulosic materials indicated that cationized (CAT) versions of pine shavings (pine, henceforth) and burlap (jute) demonstrated >70% removal of NTO from artificial surface runoff. CAT materials also demonstrated >90% removal of the anionic propellant perchlorate. NTO removal (~80%) by CAT pine was similar across initial pH values from 4 to 8.5 S.U. An inverse relationship was observed between NTO removal and the concentration of the major anions chloride, nitrate, and sulfate due to competition for anion binding sites. Sorption isotherms were performed using a mixture of the three primary legacy explosives (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)), the three insensitive MC (nitroguanidine (NQ), NTO, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN)), and perchlorate. Isotherm results indicated that effective removal of both legacy and insensitive MC would best be achieved using a mixture of peat moss plus one or more of the cationized cellulosic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.
| | | | - Paul C Hedman
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Pei Chiu
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nwankwegu AS, Zhang L, Xie D, Onwosi CO, Muhammad WI, Odoh CK, Sam K, Idenyi JN. Bioaugmentation as a green technology for hydrocarbon pollution remediation. Problems and prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114313. [PMID: 34942548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution mitigation measure involving bioremediation technology is a sustainable intervention for a greener ecosystem biorecovery, especially the obnoxious hydrocarbons, xenobiotics, and other environmental pollutants induced by anthropogenic stressors. Several successful case studies have provided evidence to this paradigm including the putative adoption that the technology is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and shows a high tendency for total contaminants mineralization into innocuous bye-products. The present review reports advances in bioremediation, types, and strategies conventionally adopted in contaminant clean-up. It identified that natural attenuation and biostimulation are faced with notable limitations including the poor remedial outcome under the natural attenuation system and the residual contamination occasion following a biostimulation operation. It remarks that the use of genetically engineered microorganisms shows a potentially promising insight as a prudent remedial approach but is currently challenged by few ethical restrictions and the rural unavailability of the technology. It underscores that bioaugmentation, particularly the use of high cell density assemblages referred to as microbial consortia possess promising remedial prospects thus offers a more sustainable environmental security. The authors, therefore, recommend bioaugmentation for large scale contaminated sites in regions where environmental degradation is commonplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amechi S Nwankwegu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China; Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Deti Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Wada I Muhammad
- Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; College of Water Conservancy, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chuks K Odoh
- Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kabari Sam
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - John N Idenyi
- Department of Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aamir M, Irum S, Siddiq A, Batool HM, Ahmed N, Awais MH, Ali S. A novel method development and validation for determination of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and its metabolites on LC-MS/MS. Anal Biochem 2022; 638:114496. [PMID: 34838816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS has recently emerged as the best practice for simultaneous analysis of 2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites. We have developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of 2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites 4-ADNT, 2-ADNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT in urine samples. These four metabolites were acid hydrolyzed using 1 mL of urine followed by extraction using n-Hexane and ethyl acetate as an extracting solvent. Separation was achieved by centrifugation, and the supernatant was dried under nitrogen, reconstituted with water and acetonitrile, and then filtered. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Agilent Poroshel 120 EC-C18 column (2.1 mm × 75 mm × 2.7 μm) utilizing two mobile phases 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile in gradient flow. The validated AMR of TNT and its metabolites was 7.8-1000 ng/mL. The method showed an excellent correlation (>0.99) for TNT and its metabolites. Accuracy and within/between day precision of TNT and its metabolites were within ±15%. The integrity of diluted samples was maintained for each dilution factor. The method was found stable after storage and freeze-thaw cycle. The presented method can be used for TNT screening in occupationally exposed ordnance factory workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Sobia Irum
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Amer Siddiq
- Watim Medical & Dental College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiza Monaza Batool
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Forensic Toxicology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Forensic Toxicology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Hamid Awais
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Sadiq Ali
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Forensic Toxicology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ganesan S, Sivam S, Elancheziyan M, Senthilkumar S, Ramakrishan SG, Soundappan T, Ponnusamy VK. Novel delipidated chicken feather waste-derived carbon-based molybdenum oxide nanocomposite as efficient electrocatalyst for rapid detection of hydroquinone and catechol in environmental waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118556. [PMID: 34813885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chicken poultry industry produces a vast amount of feather waste and is often disposed into landfills, creating environmental pollution. Therefore, we explored the valorization of chicken feather waste into lipids and keratinous sludge biomass. This study demonstrates the successful utilization of keratinous sludge biomass as a unique precursor for the facile preparation of novel keratinous sludge biomass-derived carbon-based molybdenum oxide (KSC@MoO3) nanocomposite material using two-step (hydrothermal and co-pyrolysis) processes. The surface morphology and electrochemical properties of as-prepared nanocomposite material were analyzed using HR-SEM, XRD, XPS, and cyclic voltammetric techniques. KSC@MoO3 nanocomposite exhibited prominent electrocatalytic behavior to simultaneously determine hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC) in environmental waters. The as-prepared electrochemical sensor showed excellent performance towards the detection of HQ and CC with broad concentration ranges between 0.5-176.5 μM (HQ and CC), and the detection limits achieved were 0.063 μM (HQ) and 0.059 μM (CC). Furthermore, the developed modified electrode has exhibited excellent stability and reproducibility and was also applied to analyze HQ and CC in environmental water samples. Results revealed that chicken feather waste valorization could result in sustainable biomass conversion into a high-value nanomaterial to develop a cost-effective electrochemical environmental monitoring sensor and lipids for biofuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivarasan Ganesan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Sadha Sivam
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Mari Elancheziyan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Sellappan Senthilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | | | - Thiagarajan Soundappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, NM, 87313, USA
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan; Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Synthetic Approaches, Modification Strategies and the Application of Quantum Dots in the Sensing of Priority Pollutants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112411580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) are two classifications of environmental pollutants that have become a source of health concerns. As a result, there have been several efforts towards the development of analytical methods that are efficient and affordable that can sense these pollutants. In recent decades, a wide range of techniques has been developed for the detection of pollutants present in the environment. Among these different techniques, the use of semiconductor nanomaterials, also known as quantum dots, has continued to gain more attention in sensing because of the optical properties that make them useful in the identification and differentiation of pollutants in water bodies. Reported studies have shown great improvement in the sensing of these pollutants. This review article starts with an introduction on two types of organic pollutants, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-aromatic explosives. This is then followed by different quantum dots used in sensing applications. Then, a detailed discussion on different groups of quantum dots, such as carbon-based quantum dots, binary and ternary quantum dots and quantum dot composites, and their application in the sensing of organic pollutants is presented. Different studies on the comparison of water-soluble quantum dots and organic-soluble quantum dots of a fluorescence sensing mechanism are reviewed. Then, different approaches on the improvement of their sensitivity and selectivity in addition to challenges associated with some of these approaches are also discussed. The review is concluded by looking at different mechanisms in the sensing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-aromatic compounds.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lifshitz A, Shemer B, Hazan C, Shpigel E, Belkin S. A bacterial bioreporter for the detection of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX). Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:5329-5336. [PMID: 34622323 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, construction, and testing of Escherichia coli-based bioluminescent bioreporters for the detection of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), one of the most prevalent military-grade explosives in use today. These sensor strains are based on a fusion between the promoter of either the hmp (nitric oxide dioxygenase) or the hcp (a high-affinity nitric oxide reductase) E. coli gene, to the microbial bioluminescence luxCDABEG gene cassette. Signal intensity was enhanced in ∆hmp and ∆hcp mutants, and detection sensitivity was improved when the two gene promoters were cloned in tandem. The Photobacterium leiognathi luxCDABEG reporter genes were superior to those of Aliivibrio fischeri in terms of signal intensity, but in most cases inferior in terms of detection sensitivity, due to a higher background signal. Both sensor strains were also induced by additional nitro-organic explosives, as well as by nitrate salts. Sensitive detection of RDX in a solid matrix (either LB agar or sand) was also demonstrated, with the bioreporters encapsulated in 1.5-mm calcium alginate beads. Lowest RDX concentration detected in sand was 1.67 mg/kg sand. The bioreporter strains described herein may serve as a basis for a standoff detection technology of RDX-based explosive devices, including buried landmines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Lifshitz
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Shemer
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carina Hazan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etai Shpigel
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang X, Zhang Y, Lai JL, Luo XG, Han MW, Zhao SP, Zhu YB. Analysis of the biodegradation and phytotoxicity mechanism of TNT, RDX, HMX in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130842. [PMID: 34023765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism underlying the toxicity of TNT (trinitrotoluene), RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitroamine), and HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) explosives pollution in plants. Here, the effects of exposure to these three explosives were examined on chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the metabolite spectrum in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. The degradation rates for TNT, RDX, and HMX by alfalfa were 26.8%, 20.4%, and 18.4%, respectively, under hydroponic conditions. TNT caused damage to the microstructure of the plant roots and inhibited photosynthesis, whereas RDX and HMX induced only minor changes. Exposure to any of the three explosives caused disturbances in the oxidase system. Non-targeted metabolomics identified a total of 6185 metabolites. TNT exposure induced the appearance of 609 differentially expressed metabolites (189 upregulated, 420 downregulated), RDX exposure induced 197 differentially expressed metabolites (155 upregulated and 42 downregulated), and HMX induced 234 differentially expressed metabolites (132 upregulated and 102 downregulated). Of these differentially expressed metabolites, lipids and lipid-like molecules were the main metabolites induced by explosives poisoning. TNT mainly caused significant changes in the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism metabolic pathways, RDX mainly caused disorders in the arginine biosynthesis metabolic pathway, and HMX disrupted the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway. Taken together, the results show that exposure to TNT, RDX, and HMX leads to imbalances in plant photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme systems, changes the basic metabolism of plants, and has significant ecotoxicity effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education of, SWUST, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education of, SWUST, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Meng-Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Yong-Bing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT): Involvement of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase (P34O) in Buttiauxella sp. S19-1. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100231. [PMID: 34678927 PMCID: PMC8540567 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use and disposal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a primary constituent of explosives, pollutes the environment and causes severe damage to human health. Complete mineralization of TNT via bacterial degradation has recently gained research interest as an effective method for the restoration of contaminated sites. Here, screening for TNT degradation by six selected bacteria revealed that Buttiauxella sp. S19-1, possesses the strongest degrading ability. Moreover, BuP34O (a gene encoding for protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase—P34O, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway) was upregulated during TNT degradation. A knockout of BuP34O in S19-1 to generate S-M1 mutant strain caused a marked reduction in TNT degradation efficiency compared to S19-1. Additionally, the EM1 mutant strain (Escherichia coli DH5α transfected with BuP34O) showed higher degradation efficiency than DH5α. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of TNT degradation by S19-1 revealed 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotolune (ADNT) as the intermediate metabolite of TNT. Furthermore, the recombinant protein P34O (rP34O) expressed the activity of 2.46 µmol/min·mg. Our findings present the first report on the involvement of P34O in bacterial degradation of TNT and its metabolites, suggesting that P34O could catalyze downstream reactions in the TNT degradation pathway. In addition, the TNT-degrading ability of S19-1, a Gram-negative marine-derived bacterium, presents enormous potential for restoration of TNT-contaminated seas.
Collapse
|
41
|
Meda A, Sangwan P, Bala K. In-vessel composting of HMX and RDX contaminated sludge using microbes isolated from contaminated site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117394. [PMID: 34051563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current study was carried out with an objective to remediate highly contaminated sludge with HMX and RDX obtained from an explosive manufacturing facility in North India employing indigenous microbes, Arthrobacter subterraneus (isolate no. S2-TSB-17) and Bacillus sonorensis (isolate no. S8-TSB-4) which were isolated from the same contaminated site. In-vessel composting of the explosive contaminated sludge was performed in 12 different bioreactors using cow manure and garden waste as bulking agents. 78.5% degradation of HMX was observed in reactor no. 2 with Bacillus sonorensis having combination of 10% sludge, 70% cow manure and 20% garden waste on 80th day. Two secondary metabolites Bis(hydroxymethyl)nitramine and methylene dinitramine were identified while studying the degradation pathway. Similarly, degradation of 91.2% was observed for RDX in reactor no. 11 with consortia of Arthrobacter subterraneus and Bacillus sonorensis on 80th day. During the study, release of significant nitrate and nitrite ions were observed. It has already been established that RDX and HMX degradation leads to release of nitrite/nitrate ions. The highest nitrite (reactor no. 11) and nitrate (reactor no. 2) release observed were 24.02 ± 0.05 mg/kg and 30.65 ± 0.99 mg/kg on 50th and 70th day, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic studies confirmed the attachment and presence of microbes with solid surface and no deformation in structure was observed in the microbial cells due to contamination stress. Findings of the study concluded that in-vessel composting assisted with native bacterial species can be a potential technology for the treatment of explosive contaminated sludge at the contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Meda
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety, Defence Research & Development Organization, New Delhi, India; Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Pritam Sangwan
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety, Defence Research & Development Organization, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang X, Lai JL, Zhang Y, Luo XG, Han MW, Zhao SP. Microbial community structure and metabolome profiling characteristics of soil contaminated by TNT, RDX, and HMX. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117478. [PMID: 34087636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the ecotoxicity of typical explosives and their mechanisms in the soil microenvironment. Here, TNT (trinitrotoluene), RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), and HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) were used to simulate the soil pollution of single explosives and their combination. The changes in soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure and function were analyzed in soil, and the effects of explosives exposure on the soil metabolic spectrum were revealed by non-targeted metabonomics. TNT, RDX, and HMX exposure significantly inhibited soil microbial respiration and urease and dehydrogenase activities. Explosives treatment reduced the diversity and richness of the soil microbial community structure, and the microorganisms able to degrade explosives began to occupy the soil niche, with the Sphingomonadaceae, Actinobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria showing significantly increased relative abundances. Non-targeted metabonomics analysis showed that the main soil differential metabolites under explosives stress were lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, with the phosphotransferase system (PTS) pathway the most enriched pathway. The metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids in soil were specifically inhibited. Therefore, residues of TNT, RDX, and HMX in the soil could inhibit soil metabolic processes and change the structure of the soil microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Meng-Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Verma R, Dhingra G, Malik AK. A Comprehensive Review on Metal Organic Framework Based Preconcentration Strategies for Chromatographic Analysis of Organic Pollutants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:415-441. [PMID: 34435923 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1964344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants (OPs) are of worldwide concern for being hazardous to human existence and natural flora and fauna in view of their contaminating nature, bio-aggregation properties and long range movement abilities in environment. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new kind of crystalline porous material, composed of metal ions and multi dentate organic ligands with well-defined co-ordination geometry exhibiting promising application respect to adsorptive evacuation of OPs for chromatographic analysis. Applications of MOFs as preconcentration material and column packing material are reviewed. Key analytical characteristics of MOF based preconcentration techniques and coupled chromatographic procedures are summarized in detail. MOF based preconcentration strategies are compared with conventional sorbent based extraction techniques for thorough evaluation of performance of MOF materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajpal Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Dhingra
- Punjabi University Constituent College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The Impacts of Different Biological Treatments on the Transformation of Explosives Waste Contaminated Sludge. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164814. [PMID: 34443401 PMCID: PMC8398102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dinitrotoluene isomers 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) represent highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds used in explosive manufacturing and in commercial production of polyurethane foam. Bioremediation, the use of microbes to degrade residual DNT in industry wastewaters, represents a promising, low cost and environmentally friendly alternative technology to landfilling. In the present study, the effect of different bioremediation strategies on the degradation of DNT in a microcosm-based study was evaluated. Biostimulation of the indigenous microbial community with sulphur phosphate (2.3 g/kg sludge) enhanced DNT transformation (82% transformation, from 300 g/L at Day 0 to 55 g/L in week 6) compared to natural attenuation over the same period at 25 °C. The indigenous microbial activity was found to be capable of transforming the contaminant, with around 70% transformation of DNT occurring over the microcosm study. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that while the original bacterial community was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (30%), the addition of sulphur phosphate significantly increased the abundance of Betaproteobacteria by the end of the biostimulation treatment, with the bacterial community dominated by Burkholderia (46%) followed by Rhodanobacter, Acidovorax and Pseudomonas. In summary, the results suggest biostimulation as a treatment choice for the remediation of dinitrotoluenes and explosives waste.
Collapse
|
45
|
Şener H, Anilanmert B, Mavis ME, Gursu GG, Cengiz S. LC-MS/MS monitoring for explosives residues and OGSR with diverse ionization temperatures in soil & hands: 30 minutes for extraction + elution. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA fast LC-APCI-MS/MS screening/confirmation method was developed and validated for trace analyses of 18 analytes which are explosives and organic gun shot residues including the challenging ones with diverse ionization conditions, in soil and on hands. (+) and (−) ionization modes were used after a single-step, low-volume solvent extraction procedure developed using methanol. Tape-lifting, stub, alcohol wipes, cotton bud were compared for collecting the residues from hands of a shooter. Tape-lifting and stub gave the highest recoveries and tape-lifting was chosen. Gradient elution system using ammonium chloride:methanol was developed. Whole procedure lasted approximately 30 min, was validated in both matrices, applied to real samples as post-blast residues, smokeless powder and the hands of a shooter, after shooting. Most of the recoveries were >80% and since all the precisions were <15%, quantitation was possible for all. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) values were: 0.2–54.1 and 0.3–190.0 ngg−1 in soil, and 0.2–132.3 and 1.1–355.0 ngg−1 in tape-lift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harun Şener
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Beril Anilanmert
- Institute of Forensic Sciences & Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Emrah Mavis
- R & D Center of SEM Laboratuar Cihazları Pazarlama San. ve Tic. Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Goksu Gursu
- R & D Center of SEM Laboratuar Cihazları Pazarlama San. ve Tic. Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Salih Cengiz
- Rumeli University, Vocational School of Health Services, Mehmet Balci Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07438. [PMID: 34401549 PMCID: PMC8353291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insensitive high explosive materials (IHE) such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are increasingly being used in formulations of insensitive munitions alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Load, assembly and packing (LAP) facilities that process munitions produce wastewater contaminated with IHE which must be treated before discharge. Some facilities can produce as much as 90,000 L of contaminated wastewater per day. In this review, methods of wastewater treatment are assessed in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for their use in production of IHE munitions including their limitations and how they could be applied to industrial scale LAP facilities. Adsorption is identified as a suitable treatment method, however the high solubility of NTO, up to 16.6 g.L−1 which is 180 times higher that of TNT, has the potential to exceed the adsorptive capacity of carbon adsorption systems. The key properties of the adsorptive materials along the selection of adsorption models are highlighted and recommendations on how the limitations of carbon adsorption systems for IHE wastewater can be overcome are offered, including the modification of carbons to increase adsorptive capacity or reduce costs.
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang X, Lai JL, Li J, Zhang Y, Luo XG, Han MW, Zhu YB, Zhao SP. Biodegradation and physiological response mechanism of Bacillus aryabhattai to cyclotetramethylenete-tranitramine (HMX) contamination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112247. [PMID: 33765573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to reveal the biodegradation and interaction mechanism of cyclotetramethylenete-tranitramine (HMX) by a newly isolated bacteria. In this study, a bacterial strain (Bacillus aryabhattai) with high efficiency for HMX degradation was used as the test organism to analyze the changes in growth status, cell function, and mineral metabolism following exposure to different stress concentrations (0 and 5 mg L-1) of HMX. Non-targeted metabonomics was used to reveal the metabolic response of this strain to HMX stress. The results showed that when the HMX concentration was 5 mg L-1, the removal rate of HMX within 24 h of inoculation with Bacillus aryabhatta was as high as 90.5%, the OD600 turbidity was 1.024, and the BOD5 was 225 mg L-1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the morphology of bacteria was not obvious Variety, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the cell surface -OH functional groups drifted, and ICP-MS showed that the cell mineral element metabolism was disturbed. Non-targeted metabonomics showed that HMX induced the differential expression of 254 metabolites (133 upregulated and 221 downregulated). The main differentially expressed metabolites during HMX stress were lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the most significantly affected metabolic pathway was purine metabolism. At the same time, the primary metabolic network of bacteria was disordered. These results confirmed that Bacillus aryabhattai has a high tolerance to HMX and can efficiently degrade HMX. The degradation mechanism involves the extracellular decomposition of HMX and transformation of the degradation products into intracellular purines, amino sugars, and nucleoside sugars that then participate in cell metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Meng-Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yong-Bing Zhu
- National NBC National Key Laboratory of Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - San-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Lamba J, Anand S, Dutta J, Chatterjee S, Nagar S, Celin SM, Rai PK. Study on aerobic degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus collected from the contaminated site. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:80. [PMID: 33486600 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene or TNT, a commonly used explosive, can pollute soil and groundwater. Conventional remediation practices for the TNT-contaminated sites are neither eco-friendly nor cost-effective. However, exploring bacteria to biodegrade TNT into environment-friendly compound(s) is an interesting area to explore. In this study, an indigenous bacterium, Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus, strain S5-TSA-26, isolated from explosive contaminated soil, was investigated for potential aerobic degradation of TNT for the first time. The isolated strain of P. chlorophenolicus was incubated in a minimal salt medium (MSM) containing 120 mg/L TNT for 25 days at specified conditions. TNT degradation pattern by the bacterium was monitored at regular interval using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometric, by estimating nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ion concentration and other metabolites such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2-DANT). It was observed that, in the presence of TNT, there was no reduction in growth of the bacterium although it multiplied well in the presence of TNT along with no considerable morphological changes. Furthermore, it was found that TNT degraded completely within 15 days of incubation. Thus, from this study, it may be concluded that the bacterium has the potential for degrading TNT completely with the production of non-toxic by-products and might be an important bacterium for treating TNT (i.e., a nitro-aromatic compound)-contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Lamba
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Shalini Anand
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Jayanti Dutta
- Human Resource Development Centre, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Tezpur, Assam, 784 001, India
| | - Shilpi Nagar
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - S Mary Celin
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Rai
- Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu Z, Dang K, Li C, Gao J, Wang H, Gao Y, Zhao B, Fan P, Qian A. Isolation and identification of a novel bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01, involved in the biodegradation of CL-20. AMB Express 2020; 10:196. [PMID: 33128640 PMCID: PMC7603440 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a compound with a polycyclic cage and an N-nitro group that has been shown to play an unfavorable role in environmental fate, biosafety, and physical health. The aim of this study was to isolate the microbial community and to identify a single microbial strain that can degrade CL-20 with desirable efficiency. Metagenomic sequencing methods were performed to investigate the dynamic changes in the composition of the community diversity. The most varied genus among the microbial community was Pseudomonas, which increased from 1.46% to 44.63% during the period of incubation (MC0-MC4). Furthermore, the new strain was isolated and identified from the activated sludge by bacterial morphological and 16s rRNA sequencing analyses. The CL-20 concentrations decreased by 75.21 μg/mL and 74.02 μg/mL in 48 h by MC4 and Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01, respectively. Moreover, ZyL-01 could decompose 98% CL-20 of the real effluent in 14 day's incubation with the glucose as carbon source. Finally, a draft genome sequence was obtained to predict possible degrading enzymes involved in the biodegradation of CL-20. Specifically, 330 genes that are involved in energy production and conversion were annotated by Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis, and some of these candidates may encode enzymes that are responsible for CL-20 degradation. In summary, our studies indicate that microbes might be a valuable biological resource for the treatment of environmental contamination caused by CL-20 and that Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01 might be a promising candidate for eradicating CL-20 to achieve a more biosafe environment and improve public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Dang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cunzhi Li
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhong Gao
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongchao Gao
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Fan
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Ordnance Industry Hygiene, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|