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Wei Z, Qin Y, Li X, Gao P. Resource recovery of high value-added products from wastewater: Current status and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130521. [PMID: 38432547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater resource recovery not only allows the extraction of value-added products and offsets the operational costs of wastewater treatment, but it is also conducive to alleviating adverse environmental issues due to energy and chemical inputs and associated emissions. A number of attractive compounds such as alginate-like polymers, struvite, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and sulfated polysaccharides, were found and successfully obtained from wastewater and have a wide range of application prospects. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in recovery of these popular products from wastewater, and their physicochemical properties, main sources, and current recovery status are summarized. Various factors influencing the recovery performance of these materials are thoroughly discussed. Moreover, the research needs and future directions towards wastewater resource recovery are highlighted. This study can provide valuable insights for future research endeavors aiming to improve wastewater resource recovery through the retrieval of high value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yan Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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2
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Hekmatmehr H, Esmaeili A, Atashrouz S, Hadavimoghaddam F, Abedi A, Hemmati-Sarapardeh A, Mohaddespour A. On the evaluating membrane flux of forward osmosis systems: Data assessment and advanced intelligent modeling. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10960. [PMID: 38168046 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging desalination technology, forward osmosis (FO) can potentially become a reliable method to help remedy the current water crisis. Introducing uncomplicated and precise models could help FO systems' optimization. This paper presents the prediction and evaluation of FO systems' membrane flux using various artificial intelligence-based models. Detailed data gathering and cleaning were emphasized because appropriate modeling requires precise inputs. Accumulating data from the original sources, followed by duplicate removal, outlier detection, and feature selection, paved the way to begin modeling. Six models were executed for the prediction task, among which two are tree-based models, two are deep learning models, and two are miscellaneous models. The calculated coefficient of determination (R2 ) of our best model (XGBoost) was 0.992. In conclusion, tree-based models (XGBoost and CatBoost) show more accurate performance than neural networks. Furthermore, in the sensitivity analysis, feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) concentrations showed a strong correlation with membrane flux. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The FO membrane flux was predicted using a variety of machine-learning models. Thorough data preprocessing was executed. The XGBoost model showed the best performance, with an R2 of 0.992. Tree-based models outperformed neural networks and other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesamedin Hekmatmehr
- Renewable Energies Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Esmaeili
- Renewable Energies Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Atashrouz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hadavimoghaddam
- Institute of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Northeast Petroleum University, Heilongjiang, China
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Ali Abedi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ahmad Mohaddespour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Arcas-Pilz V, Gabarrell X, Orsini F, Villalba G. Literature review on the potential of urban waste for the fertilization of urban agriculture: A closer look at the metropolitan area of Barcelona. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167193. [PMID: 37741375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Urban agriculture (UA) activities are increasing in popularity and importance due to greater food demands and reductions in agricultural land, also advocating for greater local food supply and security as well as the social and community cohesion perspective. This activity also has the potential to enhance the circularity of urban flows, repurposing nutrients from waste sources, increasing their self-sufficiency, reducing nutrient loss into the environment, and avoiding environmental cost of nutrient extraction and synthetization. The present work is aimed at defining recovery technologies outlined in the literature to obtain relevant nutrients such as N and P from waste sources in urban areas. Through literature research tools, the waste sources were defined, differentiating two main groups: (1) food, organic, biowaste and (2) wastewater. Up to 7 recovery strategies were identified for food, organic, and biowaste sources, while 11 strategies were defined for wastewater, mainly focusing on the recovery of N and P, which are applicable in UA in different forms. The potential of the recovered nutrients to cover existing and prospective UA sites was further assessed for the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Nutrient recovery from current composting and anaerobic digestion of urban sourced organic matter obtained each year in the area as well as the composting of wastewater sludge, struvite precipitation and ion exchange in wastewater effluent generated yearly in existing WWTPs were assessed. The results show that the requirements for the current and prospective UA in the area can be met 2.7 to 380.2 times for P and 1.7 to 117.5 times for N depending on the recovery strategy. While the present results are promising, current perceptions, legislation and the implementation and production costs compared to existing markets do not facilitate the application of nutrient recovery strategies, although a change is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Arcas-Pilz
- Sostenipra Research Group (2021 SGR 00734), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gabarrell
- Sostenipra Research Group (2021 SGR 00734), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesco Orsini
- DISTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gara Villalba
- Sostenipra Research Group (2021 SGR 00734), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals ICTA-UAB (CEX2019-0940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Wu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Xie Z. Smart utilisation of reverse solute diffusion in forward osmosis for water treatment: A mini review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162430. [PMID: 36842573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has been widely studied as a promising technology in wastewater treatment, but undesirable reverse solute diffusion (RSD) is inevitable in the FO process. The RSD is generally regarded as a negative factor for the FO process, resulting in the loss of draw solutes and reduced FO efficiency. Conventional strategies to address RSD focus on reducing the amount of reverse draw solutes by fabricating high selective FO membranes and/or selecting the draw solute with low diffusion. However, since RSD is inevitable, doubts have been raised about the strategies to cope with the already occurring reverse draw solutes in the feed solution, and the feasibility to positively utilise the RSD phenomenon to improve the FO process. Herein, we review the state-of-the-art applications of RSD and their benefits such as improving selectivity and maintaining the stability of the feed solution for both independent FO processes and FO integrated processes. We also provide an outlook and discuss important considerations, including membrane fouling, membrane development and draw/feed solution properties, in RSD utilisation for water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Xiwang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia.
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5
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Ibraheem BM, Aani SA, Alsarayreh AA, Alsalhy QF, Salih IK. Forward Osmosis Membrane: Review of Fabrication, Modification, Challenges and Potential. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13040379. [PMID: 37103806 PMCID: PMC10142686 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-energy treatment process driven by osmosis to induce the separation of water from dissolved solutes/foulants through the membrane in hydraulic pressure absence while retaining all of these materials on the other side. All these advantages make it an alternative process to reduce the disadvantages of traditional desalination processes. However, several critical fundamentals still require more attention for understanding them, most notably the synthesis of novel membranes that offer a support layer with high flux and an active layer with high water permeability and solute rejection from both solutions at the same time, and a novel draw solution which provides low solute flux, high water flux, and easy regeneration. This work reviews the fundamentals controlling the FO process performance such as the role of the active layer and substrate and advances in the modification of FO membranes utilizing nanomaterials. Then, other aspects that affect the performance of FO are further summarized, including types of draw solutions and the role of operating conditions. Finally, challenges associated with the FO process, such as concentration polarization (CP), membrane fouling, and reverse solute diffusion (RSD) were analyzed by defining their causes and how to mitigate them. Moreover, factors affecting the energy consumption of the FO system were discussed and compared with reverse osmosis (RO). This review will provide in-depth details about FO technology, the issues it faces, and potential solutions to those issues to help the scientific researcher facilitate a full understanding of FO technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakr M. Ibraheem
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Saif Al Aani
- The State Company of Energy Production—Middle Region, Ministry of Electricity, Baghdad 10013, Iraq
| | - Alanood A. Alsarayreh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Issam K. Salih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq
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6
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Natividad-Marin L, Burns MW, Schneider P. A comparison of struvite precipitation thermodynamics and kinetics modelling techniques. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:1393-1422. [PMID: 37001156 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Solution thermodynamics and kinetic modelling applied to struvite crystallisation-precipitation were reviewed from diverse references to determine proximity between predicted and cited experimental measurements. These simulations show the expected variability range of struvite saturation calculation when only limited solution compositional information is given, showing acceptable agreement between predicted and experimental struvite mass. This work also compares results from struvite crystallisation kinetic studies on liquid phase species depletion, crystallisation induction time, primary nucleation, secondary nucleation, crystal growth, and crystal aggregation. Large inconsistencies between reported kinetics were observed in many scenarios. Variations in species depletion models highlighted that they are only suitably applied to the specific system from which they were regressed. Spontaneous primary nucleation was predicted to occur in the range of SI = 0.237-0.8. Predicted primary nucleation rates vary over at least 10 orders of magnitude (depending on supersaturation) because of uncertainties in interfacial tension and maximum achievable nucleation rate. Secondary nucleation rates are more agreeable, varying over approximately two orders of magnitude. Growth rates varied over five orders of magnitude due to variations in experimental conditions. Aggregation rates are not thoroughly examined enough to make any inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leynard Natividad-Marin
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia E-mail:
| | - Max William Burns
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia E-mail:
| | - Phil Schneider
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia E-mail:
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7
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Sniatala B, Kurniawan TA, Sobotka D, Makinia J, Othman MHD. Macro-nutrients recovery from liquid waste as a sustainable resource for production of recovered mineral fertilizer: Uncovering alternative options to sustain global food security cost-effectively. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159283. [PMID: 36208738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global food security, which has emerged as one of the sustainability challenges, impacts every country. As food cannot be generated without involving nutrients, research has intensified recently to recover unused nutrients from waste streams. As a finite resource, phosphorus (P) is largely wasted. This work critically reviews the technical applicability of various water technologies to recover macro-nutrients such as P, N, and K from wastewater. Struvite precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration are applied for nutrient recovery. Technological strengths and drawbacks in their applications are evaluated and compared. Their operational conditions such as pH, dose required, initial nutrient concentration, and treatment performance are presented. Cost-effectiveness of the technologies for P or N recovery is also elaborated. It is evident from a literature survey of 310 published studies (1985-2022) that no single technique can effectively and universally recover target macro-nutrients from liquid waste. Struvite precipitation is commonly used to recover over 95 % of P from sludge digestate with its concentration ranging from 200 to 4000 mg/L. The recovered precipitate can be reused as a fertilizer due to its high content of P and N. Phosphate removal of higher than 80 % can be achieved by struvite precipitation when the molar ratio of Mg2+/PO43- ranges between 1.1 and 1.3. The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to collect data on critical parameters control optimization, improve treatment effectiveness, and facilitate water utilities to upscale water treatment plants. Such infrastructure in the plants could enable the recovered materials to be reused to sustain food security. As nutrient recovery is crucial in wastewater treatment, water treatment plant operators need to consider (1) the costs of nutrient recovery techniques; (2) their applicability; (3) their benefits and implications. It is essential to note that the treatment cost of P and/or N-laden wastewater depends on the process applied and local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Sniatala
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Dominika Sobotka
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Makinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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8
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Osmotic urine fuel cell to recover water, energy, and nutrients along with salinity reduction. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Matar G, Besson M, Mas J, Azimi S, Rocher V, Sperandio M. Modelling the benefits of urine source separation scenarios on wastewater treatment plants within an urban water basin. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:482-495. [PMID: 35960832 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stringent discharge regulations are encouraging researchers to create innovative and sustainable wastewater treatment solutions. Urine source separation (USS) is among the potent approaches that may reduce nutrient peak loads in the influent wastewater and improve nutrient recovery. A phenomenological model was used to simulate dynamic influent properties and predict the advantages gained from implementing USS in an urban water basin. Several scenarios were investigated assuming different levels of deployment: at the entire city, or specifically in office buildings for men's urine only, or for both men and women employees. The results confirmed that all scenarios of urine source separation offered benefits at the treatment plant in terms of reducing nitrogen influent load. The economic benefits in terms of reducing energy consumption for nitrification and decreasing methanol addition for denitrification were quantified, and results confirmed environmental advantages gained from different USS scenarios. Despite larger advantages gained from a global USS rate in an entire city, implementation of a specific USS in office buildings would remain more feasible from a logistical perspective. A significant benefit in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is demonstrated and this was especially due to the high level of N2O emissions avoided in nitrifying biological aerated filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Matar
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France E-mail:
| | - Mathilde Besson
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Mas
- SIAAP, Direction Innovation, 92700, Colombes, France
| | - Sam Azimi
- SIAAP, Direction Innovation, 92700, Colombes, France
| | | | - Mathieu Sperandio
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France E-mail:
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Han C, Yuan X, Ma S, Li Y, Feng Y, Liu J. Simultaneous recovery of nutrients and power generation from source-separated urine based on bioelectrical coupling with the hydrophobic gas permeable tube system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153788. [PMID: 35151748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source-separated urine has been regarded as a precious treasure on account of its rich nitrogen content and is suitable for fertilizer production. In this study, a novel bioelectrical coupling with hydrophobic gas permeable tube system (BGTS) was developed to treat urine, for removing organic matter, and recover nitrogen as value-added products in the form of nitrogen fertilizer. In the presence of the electric field, the hydrolysis process of urea in the anode chamber was accelerated, and the NH4+ driven by electric field force and concentration difference reached the cathode through the cation exchange membrane. The cathode made use of oxygen and electrons to produce alkali in situ to promote the conversion of NH4+ to NH3, which was straightforwardly absorbed in hydrophobic gas permeable tube circulating sulfuric acid solution, so as to promote the rapid migration of nitrogen and build an efficient dynamic recovery of nitrogen. After a 48-h cycle, the BGTS achieved a 95.28 ± 0.60% COD removal ratio, 91.60 ± 0.29% nitrogen recovery efficiency, and 3.48 kg m-3 ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Economic analysis indicated a profit of 5.75 $ associated with the utilization of the BGTS system for nitrogen fertilizer recovery from source separation in urine. Consequently, this study manifested that the BGTS system can recover nitrogen from human urine in a high-recovery and cost-effective way, and is of great significance in the sustainable recovery of nitrogen resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiang Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaole Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shukui Ma
- China Oilfield Services Limited, Tian Jin 300459, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
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11
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Pourmovahed P, Lefsrud M, Maisonneuve J. Thermodynamic limits of using fertilizer to produce clean fertigation solution from wastewater via forward osmosis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Mainardis M, Cecconet D, Moretti A, Callegari A, Goi D, Freguia S, Capodaglio AG. Wastewater fertigation in agriculture: Issues and opportunities for improved water management and circular economy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 296:118755. [PMID: 34971741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water shortages are an issue of growing worldwide concern. Irrigated agriculture accounts for about 70% of total freshwater withdrawals globally, therefore alternatives to use of conventional sources need to be investigated. This paper critically reviews the application of treated wastewater for agricultural fertigation (i.e., water and nutrient recovery) considering different perspectives: legislation, agronomic characteristics, social acceptability, sustainability of treatment technologies. Critical issues that still need further investigation for a wider application of fertigation practices include accumulation of emerging contaminants in soils, microbiological and public health implications, and stakeholders' acceptance. A techno-economic methodological approach for assessing the sustainability of treated wastewater reuse in agriculture is subsequently proposed herein, which considers different possible local conditions (cultivated crops and effluent characteristics). The results showed that tailoring effluent characteristics to the desired nutrient composition could enhance the process economic sustainability; however, water savings have a major economic impact than fertilizers' savings, partly due to limited P reuse efficiency. The developed methodology is based on a practical approach and may be generalized to most agricultural conditions, to evaluate and encourage safe and efficient agricultural wastewater reuse practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matia Mainardis
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, Via Del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Daniele Cecconet
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretti
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, Via Del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Arianna Callegari
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Goi
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, Via Del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrea G Capodaglio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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13
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Ye Y, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Varjani S, Liu Q, Bui XT, Hoang NB. Bio-membrane integrated systems for nitrogen recovery from wastewater in circular bioeconomy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133175. [PMID: 34875297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contains a significant amount of recoverable nitrogen. Hence, the recovery of nitrogen from wastewater can provide an option for generating some revenue by applying the captured nitrogen to producing bio-products, in order to minimize dangerous or environmental pollution consequences. The circular bio-economy can achieve greater environmental and economic sustainability through game-changing technological developments that will improve municipal wastewater management, where simultaneous nitrogen and energy recovery are required. Over the last decade, substantial efforts were undertaken concerning the recovery of nitrogen from wastewater. For example, bio-membrane integrated system (BMIS) which integrates biological process and membrane technology, has attracted considerable attention for recovering nitrogen from wastewater. In this review, current research on nitrogen recovery using the BMIS are compiled whilst the technologies are compared regarding their energy requirement, efficiencies, advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the bio-products achieved in the nitrogen recovery system processes are summarized in this paper, and the directions for future research are suggested. Future research should consider the quality of recovered nitrogenous products, long-term performance of BMIS and economic feasibility of large-scale reactors. Nitrogen recovery should be addressed under the framework of a circular bio-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyao Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382 010, India
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Xuan Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Bich Hoang
- NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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14
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Ren J, Hao D, Jiang J, Phuntsho S, Freguia S, Ni BJ, Dai P, Guan J, Shon HK. Fertiliser recovery from source-separated urine via membrane bioreactor and heat localized solar evaporation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117810. [PMID: 34741901 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urine with its abundant macronutrients (N-P-K) is an ideal resource for the production of fertiliser. However, the odor and pathogens in the raw urine must be removed to meet the public acceptance of urine collection systems and to enable its safe reuse as a fertiliser. In this work, real urine was collected and treated through a pilot-scale gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (GDMBR) to remove the malodorous organics and to nitrify almost 50% of the ammonia into nitrate. The stablised urine was subsequently distilled via low-cost heat localized solar evaporation (HLSE) to produce a non-odorous solid fertiliser. The developed HLSE with a small footprint can attract bulk solution into a vertical insulated space and quickly heat it up to 68 °C within 1 h. The HLSE process had vapour flux at 1.3 kg m-2 h-1 as well as high solar to vapour conversion efficiency at 87%. Based on the EDX mapping and XRD analysis, the generated crystals are mainly NaNO3, NH4Cl, NaCl, NH4H2PO4 and K2HPO4, which are ideal nutrients for vegetation. In this study, the produced urine-derived fertilisers have a better performance on the growth of the leafy basil than the all-purpose commercial fertilisers. Generally, the GDMBR-HLSE is a promising cost-effective and green technology for nutrients recovery from urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ren
- ARC Research Hub in Nutrients in a Circular Economy, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; College of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Faculty of Urban Construction, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Derek Hao
- ARC Research Hub in Nutrients in a Circular Economy, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- ARC Research Hub in Nutrients in a Circular Economy, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- ARC Research Hub in Nutrients in a Circular Economy, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- ARC Research Hub in Nutrients in a Circular Economy, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Pan Dai
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- ARC Research Hub in Nutrients in a Circular Economy, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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15
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Gangadharan P, Vadekeetil A, Sibi R, Sheelam A. Concentrating nutrients and recovering water and energy from source separated urine using osmotic microbial fuel cell. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131548. [PMID: 34329146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the use of osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC), for the first time, to concentrate nutrients and recover water and energy from source separated urine. Four sets of concentration of fresh urine as feed and NaCl as draw were examined: 10% fresh urine vs 0.25 M NaCl; 10% fresh urine vs 2 M NaCl; fresh urine vs 0.25 M NaCl; and fresh urine vs 2 M NaCl. A maximum water flux of 14.27 LMH was attained when 10% of fresh urine and 2 M of NaCl were used as feed and draw solutions, respectively. Additionally, OsMFC concentrates ~99% of TOC, TN, NH4+, and 100% of PO43- and NO3- from urine at the feed side. Polarization studies indicate that the power generation in OsMFC is related to the rate of change of conductivity and the initial conductivity of the anolyte. The maximum (0.12187 W m-3) and minimum power densities (5.3372 × 10-4 W m-3) were obtained for the conditions of fresh urine vs 0.25 M NaCl and 10% fresh urine vs 0.25 M NaCl, respectively. The study shows that OsMFC is an effective pretreatment process to concentrate nutrients from urine by recovering water and energy, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena Gangadharan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India.
| | - Anitha Vadekeetil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Reiva Sibi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Anjaiah Sheelam
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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16
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Cao DQ, Sun XZ, Zhang WY, Ji YT, Yang XX, Hao XD. News on alginate recovery by forward osmosis: Reverse solute diffusion is useful. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131483. [PMID: 34329149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The water content in the recycled alginate solutions from aerobic granular sludge was nearly 100%. Forward osmosis (FO) has become an innovative dewatering technology. In this study, the FO concentration of sodium alginate (SA) was investigated using calcium chloride as a draw solute. The reverse solute flux (RSF) of calcium ions in FO had a beneficial effect, contrary to the findings of previous literature. The properties of the concentrated substances formed on the FO membrane on the feed side were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, verifying that calcium alginate (Ca-Alg), which can be used as a recycled material, was formed on the FO membrane on the feed side owing to the interaction between SA and permeable calcium ions. Water flux increased significantly with the increase in calcium chloride concentration, while the concentration of SA had little influence on the water flux in FO. Based on this discovery, we propose a novel method for the concentration and recovery of alginate, in which the RSF of calcium ions is utilized for recovering Ca-Alg by FO, with calcium chloride as a draw solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qi Cao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Xiu-Zhen Sun
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ji
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Yang
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Di Hao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing, 100044, China.
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17
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Naim R, Pei Sean G, Nasir Z, Mokhtar NM, Safiah Muhammad NA. Recent Progress and Challenges in Hollow Fiber Membranes for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:839. [PMID: 34832068 PMCID: PMC8617921 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane processes have been extensively employed in diverse applications, specifically in industrial wastewater treatment. The technological development in membrane processes has rapidly advanced and accelerated beyond its common principle and operation. Tremendous efforts have been made in the advancement of membrane materials, fabrication method, membrane modification and integration with other technologies that can augment the existing membrane processes to another level. This review presents the recent development of hollow fiber membranes applied in wastewater treatment and resource recovery. The membrane working principles and treatment mechanism were discussed thoroughly, with the recent development of these hollow fiber membranes highlighted based on several types of membrane application. The current challenges and limitations which may hinder this technology from expanding were critically described to offer a better perspective for this technology to be adopted in various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmawati Naim
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Goh Pei Sean
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Zinnirah Nasir
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Nadzirah Mohd Mokhtar
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; (N.M.M.); (N.A.S.M.)
| | - Nor Amirah Safiah Muhammad
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; (N.M.M.); (N.A.S.M.)
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18
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Yu C, Yin W, Yu Z, Chen J, Huang R, Zhou X. Membrane technologies in toilet urine treatment for toilet urine resource utilization: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35525-35535. [PMID: 35493188 PMCID: PMC9043190 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05816a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane technologies have broad potential in methods for separating, collecting, storing, and utilizing urine collected from toilets. Recovering urine from toilets for resource utilization instead of treating it in a sewage treatment plant not only reduces extra energy consumption for the degradation of N and P but also saves energy in chemical fertilizer production, which will contribute to carbon emission reduction of 12.19-17.82 kg kgN -1 in terms of N alone. Due to its high efficiency in terms of volume reduction, water recycling, nutrient recovery, and pollutant removal, membrane technology is a promising technology for resource utilization from urine collected from toilets. In this review, we divide membrane technologies for resource utilization from urine collected from toilets into four categories based on the driving force: external pressure-driven membrane technology, vapor pressure-driven membrane technology, chemical potential-driven membrane technology, and electric field-driven membrane technology. These technologies influence factors such as: recovery targets and mechanisms, reaction condition optimization, and process efficiency, and these are all discussed in this review. Finally, a toilet with source-separation is suggested. In the future, membrane technology research should focus on the practical application of source-separation toilets, membrane fouling prevention, and energy consumption evaluation. This review may provide theoretical support for the resource utilization of urine collected from toilets that is based on membrane technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China +86-21-6598-2693
| | - Wenjun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China +86-21-6598-2693
| | - Zhenjiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China +86-21-6598-2693
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China +86-21-6598-2693
| | - Rui Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053 China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China +86-21-6598-2693
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
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19
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Almuntashiri A, Hosseinzadeh A, Volpin F, Ali SM, Dorji U, Shon H, Phuntsho S. Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130870. [PMID: 34162101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) was examined for the removal of five of the most commonly detected pharmaceuticals (naproxen, carbamazepine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen and metronidazole) from a nitrified urine to make the urine-derived fertiliser nutrient safe for food crops. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption kinetics that described the removal of micropollutants (equal concentrations of 0.2 mM) from the synthetic nitrified urine at different GAC dosages (10-3000 mg/L). Artificial neural network modelling was also used to predict and simulate the removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models described the equilibrium data, with the Langmuir model providing slightly higher correlations. At the highest dose of 3000 mg/L GAC, all the pharmaceuticals showed a removal rates of over 90% after 1 h of adsorption time and 99% removal rates after 6 h of adsorption time. This study concludes that GAC is able to remove the targeted xenobiotics without affecting the concentration of N and P in the urine, suggesting that nitrified urine could be safely used as a nutrient product in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Almuntashiri
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Ahmad Hosseinzadeh
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Federico Volpin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Syed Muztuza Ali
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Ugyen Dorji
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Hokyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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20
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Pourmovahed P, Maisonneuve J. Thermodynamic limits of using fertilizer osmosis to produce mechanical work via pressure retarded osmosis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Second-Generation Phosphorus: Recovery from Wastes towards the Sustainability of Production Chains. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is essential for life and has a fundamental role in industry and the world food production system. The present work describes different technologies adopted for what is called the second-generation P recovery framework, that encompass the P obtained from residues and wastes. The second-generation P has a high potential to substitute the first-generation P comprising that originally mined from rock phosphates for agricultural production. Several physical, chemical, and biological processes are available for use in second-generation P recovery. They include both concentrating and recovery technologies: (1) chemical extraction using magnesium and calcium precipitating compounds yielding struvite, newberyite and calcium phosphates; (2) thermal treatments like combustion, hydrothermal carbonization, and pyrolysis; (3) nanofiltration and ion exchange methods; (4) electrochemical processes; and (5) biological processes such as composting, algae uptake, and phosphate accumulating microorganisms (PAOs). However, the best technology to use depends on the characteristic of the waste, the purpose of the process, the cost, and the availability of land. The exhaustion of deposits (economic problem) and the accumulation of P (environmental problem) are the main drivers to incentivize the P’s recovery from various wastes. Besides promoting the resource’s safety, the recovery of P introduces the residues as raw materials, closing the productive systems loop and reducing their environmental damage.
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22
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Zhang J, Xie M, Tong X, Yang D, Liu S, Qu D, Feng L, Zhang L. Ammonia capture from human urine to harvest liquid N-P compound fertilizer by a submerged hollow fiber membrane contactor: Performance and fertilizer analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144478. [PMID: 33444863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a submerged hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) to recover ammonia from human urine to get compound N-P fertilizers. The ammonia capture performance, water vapor transmembrane performance, ion rejection performance and the liquid fertilizer components using 1-4 mol/L H3PO4 as the stripping solution was comprehensively investigated. Increasing H3PO4 concentration did not significantly affect the ammonia capture performance but the water vapor transfer and fertilizer components. The ammonia mass transfer coefficients were in a range of 1.95×10-6±4.77×10-8 to 2.28×10-6±6.71×10-8 m/s and the ammonia flux fluctuated between 17.80 and 20.80 g/m2·h. The water vapor flux increased with the increase of stripping solution concentration and the time elapsed. The N content (21.29-55.24 g/L) was in the range of the commercial products while the P2O5 content (99.41-281 g/L) was slightly higher, which can be used in the soils or plants with a high demand for phosphorus. The liquid fertilizers were all mixtures of (NH4)2HPO4 and NH4H2PO4, but the distribution ratio slightly changed with the different initial H3PO4 concentration. The economic assessment showed that harvesting liquid N-P fertilizer from human urine using HFMC can make a profit of $7.089/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengfei Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States
| | - Dandan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Su Liu
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States
| | - Dan Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States.
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
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23
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Facile development of comprehensively fouling-resistant reduced polyketone-based thin film composite forward osmosis membrane for treatment of oily wastewater. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Wu X, Lau CH, Pramanik BK, Zhang J, Xie Z. State-of-the-Art and Opportunities for Forward Osmosis in Sewage Concentration and Wastewater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050305. [PMID: 33919353 PMCID: PMC8143320 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of membrane technologies for wastewater treatment to recover water and nutrients from different types of wastewater can be an effective strategy to mitigate the water shortage and provide resource recovery for sustainable development of industrialisation and urbanisation. Forward osmosis (FO), driven by the osmotic pressure difference between solutions divided by a semi-permeable membrane, has been recognised as a potential energy-efficient filtration process with a low tendency for fouling and a strong ability to filtrate highly polluted wastewater. The application of FO for wastewater treatment has received significant attention in research and attracted technological effort in recent years. In this review, we review the state-of-the-art application of FO technology for sewage concentration and wastewater treatment both as an independent treatment process and in combination with other treatment processes. We also provide an outlook of the future prospects and recommendations for the improvement of membrane performance, fouling control and system optimisation from the perspectives of membrane materials, operating condition optimisation, draw solution selection, and multiple technologies combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia;
| | - Cher Hon Lau
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK;
| | | | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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25
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An Appraisal of Urine Derivatives Integrated in the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Inputs of a Lettuce Soilless Cultivation System. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13084218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcing and optimizing sustainable food production is an urgent contemporary issue. The depletion of natural mineral resources is a key problem that is addressed by recycling mined potassium and phosphorus, and nitrogen, whose production depends on very high energy input. A closed-loop approach of fertilizer use asserts the necessity for efficient management and practices of organic waste rich in minerals. Human-derived urine is an underutilized yet excellent source for nitrogen fertilizer, and, in this study, processed urine fertilizer was applied to greenhouse soilless cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Grand Rapids. Biomass increase, biometric parameters, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, minerals, and organic acids content of lettuce were analyzed. From eight different urine fertilizer products generated, K-struvite, urine precipitate-CaO, and the liquid electrodialysis (ED) concentrate supported the growth of lettuce similar to that of commercial mineral fertilizer. ED concentrate application led to the accumulation of potassium (+17.2%), calcium (+82.9%), malate (+185.3%), citrate (+114.4%), and isocitrate (+185.7%); K-struvite augmented the accumulation of magnesium (+44.9%); and urine precipitate-CaO induced the highest accumulation of calcium (+100.5%) when compared to the control, which is an added value when supplemented in daily diet. The results underlined the potential of nitrogen- and phosphate-rich human urine as a sustainable source for the fertilization of lettuce in soilless systems.
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26
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Govindan K, Im SJ, Muthuraj V, Jang A. Electrochemical recovery of H 2 and nutrients (N, P) from synthetic source separate urine water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129361. [PMID: 33383251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined an electrochemical method of H2 production and nutrient recovery from synthetic source separated urine (SSU). The efficacy of H2 production was examined through hydrogen recovery experiments (HRE) using Ni foam electrodes. Similarly, nutrient (N and P) recovery was also examined in post-nutrient recovery experiments (NRE) with sacrificial Mg electrodes. To achieve higher nutrient recovery in the post-nutrient recovery process, the most important operating parameters (initial solution pH (pHi) and current density) were optimized. Optimization of NRE revealed that > 90% NH3-N and PO43--P could be recovered at 8 mA cm-2 with a pHi of 6-8. Notable NH3-N and PO43--P reduction were observed at an equimolar Mg2+ dissolution ratio (1:1) of Mg2+:NH4+ and a 1.1:1 ratio of Mg2+:PO43- respectively. However, poor total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) reduction was observed. Thus, we anticipate that direct electrochemical conversion of urea to N2 at the anode followed by H2 generation at the cathode is a more sustainable way to reduce TKN. Batch HRE showed that the initial TKN, 1094 mg L-1 (934 mg L-1 from urea-N and 160 mg L-1 from NH4Cl), was significantly reduced to 360 mg L-1 by Ni-Ni electrolysis, whereas around 53.8 g H2 gas was received from this Ni-Ni electrolysis system with a flow rate of 5-5.8 g mol-1 day-1. Overall, this work produced a 68% reduction in TKN due to electrochemical conversion of urea into H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadarkarai Govindan
- Sustainable Water Treatment Laboratory, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ju Im
- Sustainable Water Treatment Laboratory, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Velluchamy Muthuraj
- Department of Chemistry, V.H.N Senthikumara Nadar College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar 626 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Am Jang
- Sustainable Water Treatment Laboratory, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon D, Bae W, Kim J. Hybrid forward osmosis/membrane distillation integrated with anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor for advanced wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124160. [PMID: 33049631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO)-membrane distillation (MD) process was integrated with anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor (AFBR) to advance wastewater treatment. Low removal efficiency of nutrients such as ammonia nitrogen was improved significantly by combining FO-MD process with AFBR. The MD membrane was applied to concentrate the draw solution (DS) which can be diluted by FO filtration. By using 1 M of NaCl as DS, about 80% of ammonia nitrogen was further removed by the FO membrane while the phosphorous was removed almost completely (99%). However, the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen in DS and the reverse salt flux through the FO membrane was unavoidable. Nevertheless, combining MD membrane produced excellent removal efficiency yielding only 4 and 5.6 mg/L of ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in MD permeate, respectively at 15 ℃ of transmembrane temperature. Alternatively, there is the possibility that the FO-MD process can be superior to concentrate resources such as nitrogen and phosphorous present in AFBR. The reverse salt flux from DS into AFBR bulk suspension did not show adverse effects on the performances of bioreactor with respect to COD removal efficiency, conductivity and methane production during operational period. Deposit of the fouling layer on FO membrane was also observed, but the fouling on MD membrane was not severe probably because crystallization rate could be retarded by diluting the DS during FO filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeeun Kwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Inharo-100, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22201, Republic of Korea
| | - Woobin Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Inharo-100, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Inharo-100, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22201, Republic of Korea.
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Jafarinejad S. Forward osmosis membrane technology for nutrient removal/recovery from wastewater: Recent advances, proposed designs, and future directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128116. [PMID: 33297109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of nutrient removal/recovery has been applied as a sustainable solution to develop and design various modern wastewater treatment technologies for recovering nutrients from waste streams and is one of the high-priority research areas. Forward osmosis (FO) technology has received increasing interests as a potential low-fouling membrane process and a new approach to remove/recover nutrients from wastewater and sludge. The main objective of this review is to summarize the state of FO technology for nutrient removal/recovery from wastewater and sludge in order to identify areas of future improvements. In this study, nutrient removal processes, FO membrane technology, main factors affecting the FO process performance, the source water for nutrient recovery, the previous studies on the FO membrane process for nutrient removal/recovery from wastewater and sludge, membrane fouling, and recent advances in FO membranes for nutrient removal/recovery were briefly and critically reviewed. Then, the proposed possible designs to apply FO process in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were theoretically presented. Finally, based on the gaps identified in the area, challenges ahead, future perspectives, and conclusions were discussed. Further investigations on the properties of FO associated with real wastewater, wastewater pre-treatment, the long-term low fouling operation, membrane cleaning strategies, water flux and the economic feasibility of the FO process are still desirable to apply FO technology for nutrient removal/recovery at full-scale (decentralized or centralized) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Jafarinejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.
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Patel A, Mungray AA, Mungray AK. Technologies for the recovery of nutrients, water and energy from human urine: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127372. [PMID: 32599379 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for a constant supply of fertilizer is increasing with the booming of the population. Nowadays more focus is given to the recovery and reuse of the nutrients rather than synthesis of the fertilizer from chemicals. Human urine is the best available resource for the primary macronutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) for the fertilizer as it contains 10-12 g/L nitrogen, 0.1-0.5 g/L phosphorous and 1.0-2.0 g/L potassium. For the recovery of these nutrients from human urine, various technologies are available which requires source separation and treatment. . In this review, a wide range of the technologies for the treatment of source-separated human urine are covered and discussed in detail. This review has categorized the technologies based on the recovery of nutrients, energy, and water from human urine. Among the various technologies available, Bio-electrochemical technologies are environmental friendly and recovers energy along with the nutrients. Forward Osmosis is the best available technology for the water recovery and for concentrating the nutrients in urine, without or minimal consumption of energy. However, experimental work in this technology is at its prior stage. A single technology is still not sufficient to recover nutrients, water and energy. Therefore, integration of two or more technologies seems essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfak Patel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India.
| | - Alka A Mungray
- Chemical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar Mungray
- Chemical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India.
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Blandin G, Ferrari F, Lesage G, Le-Clech P, Héran M, Martinez-Lladó X. Forward Osmosis as Concentration Process: Review of Opportunities and Challenges. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100284. [PMID: 33066490 PMCID: PMC7602145 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, osmotic membrane systems, such as forward osmosis (FO), have gained popularity as "soft" concentration processes. FO has unique properties by combining high rejection rate and low fouling propensity and can be operated without significant pressure or temperature gradient, and therefore can be considered as a potential candidate for a broad range of concentration applications where current technologies still suffer from critical limitations. This review extensively compiles and critically assesses recent considerations of FO as a concentration process for applications, including food and beverages, organics value added compounds, water reuse and nutrients recovery, treatment of waste streams and brine management. Specific requirements for the concentration process regarding the evaluation of concentration factor, modules and design and process operation, draw selection and fouling aspects are also described. Encouraging potential is demonstrated to concentrate streams more than 20-fold with high rejection rate of most compounds and preservation of added value products. For applications dealing with highly concentrated or complex streams, FO still features lower propensity to fouling compared to other membranes technologies along with good versatility and robustness. However, further assessments on lab and pilot scales are expected to better define the achievable concentration factor, rejection and effective concentration of valuable compounds and to clearly demonstrate process limitations (such as fouling or clogging) when reaching high concentration rate. Another important consideration is the draw solution selection and its recovery that should be in line with application needs (i.e., food compatible draw for food and beverage applications, high osmotic pressure for brine management, etc.) and be economically competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Blandin
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, 08242 Manresa, Spain;
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (G.L.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Geoffroy Lesage
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (G.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Marc Héran
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (G.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Xavier Martinez-Lladó
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, 08242 Manresa, Spain;
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Khraisheh M, Gulied M, AlMomani F. Effect of Membrane Fouling on Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Desalination Performance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090243. [PMID: 32962071 PMCID: PMC7558361 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) has garnered immense attention for its application in the agricultural field and its potential to reuse wastewater sustainably. Membrane fouling, however, remains to be a challenge for the process. This study aims to investigate the influence of membrane fouling on the performance of the FDFO process. Synthetic wastewater (SWW) and multi-component fertilizer (MCF) were used as feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) with cellulose triacetate (CTA) forward osmosis (FO) membrane orientation. The performance was evaluated through water flux (WF), percentage recovery and percentage of salt reject. The WF declined from 10.32 LMH (L/m2·h) to 3.30 LMH when ultra-pure water as FS was switched with concentration FS indicating the dependence of the performance on the type of FS used. Accelerated fouling experiments conducted to verify the fouling behavior showed a decline in the water flux from 8.6 LMH to 3.09 LMH with SWW and 13.1 LMH to 3.42 LMH when deionized water was used as FS. The effects of osmotic backwashing and in situ flushing as physical cleaning methods of the foul membrane were studied through water flux and salt recovery percentage. Both cleaning methods yielded a WF close to the baseline. Osmotic backwashing yielded better results by eliminating foulant–foulant and foulant–membrane adhesion. The cleaning methods were able to recover 75% of phosphate and 60% of nitrate salts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results validated the effectiveness of the methods for the physical cleaning of foul membranes. This study underlines the importance of the FS used in FDFO and the effectiveness of osmotic backwashing as a cleaning method of FO membranes.
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Ray H, Perreault F, Boyer TH. Ammonia Recovery from Hydrolyzed Human Urine by Forward Osmosis with Acidified Draw Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11556-11565. [PMID: 32786574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-pressure membrane process that can selectively separate low molecular weight neutral compounds such as ammonia from urine. However, an understanding of how un-ionized ammonia transfers is vital for maximizing ammonia recovery. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the transport behavior of low molecular weight neutral nitrogen compounds in order to maximize ammonia recovery from real hydrolyzed human urine by FO. Using urea as a model, batch FO experiments concluded that low molecular weight neutral compound transfer is dependent on concentration equilibrium between the feed and draw solutions due to its ability to freely move across the FO membrane. Therefore, 50% recovery is the theoretical maximum that could be achieved. However, novel strategic pH manipulation between the feed and the draw solution allowed for up to 86% recovery of ammonia by keeping the draw solution pH < 6.5 and the feed solution pH > 11, overcoming the 50% recovery barrier. An economic analysis showed that ammonia recovery by FO has the potential to be more economically favorable compared to ammonia air stripping or ion exchange if the proper draw solute is chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ray
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Francois Perreault
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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Simha P, Lalander C, Nordin A, Vinnerås B. Alkaline dehydration of source-separated fresh human urine: Preliminary insights into using different dehydration temperature and media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139313. [PMID: 32446074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For sanitation systems aiming at recycling nutrients, separately collecting urine at source is desirable as urine contains most of the nutrients in wastewater. However, reducing the volume of the collected urine and recovering majority of its nutrients is necessary, as this improves the transportability and the end-application of urine-based fertilisers. In this study, we present an innovative method, alkaline dehydration, for treating fresh human urine into a nutrient-rich dry solid. Our aim was to investigate whether fresh urine (pH < 7) added to five different alkaline media (pH > 11) could be dehydrated at elevated temperatures (50 and 60 °C) with minimal loss of urea, urine's principal nitrogen compound. We found that it was possible to concentrate urine 48 times, yielding dry end-products with high fertiliser value: approximately, 10% N, 1% P, and 4% K. We monitored the physicochemical properties and the composition of various dehydration media to provide useful insights into their suitability for dehydrating urine. We demonstrated that it is possible to recover >90% nitrogen when treating fresh urine by alkaline dehydration by inhibiting the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea at elevated pH and minimising the chemical hydrolysis of urea with high urine dehydration rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Simha
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen S, Yang Y, Zheng M, Cheng X, Xu K, Dou X. Thermal decomposition of struvite pellet by microwave radiation and recycling of its product to remove ammonium and phosphate from urine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109774. [PMID: 32615354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) consumes many chemicals to completely remove ammonium and phosphate from urine and has the difficulty in solid separation from solution. This study proposed an alternative approach for the complete nutrient removal through recycling use of microwave-induced decomposition product of struvite pellet with sizes of 2-4 mm. Results showed that microwave radiation effectively decomposed the struvite pellet in an alkaline solution within 8 min. An increase in microwave power and NaOH concentration enhanced the decomposition. The double-layer structure of the pellet led to multiple paths of struvite decomposition. Active components of the decomposition product were newberyite, brucite, and amorphous MgNaPO4 and MgHPO4. The removal efficiencies of ammonium and phosphate from urine both reached 93% using the decomposition product at optimized P/N ratio and pH. Maximum recycles of 4 were recommended because further decomposition of the regenerated struvite pellets induced high losses of magnesium and phosphate. Calculations showed that the total cost of chemical consumption of the proposed approach was reduced by 47% compared with that of a conventional chemical struvite precipitation. Moreover, the volume index of the regenerated struvite pellets was 15 mL/gP which was much lower than that of conventional struvite fines (116 mL/gP), thereby indicating a better solid-liquid separation ability. Therefore, recycling of struvite pellets combining with microwave decomposition was chemical saving and easily separating of solid from liquid for the complete removal of nutrients from urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Chen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Min Zheng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Kangning Xu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiaomin Dou
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
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Chang H, Liu S, Tong T, He Q, Crittenden JC, Vidic RD, Liu B. On-Site Treatment of Shale Gas Flowback and Produced Water in Sichuan Basin by Fertilizer Drawn Forward Osmosis for Irrigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10926-10935. [PMID: 32693582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) was proposed to extract fresh water from flowback and produced water (FPW) from shale gas extraction for irrigation, with fertilizer types and membrane orientations assessed. The draw solution (DS) with NH4H2PO4 displayed the best performance, while the DS with (NH4)2HPO4 resulted in the most severe membrane fouling. The DS with KCl and KNO3 led to substantial reverse solute fluxes. The FDFO operation where the active layer of the membrane was facing the feed solution outperformed that when the active layer was facing the DS. The diluted DS and diluted FPW samples were used for irrigation of Cherry radish and Chinese cabbage. Compared to deionized water, irrigation with the diluted DS (total dissolved solid (TDS) = 350 mg·L-1) promoted plant growth. In contrast, inhibited plant growth was observed when FPW with high salinity (TDS = 5000 mg·L-1) and low salinity (TDS = 1000 mg·L-1) was used for irrigation of long-term (8-week) plant cultures. Finally, upregulated genes were identified to illustrate the difference in plant growth. The results of this study provide a guide for efficient and safe use of FPW after FDFO treatment for agricultural application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, PR China
| | - Shi Liu
- Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Chinese National Petroleum Corporation, Chengdu 610081, PR China
| | - Tiezheng Tong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Qiping He
- Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Chinese National Petroleum Corporation, Chengdu 610081, PR China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Radisav D Vidic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Baicang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, PR China
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36
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Recovery of ammonium nitrogen from human urine by an open-loop hollow fiber membrane contactor. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Research on Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology Still Needs Improvement in Water Recovery and Wastewater Treatment. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has become an evolving membrane separation technology to recover water due to its strong retention capacity, sustainable membrane fouling, etc. Although a good deal of research has been extensively investigated in the past decades, major challenges still remain as follows: (1) the novel FO membrane material properties, which significantly influence the fouling of the FO membranes, the intolerance reverse solute flux (RSF), the high concentration polarization (CP), and the low permeate flux; (2) novel draw solution preparation and utilization; (3) salinity build-up in the FO system; (4) the successful implementation of the FO process. This work critically reviews the last five years’ literature in development of the novel FO membrane material, structure in modification, and preparation, including comparison and analysis on the traditional and novel draw solutes coupled with their effects on FO performance; application in wastewater treatment, especially hybrid system and integrated FO system; fouling mechanism; and cleaning strategy as discussed in the literature. The current barriers of the research results in each hotspot and the areas that can be improved are also analyzed in detail. The research hotspots in the research and development of the novel membrane materials in various countries and regions have been compared in recent years, and the work of variation in pop research hotspots in the past 10 years has been analyzed and the ideas that fill the blank gaps also have been proposed.
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Volpin F, Yu H, Cho J, Lee C, Phuntsho S, Ghaffour N, Vrouwenvelder JS, Shon HK. Human urine as a forward osmosis draw solution for the application of microalgae dewatering. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120724. [PMID: 31326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human urine is a unique solution that has the right composition to constitute both a severe environmental threat and a rich source of nitrogen and phosphorous. In fact, between 4-9% of urine mass consists of ions, such as K+, Cl-, Na+ or NH4+. Because of its high ionic strength, urine osmotic pressure can reach values of up to 2000 kPa. With this in mind, this work aimed to study the effectiveness of real urine as a novel draw solution for forward osmosis. Water flux, reverse nitrogen flux and membrane fouling were investigated using fresh or hydrolysed urine. Water flux as high as 16.7 ± 1.1 L m-2 h-1 was recorded using real hydrolysed urine. Additionally, no support layer membrane fouling was noticed in over 20 h of experimentation. Urine was also employed to dewater a Chlorella vulgaris culture. A fourfold increase in algal concentration was achieved while having an average flux of 14.1 L m-2 h-1. During the algae dewatering, a flux decrease of about 19% was noticed; this was mainly due to a thin layer of algal deposition on the active side of the membrane. Overall, human urine was found to be an effective draw solution for forward osmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Volpin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hyeonjung Yu
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeweon Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Gulied M, Al Momani F, Khraisheh M, Bhosale R, AlNouss A. Influence of draw solution type and properties on the performance of forward osmosis process: Energy consumption and sustainable water reuse. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:234-244. [PMID: 31176124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single and multi-component fertilizers were used as a draw solution (DS) in forward osmosis (FO) to produce high-quality water from synthetic and seawater solution, eliminating the need for DS regeneration and reducing the operational energy. The effect of DS type, concentration, circulation flow rates on the FO water flux (WF), specific water flux (SWF), percentage water recovery (%Wrecovery), reverse salt flux (RSF) and percentage salt rejection (%R) were studied. The results showed that single fertilizer draw solution (SFDSs) produced higher WF (4.43 L/m2.h), %Wrecovery (30%) and RSF (60%) in comparison with multi-component draw solution (MCDS) with WF, %Wrecovery and RSF of 2.57 L/m2.h, 17% and 46%, respectively. DS with higher concentration produced the highest SWF and %Wrecovery and consumed less energy. MCDS with concentration of 200 g/L showed SWF in the range of 14.0 to 10.4 L/m2h and energy consumption of 0.312 kW/h m3 in comparison with 10 to 7.8 L/m2h and 0.23 kW/h m3 for MCDS with concentration of 100 g/L. Increasing the recirculation flow rate showed minimum effect on WF and up to 35% energy saving. Pure water extracted using liquid fertilizers utilizing the unique FO mass transport properties balanced nutrient requirement and the water quality parameters, thereby sustaining the aquaponics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Gulied
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fares Al Momani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed AlNouss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Volpin F, Chekli L, Phuntsho S, Ghaffour N, Vrouwenvelder J, Shon HK. Optimisation of a forward osmosis and membrane distillation hybrid system for the treatment of source-separated urine. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Huang H, Zhang D, Wang W, Li B, Zhao N, Li J, Dai J. Alleviating Na + effect on phosphate and potassium recovery from synthetic urine by K-struvite crystallization using different magnesium sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:211-219. [PMID: 30471589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human urine is characterized by high concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), of which the P and K can be recovered as K-struvite crystals. This study first investigated the formation of Na-struvite because of the high Na+ present in the urine. From the results, the optimal pH for the Na-struvite crystallization was observed to be 12, and the rise in the Na+ concentration distinctly favored the Na-struvite formation. As magnesium needed to be added to induce the K-struvite crystallization, several magnesium sources including MgCl2, Mg sacrificial electrode and Mg(OH)2 were applied to recover P and K from synthetic urine. The findings indicated that when MgCl2 was used as the magnesium source, the K removal could be slightly enhanced by prolonging the reaction time, which would correspondingly decrease the Na concentration in the precipitates; besides, the intermittent addition of MgCl2 could noticeably improve the removal efficiency of K by 6%, but simultaneously raise the Na content in the precipitates recovered. With respect to the use of the Mg sacrificial electrode, the recovery efficiencies of the P and K from synthetic urine were close to those with the use of MgCl2. However, when Mg(OH)2 was used as the magnesium source, the recovery efficiencies of P and K achieved only roughly 50%, which was much lower than those noted when MgCl2 and the Mg sacrificial electrode were employed. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the MgCl2 was the best magnesium source for the K-struvite crystallization, followed by the Mg sacrificial electrode and Mg(OH)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Huang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Dingding Zhang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Environmental Engineering Design, Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jiankun Dai
- Center for Environmental Engineering Design, Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Volpin F, Heo H, Hasan Johir MA, Cho J, Phuntsho S, Shon HK. Techno-economic feasibility of recovering phosphorus, nitrogen and water from dilute human urine via forward osmosis. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:47-55. [PMID: 30503874 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to high phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) content, human urine has often proven to suitable raw material for fertiliser production. However, most of the urine diverting toilets or male urinals dilute the urine 2 to 10 times. This decreases the efficiency in the precipitation of P and stripping of N. In this work, a commercial fertiliser blend was used as forward osmosis (FO) draw solution (DS) to concentrate real diluted urine. During the concentration, the urea in the urine is recovered as it diffuses to the fertiliser. Additionally, the combination of concentrate PO43-, reverse Mg2+ flux from the DS and the Mg2+ presents in the flushing water, was able to recover the PO43- as struvite. With 50% concentrated urine, 93% P recovery was achieved without the addition of an external Mg2+. Concurrently, 50% of the N was recovered in the diluted fertiliser DS. An economic analysis was performed to understand the feasibility of this process. It was found that the revenue from the produced fertilisers could potentially offset the operational and capital costs of the system. Additionally, if the reduction in the downstream nutrients load is accounted for, the total revenue of the process would be over 5.3 times of the associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Volpin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Huijin Heo
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
| | - Md Abu Hasan Johir
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jaeweon Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Liu X, Xu J, Huang J, Huang M, Wang T, Bao S, Tang W, Fang T. Bacteria-supported iron scraps for the removal of nitrate from low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio wastewater. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3285-3293. [PMID: 35518970 PMCID: PMC9059957 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacteria-supported iron scraps (BSIS) system was developed for nitrate removal from low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) wastewater. The system consisted of low-cost iron scraps and the accumulated denitrifying-related bacteria enriched from an Fe-wastewater environment when the system was operating. After operating for 39 d, the nitrate removal rate of the system increased to 73.55% within 24 h. The extraction of bacteria from the system revealed that iron scraps and bacteria had a synergistic effect on nitrate removal and bacteria only took effect when cooperating with iron. Microbial analysis using high-throughput sequencing showed that Hydrogenophaga, which is closely related to hydrogenotrophic denitrification, became the dominant genus in the system. The system provides a promising approach to the treatment of nitrate in low C/N wastewater and it has the potential for large-scale application due to the low cost, simple operation and relatively high removal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiaolong Huang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Manqi Huang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shaopan Bao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District Wuhan 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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