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Santos GS, Casallanovo F, Scorza Júnior RP, Daam MA, Cione AP. Proposal for a tiered regulatory framework for the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in Brazil. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:1514-1528. [PMID: 38629463 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic risk assessment is essential to guarantee the sustainable use of pesticides and the conservation of water resources near agricultural fields. This article discusses a proposal for a tiered regulatory framework for the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in Brazil. The first step is problem formulation, which includes establishing general and specific protection goals. In the exposure assessment, the Estimated Environmental Concentrations in water should be calculated based on realistic worst-case assumptions regarding application rate and frequency, the entry into the edge-of-field water body, and fate in the water body, using scenario-dependent models suggested by the Brazilian Environmental Agency. These calculations can be refined by including Efate studies with variable exposures to reflect realistic environmental conditions accurately and include mitigation measures that impact the modeling. In the hazard assessment, ecotoxicological data for toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, algae, and aquatic plants should be required for all pesticides based on standardized protocols and species. Tier 2 has several refinement options, including incorporating toxicity data from additional test species and effect modeling. In Tier 3, population- and community-level effects are evaluated using semi-field studies. Considering the case study in Brazil, Tier 1 demonstrated that, from the 12 pesticides that were assessed, seven (58%) failed based on the value of the Risk Quotient. In Tier 2, when exposure refinement options and mitigation measures such as buffer zones are considered, all seven pesticides, for which Tier 1 indicated risk, still failed the assessment. The risk for four of these seven pesticides could be refined by considering toxicity information from additional species. Refinement options and mitigation measures that could be applied to the agricultural scenario in Brazil were discussed. In conclusion, the proposed tiered risk assessment is a feasible way to evaluate whether a pesticide will pose an unacceptable risk to aquatic organisms. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1514-1528. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michiel A Daam
- School of Science and Technology, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), NOVA University Lisbon, NOVA, Caparica, Portugal
- Federal University of Alfenas, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
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2
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Dearlove E, Harrison S, Svendsen C, Spurgeon D. Agrochemical inputs to managed oil palm plantations are a probable risk to ecosystems: Results from a screening level risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124749. [PMID: 39154882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Palm oil is a high value crop widely grown in the tropics. The management of palm oil is characterised by widespread agrochemical use. Here we report the results of a screening level risk assessment conducted from the available literature on the environmental concentration of agrochemicals in surface waters and soils in palm oil growing areas. To date, only a small number of published studies have measured pollutant concentrations in and around palm oil plantations. To identify potential high-risk contaminants, a standard SSD based risk assessment, establishing risk quotients for detected contaminants, was conducted in relation to available species sensitivity distributions. A probabilistic SSD based risk assessment, calculating potential risk distributions, was also conducted for contaminants with the required number of data points available. Metals were the most commonly detected (and measured) substances and also presented the greatest risk, especially copper and zinc, but also nickel, lead and cadmium. For these metals, environmental concentrations overlapped levels found to cause effects in toxicity studies, indicating the potential for adverse outcomes from exposure. To fully understand the extent of this risk, more detailed studies are needed that assess metal speciation states and bioavailability under the prevailing soil and water chemistry conditions in palm oil plots. Limited studies have measured pesticide concentrations in palm oil systems. In these few cases, only a few active substances have been measured. From the limited information available, potential risks are indicated due to the presence of some insecticides. However, fungicides are also widely used for palm oil disease management, but little data studies are available to assess both exposure and potential effects. To further assess the potential chemical footprint of different palm oil management practices, studies are needed that systematically assess pollutant levels across a range of chemical groups to consider effects within a mixture context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Dearlove
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Harrison
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - David Spurgeon
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
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3
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Raymundo LB, Gomes DF, Miguel M, Moreira RA, Rocha O. Effects of acute toxicity of the pesticide Chlorpyrifos and the metal Cadmium, both individually and in mixtures, on two species of native neotropical cladocerans. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:642-652. [PMID: 38776006 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The excessive use of pesticides in agriculture and the widespread use of metals in industrial activities and or technological applications has significantly increased the concentrations of these pollutants in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, making aquatic biota increasingly vulnerable and putting many species at risk of extinction. Most aquatic habitats receive pollutants from various anthropogenic actions, leading to interactions between compounds that make them even more toxic. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the compounds Chlorpyrifos (insecticide) and Cadmium (metal), both individually and in mixtures, on the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia rigaudi and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Acute toxicity tests were conducted for the compounds individually and in mixture, and an ecological risk assessment (ERA) was performed for both compounds. Acute toxicity tests with Cadmium resulted in EC50-48 h of 0.020 mg L-1 for C. rigaudi and 0.026 mg L-1 for C. silvestrii, while tests with Chlorpyrifos resulted in EC50-48 h of 0.047 μg L-1 and 0.062 μg L-1, respectively. The mixture test for C. rigaudi showed the occurrence of additive effects, while for C. silvestrii, antagonistic effects occurred depending on the dose level. The species sensitivity distribution curve for crustaceans, rotifers, amphibians, and fishes resulted in an HC5 of 3.13 and an HC50 of 124.7 mg L-1 for Cadmium; an HC5 of 9.96 and an HC50 of 5.71 μg L-1 for Chlorpyrifos. Regarding the ERA values, Cadmium represented a high risk, while Chlorpyrifos represented an insignificant to a high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Broggio Raymundo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Diego Ferreira Gomes
- NEEA/SHS, Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mariana Miguel
- NEEA/SHS, Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB), College of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) at the University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
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Almeida RA, Fajgenblat M, Lemmens P, De Meester L. Pesticide exposure enhances dominance patterns in a zooplankton community. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2900. [PMID: 37335538 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides can profoundly alter community dynamics. It is expected that dominance patterns will be enhanced or reduced depending on whether the dominant species is less or more sensitive to the pesticide than the subdominant species. Community dynamics are, however, also determined by processes linked to population growth as well as competition at carrying capacity. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to quantify the effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on the population dynamics of four cladoceran species (Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulicaria, Daphnia galeata and Scapholeberis mucronata) in mixed cultures, testing for direct effects of chlorpyrifos and indirect effects mediated by interactions with other species on the timing of population growth and dominance at carrying capacity. We also quantified whether the pesticide-induced changes in community dynamics affected top-down control of phytoplankton. By adding a treatment in which we used different genotype combinations of each species, we also tested to what extent genetic composition affects community responses to pesticide exposure. Immobilization tests showed that D. magna is the least sensitive to chlorpyrifos of the tested species. Chlorpyrifos exposure first leads to a reduction in the abundance of D. galeata to the benefit of D. pulicaria, and subsequently to a reduction in densities of D. pulicaria to the benefit of D. magna. This resulted in D. magna being more dominant in the pesticide than in the control treatment by the end of the experiment. There was no effect of genotypic differences on community patterns, and top-down control of phytoplankton was high in all treatments. Our results suggest that in this community dominance patterns are enhanced in line with the observed among-species differences in sensitivity to the pesticide. Our results also show that the development of the community in pesticide treatment is a complex interaction between direct and indirect effects of the pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela A Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maxime Fajgenblat
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Data Science Institute (DSI), Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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5
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Daam MA. Toward a tiered regulatory framework for the prospective aquatic effect assessment of pesticides in (Neo)tropical areas. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:638-647. [PMID: 36437571 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research and regulatory interest into (Neo)tropical aquatic pesticide ecotoxicology has increased considerably over the past few years. However, pesticide effect assessment frameworks in (Neo)tropical areas remain largely undeveloped and as such not implemented. The present study provides an overview of studies into the comparison of pesticide sensitivity between (Neo)tropical and temperate aquatic taxa. Recommended assessment factors to be applied to temperate toxicity data for use in tropical effect assessments differ significantly between these studies. Shortcomings and bottlenecks of available pesticide sensitivity comparison studies based on results from bioassays, species sensitivity distributions, and model ecosystem studies are scrutinized. Current data lacks and (subsequent) indications for future research are also covered. Ultimately, implications for procedures aimed at the derivation of regulatory acceptable concentrations for pesticides in (Neo)tropical edge-of-field surface waters are discussed. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:638-647. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A Daam
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, CENSE, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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Santos GS, Hamer M, Tscheschke A, Bruns E, Murakami L, Dohmen GP. Are standard aquatic test species and methods adequate surrogates for use in environmental risk assessment of pesticides in tropical environments? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:202-212. [PMID: 35373476 PMCID: PMC10083928 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In regulatory risk assessment, surrogate species of fish, aquatic invertebrates, and primary producers are tested to assess toxicity and subsequently the risk of pesticides to freshwater biota. This study evaluates whether the standard, surrogate test species (mostly temperate in latitudinal distribution) used in many parts of the world are suitable surrogates for first-tier risk assessments involving tropical freshwater biota. Data for the toxicity of pesticides to tropical fish, invertebrates, and primary producer species were extracted from the USEPA ECOTOX database and peer-reviewed literature. For each pesticide, the most sensitive regulatory endpoint extracted from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) dossiers for freshwater fish, invertebrates, and primary producers was selected. The ratios of the endpoint for tropical species and for the most sensitive regulatory endpoint for the appropriate taxonomic group were determined. A value >1 indicates that the tropical species is less sensitive than the respective standard regulatory species. Tropical fish species were less sensitive than standard fish species in 84% of the comparisons, and in 93.5% of the comparisons, tropical fish were less or similarly sensitive (within a factor of 5). For aquatic invertebrates, 78.1% of the evaluated tropical species were less sensitive than standard species and 93.3% of tropical invertebrates species were less or similarly sensitive. For primary producers, 96% of tropical species were less sensitive than standard test species. Overall, standard species used globally were more sensitive or similarly sensitive compared to tropical species in more than 93% of the cases. In conclusion, the data show that freshwater toxicity data for pesticides from tests using standard test species, tested according to international accepted guidelines, are appropriate for use in first-tier risk assessments for tropical environments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:202-212. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mick Hamer
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealotts Hill International Research StationBracknellBerkshireUK
| | | | - Eric Bruns
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Crop ScienceMonheimGermany
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7
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Werba JA, Kolasa J. The challenge of life history traits: a small cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia rigaudi. COMMUNITY ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-022-00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Rico A, de Oliveira R, Silva de Souza Nunes G, Rizzi C, Villa S, De Caroli Vizioli B, Montagner CC, Waichman AV. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in urban streams of the Brazilian Amazon. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132821. [PMID: 34758362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides in households and peri-urban areas of the Amazon has increased notably during the last years. Yet, the presence of these contaminants in Amazonian freshwater ecosystems remains unexplored. Here, we assessed the exposure to 18 pesticides and 5 transformation products in the Amazon River and in the urban streams of Manaus, Santarém, Macapá, and Belém (Brazil). Pesticide concentrations were analyzed by liquid and gas chromatography methods. Ecological risks were assessed following a two-tiered approach. First, hazard quotients and an overall hazard index were calculated using toxicity data for standard test species of primary producers, invertebrates, and fish. Second, the pesticides showing moderate-to-high ecological risks in the first tier were evaluated using Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs). Our study shows that pesticides are widespread in urban and peri-urban areas of the Brazilian Amazon. The frequency of detection was higher in urban streams than in the Amazon River, with some samples taken in Manaus, Santarém, and Belém containing up to 8 compounds. Most pesticides were measured at relatively low concentrations (ng L-1), except for malathion, carbendazim and the bulk concentration of chlorpyrifos, which were monitored at concentrations above 100 ng L-1. Based on the first-tier assessment, we found moderate-to-high risks for freshwater invertebrates for malathion, chlorpyrifos, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, and moderate risks for malathion to fish. The risk assessment performed with SSDs indicated high risks of malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl in urban areas, with up to 15% and 5% of invertebrate species potentially affected, respectively. The bulk concentrations of chlorpyrifos resulted in high risks in some urban areas (14-22% of species affected) and in areas of the main river (32-44%) impacted by agriculture. We conclude that pesticide residues may contribute to a biodiversity impact in the Amazon and should be further monitored in urban and peri-urban areas, particularly after heavy rainfall events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- University of Campinas, School of Technology, Rua Paschoal Marmo 1888 - Jd., Nova Itália, Limeira, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Silva de Souza Nunes
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Zoology, Av. Prof Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Rizzi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Sara Villa
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | | | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Viviana Waichman
- Federal University of the Amazon, Institute of Biological Sciences, Av. Rodrigo Ramos 3000, Manaus, 69077-000, Brazil
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Tincani F, Cione APP, Casallanovo F, Bottoms M, Loutseti S, Thompson H. Current practice and future perspectives for tiered risk assessment schemes of soil organisms in Brazil. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:7-9. [PMID: 34932861 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana P P Cione
- Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Melanie Bottoms
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Stefania Loutseti
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Helen Thompson
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
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Marques MBL, Brunetti IA, Faleiros CA, da Cruz C, Iqbal HMN, Bilal M, Américo-Pinheiro JHP. Ecotoxicological Assessment and Environmental Risk of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos for Aquatic Neotropical Indicators. WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11270-021-05369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Brans KI, Almeida RA, Fajgenblat M. Genetic differentiation in pesticide resistance between urban and rural populations of a nontarget freshwater keystone interactor, Daphnia magna. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2541-2552. [PMID: 34745342 PMCID: PMC8549624 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that urbanization drives adaptive evolution in response to thermal gradients. One such example is documented in the water flea Daphnia magna. However, organisms residing in urban lentic ecosystems are increasingly exposed to chemical pollutants such as pesticides through run-off and aerial transportation. The extent to which urbanization drives the evolution of pesticide resistance in aquatic organisms and whether this is impacted by warming and thermal adaptation remains limitedly studied. We performed a common garden rearing experiment using multiple clonal lineages originating from five replicated urban and rural D. magna populations, in which we implemented an acute toxicity test exposing neonates (<24h) to either a solvent control or the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. Pesticide exposures were performed at two temperatures (20°C vs. 24°C) to test for temperature-associated differences in urbanization-driven evolved pesticide resistance. We identified a strong overall effect of pesticide exposure on Daphnia survival probability (-72.8 percentage points). However, urban Daphnia genotypes showed higher survival probabilities compared to rural ones in the presence of chlorpyrifos (+29.7 percentage points). Our experiment did not reveal strong temperature x pesticide or temperature x pesticide x urbanization background effects on survival probability. The here observed evolution of resistance to an organophosphate pesticide is a first indication Daphnia likely also adapts to pesticide pollution in urban areas. Increased pesticide resistance could facilitate their population persistence in urban ponds, and feed back to ecosystem functions, such as top-down control of algae. In addition, adaptive evolution of nontarget organisms to pest control strategies and occupational pesticide use may modulate how pesticide applications affect genetic and species diversity in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien I. Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rafaela A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Maxime Fajgenblat
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Athayde DB, Daam MA, Guerra G, Duarte-Neto PJ, Sarmento H, Espíndola ELG. Integrated ecosystem models (soil-water) to analyze pesticide toxicity to aquatic organisms at two different temperature conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129422. [PMID: 33421753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the knowledge about pesticides considering the soil-water interaction, ecosystem models (mesoscosms) were used to analyze the of leachate on the immobility and feeding rate of the cladocerans, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and D. similis and algae Raphidocelis subcapitata, at two different temperatures. Mesocosm were filled with natural soil (latosolo) that were contaminated with insecticide/acaricide Kraft 36 EC® and fungicide Score 250 EC®, using the recommended concentration for strawberry crops (10.8 g abamectin/ha and 20 g difenoconazole/ha). Pesticides were applied once (hand sprayers) and the precipitation was simulated twice a week (Days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15 and 18). The mesocosm were kept in a room with a controlled temperature (23 and 33 °C) and photoperiod (12h light/12h dark). The Kraft 36 EC® insecticide showed toxicity for both species of cladocerans tested, with effects on immobility and feeding rate, both at 23 and 33 °C. Score 250 EC® showed to be toxic only for the experiments that analyzed the immobility of C. silvestrii at 23 °C and the feeding of D. smilis at 33 °C, demonstrating that the effects are species-specific and related to the temperature at which they are tested. While for species R. subcapitata there was an effect only for mixture treatments of the pesticides analyzed at both temperatures. Thereby, zooplanktonic organisms may be at risk when exposed to this compound even after percolating in a soil column, which could lead to effects on the entire aquatic trophic chain and that temperature can influence the organism response to the contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Glauce Guerra
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Duarte-Neto
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Biodiversity, Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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Arambawatta-Lekamge SH, Pathiratne A, Rathnayake IVN. Sensitivity of freshwater organisms to cadmium and copper at tropical temperature exposures: Derivation of tropical freshwater ecotoxicity thresholds using species sensitivity distribution analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111891. [PMID: 33485013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical freshwater ecosystems are increasingly influenced by chemical stressors including heavy metals posing threats to biodiversity. Adequate ecotoxicity data are not available for native tropical freshwater species for deriving water quality guidelines and for conducting ecological risk assessments. Objectives of this study were (i) to generate freshwater ecotoxicity data for cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) for tropical temperature exposures using standard laboratory bioassays with selected freshwater species and (ii) to derive ecotoxicity thresholds (protection concentrations, PC) for tropical freshwater life based on 'tropical temperature-specific exposure' ecotoxicity data. Estimated final chronic toxicity values of the six species tested in the study indicate that the most sensitive species was the crustacean, Moina macrocopa for both metals while the algae Chlorella vulgaris and the plant Lemna perpusilla showed highest tolerance to Cd and Cu respectively. Tropical temperature-specific exposure (25-30 °C) was used as the decision criterion for deriving ecotoxicity thresholds of Cd and Cu for protection of tropical freshwater life based on species sensitivity distribution analysis of the final chronic toxicity data sets which included published toxicity data of selected species in addition to the six species tested in this study. The derived PC99, PC95, PC90 and PC80 values for protection of tropical freshwater life under chronic exposure are 0.5, 1.2, 1.9 and 3.5 μg/L for Cd and 0.34, 0.84, 1.4 and 2.6 μg/L for Cu respectively. These derived threshold chronic values (PC99 and PC95) indicate that the established freshwater quality guidelines based on temperate species for Cu may not provide sufficient protection of the freshwater species in the tropics while the available freshwater guidelines for Cd would provide adequate protection for the tropical freshwater species. The tropical freshwater ecotoxicity thresholds derived in this study may be used with some caution as reference points for site specific ecological risk assessments in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asoka Pathiratne
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka.
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Negri AP, Smith RA, King O, Frangos J, Warne MSJ, Uthicke S. Adjusting Tropical Marine Water Quality Guideline Values for Elevated Ocean Temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1102-1110. [PMID: 31845576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased frequency of summer heatwaves and poor water quality are two of the most prevalent and severe pressures faced by coral reefs. While these pressures often co-occur, their potential risks to tropical marine species are usually considered independently. Here, we extended the application of multisubstance-Potentially Affected Fraction (ms-PAF) to a nonchemical stressor, elevated sea surface temperature. We then applied this method to calculate climate-adjusted water quality guideline values (GVs) for two reference toxicants, copper and the herbicide diuron, for tropical marine species. First, we developed a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for thermal stress based on published experimental data for 41 tropical benthic marine species using methods adapted from water quality GV derivation. This enabled quantitative predictions of community effects as temperatures exceeded acclimation values. The resulting protective temperature values (PTx) were similar to temperatures known to initiate coral bleaching and are therefore relevant for application in multistressor risk assessments. The extended ms-PAF method enabled the adjustment of current water quality GVs to account for thermal stress events. This approach could be applied to other ecosystems and other non-contaminant stressors (e.g., sediment, low salinity, anoxia, and ocean acidification), offering an alternative approach for deriving environmental GVs, reporting and assessing the risk posed by multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science , Townsville , Queensland 4810 , Australia
| | - Rachael A Smith
- Office of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland Department of Environment and Science , Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Olivia King
- Australian Rivers Institute-Coast and Estuaries, School of Environment and Science , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Queensland 4215 , Australia
| | - Julius Frangos
- Office of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland Department of Environment and Science , Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Michael St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
- Department of Environment and Science , Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience , Coventry University , Coventry , West Midlands CV1 5FB , U.K
| | - Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science , Townsville , Queensland 4810 , Australia
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15
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Daam MA, Chelinho S, Niemeyer JC, Owojori OJ, De Silva PMCS, Sousa JP, van Gestel CAM, Römbke J. Environmental risk assessment of pesticides in tropical terrestrial ecosystems: Test procedures, current status and future perspectives. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:534-547. [PMID: 31234068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of pesticides in tropical countries, research and legislative efforts have focused on their temperate counterparts. This paper presents a review of the literature on environmental risk assessment of pesticides for tropical terrestrial agroecosystems. It aims at evaluating potential differences in pesticide risk between temperate and tropical regions as well as to highlight research needs in the latter. Peculiarities of pesticide risks in tropical terrestrial agroecosystems are discussed in subsections 1) agricultural practices; 2) research efforts; 3) fate and exposure; 4) toxicity testing methods; and 5) sensitivity. The intensive and often inadequate pesticide application practices in tropical areas are likely to result in a relatively greater pesticide exposure in edge-of-field water bodies. Since pesticide fate may be different under tropical conditions, tropical scenarios for models estimating predicted environmental pesticide concentrations should be developed. Sensitivity comparisons do not indicate a consistent similar, greater or lower relative sensitivity of tropical soil organisms as compared to temperate organisms. However, several methods and procedures for application in the tropics need to be developed, which include: 1) identifying and collecting natural soils to be used as reference test substrates in tests; 2) identifying and discerning the range of sensitivity of native test species to soil contaminants; 3) developing test guidelines applicable to tropical/subtropical conditions; and 4) developing methods and procedures for higher tier testing for full development and implementation of environmental risk assessment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Júlia C Niemeyer
- Centre of Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Olugbenga J Owojori
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - P Mangala C S De Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, 81000, Sri Lanka
| | - Jóse Paulo Sousa
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany
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