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Pacheco JS, Teixeira ÉMGF, Paschoal RG, Torres-Santos EC, Simone SGDE, Silva-López REDA. Antileishmanial effects of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth aqueous extracts on Leishmania amazonensis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220613. [PMID: 37672397 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen polar extracts from leaf, seed, pod, stem, flower and root of Crotalaria spectabilis were prepared using aqueous systems, based on the principles of green chemistry, and showed different protease inhibitor (PI) activities on trypsin, papain, pepsin and the extracellular L. amazonensis serine protease (LSPIII). The most pronounced inhibitory effect on LSPIII was observed in leaf (CS-P), root, stem, flower (CS-FPVPP) and pod (CS-VA) extracts. Crotalaria extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity on macrophages; however, they decreased the viability of L. amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes, as observed in leaf (CS-AE, CS-P, CS-T and CS-PVPP), seed (CS-ST), flower and root (CS-RA) extracts. CS-P was chosen to study PI and secondary metabolites and a 10-12 kDa protein, analyzed by mass spectrometry, was identified as a serine PI homologous with papaya latex serine PI. Glycosylated flavonoids, such as quercetins, vitexin and tricin were the major secondary metabolites of CS-P. The presence of PIs in C. spectabilis is a new finding, especially in other organs than seeds since PIs have been reported only in seed legumes. Besides, this is the first report of antileishmanial activity of C. spectabilis extracts and the identification of serine polypeptide PI and glycosylated flavonoids from leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Pacheco
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Érika Maria G F Teixeira
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ramon G Paschoal
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Giovanni DE Simone
- FIOCRUZ, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia para Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT-IDN), Avenida Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Elisa DA Silva-López
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Plant Kunitz Inhibitors and Their Interaction with Proteases: Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094742. [PMID: 35563133 PMCID: PMC9100506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of proteases can be controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation through gene expression; post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation; zymogen activation; targeting specific compartments, such as lysosomes and mitochondria; and blocking proteolysis using endogenous inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are important molecules to be explored for the control of proteolytic processes in organisms because of their ability to act on several proteases. In this context, plants synthesize numerous proteins that contribute to protection against attacks by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and/or invertebrates (insects and nematodes) through the inhibition of proteases in these organisms. These proteins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in higher concentrations in legume seeds (compared to other organs and other botanical families), motivating studies on their inhibitory effects in various organisms, including humans. In most cases, the biological roles of these proteins have been assigned based mostly on their in vitro action, as is the case with enzyme inhibitors. This review highlights the structural evolution, function, and wide variety of effects of plant Kunitz protease inhibitors, and their potential for pharmaceutical application based on their interactions with different proteases.
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Differences in the Inhibitory Specificity Distinguish the Efficacy of Plant Protease Inhibitors on Mouse Fibrosarcoma. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030602. [PMID: 33806820 PMCID: PMC8005126 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, the primary cause of death from malignant tumors, is facilitated by multiple protease-mediated processes. Thus, effort has been invested in the development of protease inhibitors to prevent metastasis. Here, we investigated the effects of protease inhibitors including the recombinant inhibitors rBbKI (serine protease inhibitor) and rBbCI (serine and cysteine inhibitor) derived from native inhibitors identified in Bauhinia bauhinioides seeds, and EcTI (serine and metalloprotease inhibitor) isolated from the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum on the mouse fibrosarcoma model (lineage L929). rBbKI inhibited 80% of cell viability of L929 cells after 48 h, while EcTI showed similar efficacy after 72 h. Both inhibitors acted in a dose and time-dependent manner. Conversely, rBbCI did not significantly affect the viability of L929 cells. Confocal microscopy revealed the binding of rBbKI and EcTI to the L929 cell surface. rBbKI inhibited approximately 63% of L929 adhesion to fibronectin, in contrast with EcTI and rBbCI, which did not significantly interfere with adhesion. None of the inhibitors interfered with the L929 cell cycle phases. The synthetic peptide RPGLPVRFESPL-NH2, based on the BbKI reactive site, inhibited 45% of the cellular viability of L929, becoming a promising protease inhibitor due to its ease of synthesis.
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Biotechnological Potential of Araucaria angustifolia Pine Nuts Extract and the Cysteine Protease Inhibitor AaCI-2S. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121676. [PMID: 33266031 PMCID: PMC7760129 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are involved in the regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases during seed development and play a defensive role because of their ability to inhibit exogenous proteases such as those present in the digestive tracts of insects. Araucaria angustifolia seeds, which can be used in human and animal feed, were investigated for their potential for the development of agricultural biotechnology and in the field of human health. In the pine nuts extract, which blocked the activities of cysteine proteases, it was detected potent insecticidal activity against termites (Nasutitermes corniger) belonging to the most abundant termite genus in tropical regions. The cysteine inhibitor (AaCI-2S) was purified by ion-exchange, size exclusion, and reversed-phase chromatography. Its functional and structural stability was confirmed by spectroscopic and circular dichroism studies, and by detection of inhibitory activity at different temperatures and pH values. Besides having activity on cysteine proteases from C. maculatus digestive tract, AaCI-2S inhibited papain, bromelain, ficin, and cathepsin L and impaired cell proliferation in gastric and prostate cancer cell lines. These properties qualify A. angustifolia seeds as a protein source with value properties of natural insecticide and to contain a protease inhibitor with the potential to be a bioactive molecule on different cancer cells.
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In vitro screening of peptidase inhibitory activity in some plants of North India. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05203. [PMID: 33088962 PMCID: PMC7566102 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of some plants of different families was evaluated. A total of 55 plants were screened, out of which six showed the maximum trypsin inhibitory activity namely Acacia concinna, Caesalpinia bonducella, Lathyrus sativus, Mucuna pruriens, Psoralea corylifolia and Sapindus mukorossi. Results suggested that the plants showing trypsin inhibitory activity (TIA) also have chymotrypsin inhibitory activity (CIA). Both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities were high in seeds compared to leaves followed by flowers. It was also observed that TIA was maximally present in Sapindaceae family whereas CIA was maximum in fabaceae family followed by others.
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Singh D, Kesavan AK, Sohal SK. Deterioration of digestive physiology of Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae by trypsin inhibitor purified from seeds of Mucuna pruriens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104647. [PMID: 32828366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors (PIs) are plant proteins that are found to be effective against various digestive peptidases of insects. The present study isolated and characterized a trypsin inhibitor from mature dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens and investigated its effect against Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae, a major pest of cucurbitaceae crops, for its inhibitory activity. The purified trypsin inhibitor from M. pruriens seeds gave a molecular weight of ~11 kDa on SDS-PAGE. M. pruriens trypsin inhibitor (MPTI) exhibited inhibitory effect on growth of melon fruit fly larvae (64-72 h old) as it resulted in prolongation of larval, pupal and total development period. There was a significant increase in larval mortality with increase in concentration of MPTI. Nutritional indices decreased significantly at all the concentrations of MPTI. Quantitative RT- PCR revealed that the mRNA expression level of trypsin and chymotrypsin genes was reduced while that of GST, esterases, AP, SOD and catalase were enhanced. It can therefore be inferred that MPTI can serve as a promising agent for biocontrol that can reduce the problems caused by fruit fly and other similar catastrophic pests. This study provides the fundamental information for future successful strategies for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishtant Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
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da Silva Júnior NR, Vital CE, de Almeida Barros R, Faustino VA, Monteiro LP, Barros E, de Oliveira EE, de Oliveira Ramos HJ, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Intestinal proteolytic profile changes during larval development of Anticarsia gemmatalis caterpillars. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21631. [PMID: 31587381 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of most consumed and produced grains in the world, and Anticarsia gemmatalis is a pest that causes great damage to this crop due to severe defoliation during its larval phase. Plants have mechanisms that lead to the inhibition of proteases in the intestine of these herbivores, hampering their development. Understanding this complex protease inhibitor is important for pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic profiles of the intestinal proteases of the soybean caterpillar at different instars. For this, the proteolytic profile of the gut in the third, fourth, and fifth instars were analyzed. Irreversible inhibitors of proteases were separately incubated with A. gemmatalis enzyme extracts at the third, fourth, and fifth instar to assess the contribution of these proteases to total proteolytic activity. The enzymatic extracts were also evaluated with specific substrates to confirm changes in the specific activities of trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and cysteine proteases at different instars. The results showed that the protease profile of A. gemmatalis gut changes throughout its larval development. The activity of cysteine proteases was more intense in the first instar. On the contrary, the serine proteases showed major activities in the late stages of the larval phase. Zymogram analysis and protein identification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated serine protease as the main protease class expressed in the fifth instar. These results may shift the focus from the rational development of the protease inhibitor to A. gemmatalis and other Lepidoptera, as the expression of major proteases is not constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilier R da Silva Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Verônica A Faustino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luana P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto J de Oliveira Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Almeida Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Samiksha, Singh D, Kesavan AK, Sohal SK. Exploration of anti-insect potential of trypsin inhibitor purified from seeds of Sapindus mukorossi against Bactrocera cucurbitae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17025. [PMID: 31745144 PMCID: PMC6863899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors (PIs) are defense proteins of plants which are active against gut peptidases of different insects. Sapindus mukorossi was identified as a source of bioactive PIs which could confer resistance against Bactrocera cucurbitae, a most devastating pest of several economically important crops. In the present study, a trypsin inhibitor was purified from mature dry seeds of S. mukorossi and characterized for its biochemical properties as well as its potential for bio control of B. cucurbitae. The purified fractions from RP- HPLC through SDS-PAGE gave an apparent molecular weight of ~29 kDa. S. mukorossi trypsin inhibitor (SMTI) was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor which was active over a broad range of temperature (10–100 °C) and pH (6–11). SMTI when incorporated in artificial diet inhibited the growth and development of B. cucurbitae larvae. Gene expression analysis of trypsin and chymotrypsin genes via qRT-PCR indicated that their mRNA expression was down-regulated while that of other genes namely, Catalase, Elastase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione –S-transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase was up regulated. SMTI also showed deleterious effects against different bacterial strains. The results of this study indicated that S. mukorossi trypsin inhibitor has potential to be used as a bio control agent that can reduce the harm caused by melon fruit fly and other devastating pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Drishtant Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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