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Xiang C, Li Y, Jing S, Han S, He H. Trichomonas gallinae Kills Host Cells Using Trogocytosis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1008. [PMID: 37623968 PMCID: PMC10459183 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) is an infectious parasite that is prevalent worldwide in poultry and can cause death in both poultry and wild birds. Although studies have shown that T. gallinae damages host cells through direct contact, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that T. gallinae can kill host cells by ingesting fragments of the host cells, that is, by trogocytosis. Moreover, we found that the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64D prevented T. gallinae from destroying host cells. To the best of our knowledge, our study has demonstrated for the first time that T. gallinae uses trogocytosis to kill host cells. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for the prevention and control of avian trichomoniasis and will contribute to the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention and control of avian trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xiang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.X.); (S.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Shengfan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.X.); (S.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.X.); (S.H.)
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2
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de Souza EP, Ferro M, Pelá VT, Fernanda-Carlos T, Borges CGG, Taira EA, Ventura TMO, Arencibia AD, Buzalaf MAR, Henrique-Silva F. Maquiberry Cystatins: Recombinant Expression, Characterization, and Use to Protect Tooth Dentin and Enamel. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051360. [PMID: 37239031 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocystatins are proteinaceous competitive inhibitors of cysteine peptidases involved in physiological and defensive roles in plants. Their application as potential therapeutics for human disorders has been suggested, and the hunt for novel cystatin variants in different plants, such as maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), is pertinent. Being an understudied species, the biotechnological potential of maqui proteins is little understood. In the present study, we constructed a transcriptome of maqui plantlets using next-generation sequencing, in which we found six cystatin sequences. Five of them were cloned and recombinantly expressed. Inhibition assays were performed against papain and human cathepsins B and L. Maquicystatins can inhibit the proteases in nanomolar order, except MaquiCPIs 4 and 5, which inhibit cathepsin B in micromolar order. This suggests maquicystatins' potential use for treating human diseases. In addition, since we previously demonstrated the efficacy of a sugarcane-derived cystatin to protect dental enamel, we tested the ability of MaquiCPI-3 to protect both dentin and enamel. Both were protected by this protein (by One-way ANOVA and Tukey's Multiple Comparisons Test, p < 0.05), suggesting its potential usage in dental products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pereira de Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Milene Ferro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Taioqui Pelá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda-Carlos
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Even Akemi Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Mendes Oliveira Ventura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariel Domingo Arencibia
- Center of Biotechnology in Natural Resources, Faculty of Agrarian and Forestry Sciences, Catholic University of Maule (UCM), Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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3
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Dong C, Li R, Wang N, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Bai S. Apple vacuolar processing enzyme 4 is regulated by cysteine protease inhibitor and modulates fruit disease resistance. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:3758-3773. [PMID: 35259265 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ring rot is a destructive apple disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. The resistance mechanism of apple plants to B. dothidea remains unclear. Here, we show that APPLE VACUOLAR PROCESSING ENZYME 4 (MdVPE4) is involved in resistance to B. dothidea. MdVPE4 silencing reduced fruit disease resistance, whereas its overexpression improved resistance. Gene expression analysis revealed that MdVPE4 influenced the expression of fruit disease resistance-related genes, such as APPLE POLYGALACTURONASE 1 (MdPG1), APPLE POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITOR PROTEIN 1 (MdPGIP1), APPLE ENDOCHITINASE 1 (MdCHI1), and APPLE THAUMATIN-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (MdTHA1). The expression of the four genes responding to B. dothidea infection decreased in MdVPE4-silenced fruits. Further analysis demonstrated that B. dothidea infection induced MdVPE4 expression and enzyme activation in apple fruits. Moreover, MdVPE4 activity was modulated by apple cysteine proteinase inhibitor 1 (MdCPI1), which also contributed to resistance towards B. dothidea, as revealed by gene overexpression and silencing analysis. MdCPI1 interacted with MdVPE4 and inhibited its activity. However, MdCPI1 expression was decreased by B. dothidea infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that the interaction between MdVPE4 and MdCPI1 plays an important role in modulating fruit disease resistance to B. dothidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ronghui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingshuang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Suhua Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, China
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4
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency causing more than 4.2 million fatalities as of 30 July 2021. Only three antiviral therapies have been approved or granted emergency use authorization by the FDA. The SARS‐CoV‐2 3CL protease (3CLpro) is deemed an attractive drug target as it plays an essential role in viral polyprotein processing and pathogenesis, although no inhibitors have been approved. This patent review discusses SARS coronavirus 3CLpro inhibitors that have been filed up to 30 July 2021, giving an overview on the types of inhibitors that have generated commercial interest, especially amongst drug companies. Insights into the common structural motifs required for active site binding is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Brian Chia
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road, 138670, Chromos #08-01, Singapore
| | - Weijun Xu
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road, 138670, Chromos #08-01, Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road, 138670, Chromos #08-01, Singapore
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5
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Lê HG, Ham AJ, Kang JM, Võ TC, Naw H, Sohn HJ, Shin HJ, Na BK. A Novel Cysteine Protease Inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri That Is Specifically Expressed during Encystation and at Mature Cysts. Pathogens 2021; 10:388. [PMID: 33804993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that is ubiquitous in diverse natural environments. It causes a fatal brain infection in humans known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Despite the medical importance of the parasitic disease, there is a great lack of knowledge about the biology and pathogenicity of N. fowleri. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel cysteine protease inhibitor of N. fowleri (NfCPI). NfCPI is a typical cysteine protease inhibitor belonging to the cystatin family with a Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly (QVVAG) motif, a characteristic motif conserved in the cystatin family of proteins. Bacterially expressed recombinant NfCPI has a dimeric structure and exhibits inhibitory activity against several cysteine proteases including cathespin Bs of N. fowleri at a broad range of pH values. Expression profiles of nfcpi revealed that the gene was highly expressed during encystation and cyst of the amoeba. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays also support its high level of expression in cysts. These findings collectively suggest that NfCPI may play a critical role in encystation or cyst formation of N. fowleri by regulating cysteine proteases that may mediate encystation or mature cyst formation of the amoeba. More comprehensive studies to investigate the roles of NfCPI in encystation and its target proteases are necessary to elucidate the regulatory mechanism and the biological significance of NfCPI.
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6
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Xie H, Wu L, Chen X, Gao S, Li H, Yuan Y, Liang J, Wang X, Wang S, Xu C, Chu L, Zhan B, Zhou R, Yang X. Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin Alleviates Sepsis Through Activating Regulatory Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:617461. [PMID: 33718268 PMCID: PMC7943722 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.617461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-organ failure caused by the inflammatory cytokine storm induced by severe infection is the major cause of death for sepsis. Sj-Cys is a cysteine protease inhibitor secreted by Schistosoma japonicum with strong immunomodulatory functions on host immune system. Our previous studies have shown that treatment with Sj-Cys recombinant protein (rSj-Cys) attenuated inflammation caused by sepsis. However, the immunological mechanism underlying the immunomodulation of Sj-Cys for regulating inflammatory diseases is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effect of Sj-Cys on the macrophage M2 polarization and subsequent therapeutic effect on sepsis. The rSj-Cys was expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris. Incubation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with yeast-expressed rSj-Cys significantly activated the polarization of macrophages to M2 subtype characterized by the expression of F4/80+ CD206+ with the elated secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. Adoptive transfer of rSj-Cys treated BMDMs to mice with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) significantly improved their survival rates and the systemic clinical manifestations of sepsis compared with mice receiving non-treated normal BMDMs. The therapeutic effect of Sj-Cys-induced M2 macrophages on sepsis was also reflected by the reduced pathological damages in organs of heart, lung, liver and kidney and reduced serological levels of tissue damage-related ALT, AST, BUN and Cr, associated with downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-6) and upregulated regulatory anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). Our results demonstrated that Sj-Cys is a strong immunomodulatory protein with anti-inflammatory features through activating M2 macrophage polarization. The findings of this study suggested that Sj-Cys itself or Sj-Cys-induced M2 macrophages could be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of sepsis or other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lingqin Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xingzhi Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shifang Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jinbao Liang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Changyan Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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7
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Bartošová-Sojková P, Kyslík J, Alama-Bermejo G, Hartigan A, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Picard-Sánchez A, Palenzuela O, Faber MN, Holland JW, Holzer AS. Evolutionary Analysis of Cystatins of Early-Emerging Metazoans Reveals a Novel Subtype in Parasitic Cnidarians. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:110. [PMID: 33546310 PMCID: PMC7913475 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary aspects of cystatins are greatly underexplored in early-emerging metazoans. Thus, we surveyed the gene organization, protein architecture, and phylogeny of cystatin homologues mined from 110 genomes and the transcriptomes of 58 basal metazoan species, encompassing free-living and parasite taxa of Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria (including Myxozoa), and Ctenophora. We found that the cystatin gene repertoire significantly differs among phyla, with stefins present in most of the investigated lineages but with type 2 cystatins missing in several basal metazoan groups. Similar to liver and intestinal flukes, myxozoan parasites possess atypical stefins with chimeric structure that combine motifs of classical stefins and type 2 cystatins. Other early metazoan taxa regardless of lifestyle have only the classical representation of cystatins and lack multi-domain ones. Our comprehensive phylogenetic analyses revealed that stefins and type 2 cystatins clustered into taxonomically defined clades with multiple independent paralogous groups, which probably arose due to gene duplications. The stefin clade split between the subclades of classical stefins and the atypical stefins of myxozoans and flukes. Atypical stefins represent key evolutionary innovations of the two parasite groups for which their origin might have been linked with ancestral gene chimerization, obligate parasitism, life cycle complexity, genome reduction, and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Jiří Kyslík
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Stephen D. Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Amparo Picard-Sánchez
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Oswaldo Palenzuela
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Marc Nicolas Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; (M.N.F.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Jason W. Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; (M.N.F.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
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8
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Sallai RC, Salu BR, Silva-Lucca RA, Alves FL, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG, da Silva Ferreira R, Sampaio MU, Vilela Oliva ML. Biotechnological Potential of Araucaria angustifolia Pine Nuts Extract and the Cysteine Protease Inhibitor AaCI-2S. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1676. [PMID: 33266031 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are involved in the regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases during seed development and play a defensive role because of their ability to inhibit exogenous proteases such as those present in the digestive tracts of insects. Araucaria angustifolia seeds, which can be used in human and animal feed, were investigated for their potential for the development of agricultural biotechnology and in the field of human health. In the pine nuts extract, which blocked the activities of cysteine proteases, it was detected potent insecticidal activity against termites (Nasutitermes corniger) belonging to the most abundant termite genus in tropical regions. The cysteine inhibitor (AaCI-2S) was purified by ion-exchange, size exclusion, and reversed-phase chromatography. Its functional and structural stability was confirmed by spectroscopic and circular dichroism studies, and by detection of inhibitory activity at different temperatures and pH values. Besides having activity on cysteine proteases from C. maculatus digestive tract, AaCI-2S inhibited papain, bromelain, ficin, and cathepsin L and impaired cell proliferation in gastric and prostate cancer cell lines. These properties qualify A. angustifolia seeds as a protein source with value properties of natural insecticide and to contain a protease inhibitor with the potential to be a bioactive molecule on different cancer cells.
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Dong T, Cao Y, Jiang CZ, Li G, Liu P, Liu S, Wang Q. Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Reduce Enzymatic Browning of Potato by Lowering the Accumulation of Free Amino Acids. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:2467-2476. [PMID: 32031791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic browning is a major issue affecting the quality of processed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). To understand the molecular mechanism of browning, transcriptional analyses were performed by employing potatoes that differed in browning. Coexpression analysis indicated that 9 out of 15 upregulated genes in browning-less groups encoded for potato protease inhibitors (StPIs). In addition, gene otology analysis showed that the enriched terms were mainly involved in protease inhibitors. Overexpression of cysteine StPI 143 and StPI 146 individually reduced browning and lowered protease activities and tyrosine and total free amino acid (FAA) contents, but they could not decrease polyphenol oxidase activity. Moreover, supplementing exogenous tyrosine or total FAAs into transgenic potato mash to wild-type amounts promoted mash browning, browning with total FAAs, more than with tyrosine, resembling wild-type levels. These results implied that cysteine StPIs reduced browning via lowering the accumulation of FAAs in addition to tyrosine. Our findings have enriched the knowledge about the roles and mechanisms of protease inhibitors in regulating enzymatic browning of potato, which provide new ways for controlling potato browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
- Crops Pathology & Genetic Research , USDA-ARS , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Guangcun Li
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Molecular Biology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Molecular Biology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu J, Svärd SG, Klotz C. Giardia intestinalis cystatin is a potent inhibitor of papain, parasite cysteine proteases and, to a lesser extent, human cathepsin B. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1313-1325. [PMID: 31077354 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are important regulators of papain-like cysteine proteases. In the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis, papain-like cysteine proteases play an essential role in the parasite's biology and pathogenicity. Here, we characterized a cysteine protease inhibitor of G. intestinalis that belongs to type-I-cystatins. The parasite cystatin is shown to be a strong inhibitor of papain (Ki ≈ 0.3 nm) and three parasite cysteine proteases (CP14019, CP16160 and CP16779, Ki ≈ 0.9-5.8 nm), but a weaker inhibitor of human cathepsin B (Ki ≈ 79.9 nm). The protein localizes mainly in the cytoplasm. Together, these data suggest that cystatin of G. intestinalis plays a role in the regulation of cysteine protease activities in the parasite and, possibly, in the interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Oortveld MAW, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Kersten FFJ, Cheng T, Verdoes M, van Erp PEJ, Verbeek S, Reinheckel T, Hendriks WJAJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle. FASEB J 2017; 31:4286-4294. [PMID: 28596234 PMCID: PMC5602906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700267r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (Cst6) in mice leads to disturbed epidermal cornification, impaired barrier function, and neonatal lethality. We report the rescue of the lethal skin phenotype of ichq (Cst6-deficient; Cst6−/−) mice by transgenic, epidermis-specific, reexpression of Cst6 under control of the human involucrin (INV) promoter. Rescued Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice survive the neonatal phase, but display severe eye pathology and alopecia after 4 mo. We observed keratitis and squamous metaplasia of the corneal epithelium, comparable to Cst6−/−Ctsl+/− mice, as we have reported in other studies. We found the INV promoter to be active in the hair follicle infundibulum; however, we did not observe Cst6 protein expression in the lower regions of the hair follicle in Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice. This result suggests that unrestricted activity of proteases is involved in disturbance of hair follicle biology, eventually leading to baldness. Using quenched activity-based probes, we identified mouse cathepsin B (CtsB), which is expressed in the lower regions of the hair follicle, as an additional target of mouse Cst6. These data suggest that Cst6 is necessary to control CtsB activity in hair follicle morphogenesis and highlight Cst6-controlled proteolytic pathways as targets for preventing hair loss.—Oortveld, M. A. W., van Vlijmen-Willems, I. M. J. J., Kersten, F. F. J., Cheng, T., Verdoes, M., van Erp, P. E. J., Verbeek, S., Reinheckel, T., Hendriks, W. J. A. J., Schalkwijk, J., Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry F J Kersten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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12
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Jones BD, Tochowicz A, Tang Y, Cameron MD, McCall LI, Hirata K, Siqueira-Neto JL, Reed SL, McKerrow JH, Roush WR. Synthesis and Evaluation of Oxyguanidine Analogues of the Cysteine Protease Inhibitor WRR-483 against Cruzain. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:77-82. [PMID: 26819670 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of oxyguanidine analogues of the cysteine protease inhibitor WRR-483 were synthesized and evaluated against cruzain, the major cysteine protease of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Kinetic analyses of these analogues indicated that they have comparable potency to previously prepared vinyl sulfone cruzain inhibitors. Co-crystal structures of the oxyguanidine analogues WRR-666 (4) and WRR-669 (7) bound to cruzain demonstrated different binding interactions with the cysteine protease, depending on the aryl moiety of the P1' inhibitor subunit. Specifically, these data demonstrate that WRR-669 is bound noncovalently in the crystal structure. This represents a rare example of noncovalent inhibition of a cysteine protease by a vinyl sulfone inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Anna Tochowicz
- Department
of Pathology and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California-San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158-2250, United States
| | - Yinyan Tang
- Small
Molecule Discovery Center, University of California-San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2250, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department
of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ken Hirata
- Department
of Pathology, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sharon L. Reed
- Departments
of Pathology and Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Department
of Pathology and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California-San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158-2250, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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13
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Ahmed A, Shamsi A, Bano B. Purification and biochemical characterization of phytocystatin from Brassica alba. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:223-31. [PMID: 26748819 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phytocystatins belong to the family of cysteine proteinases inhibitors. They are ubiquitously found in plants and carry out various significant physiological functions. These plant derived inhibitors are gaining wide consideration as potential candidate in engineering transgenic crops and in drug designing. Hence it is crucial to identify these inhibitors from various plant sources. In the present study a phytocystatin has been isolated and purified by a simple two-step procedure using ammonium sulfate saturation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-100HR from Brassica alba seeds (yellow mustard seeds).The protein was purified to homogeneity with 60.3% yield and 180-fold of purification. The molecular mass of the mustard seed cystatin was estimated to be nearly 26,000 Da by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as by gel filtration chromatography. The stokes radius and diffusion coefficient of the mustard cystatin were found to be 23A° and 9.4 × 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) respectively. The isolated phytocystatin was found to be stable in the pH range of 6-8 and is thermostable up to 60 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed that the phytocystatin exhibited non-competitive type of inhibition and inhibited papain more efficiently (K(i) = 3 × 10(-7) M) than ficin (K(i) = 6.6 × 10(-7) M) and bromelain (K(i) = 7.7 × 10(-7) M respectively). CD spectral analysis shows that it possesses 17.11% alpha helical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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14
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Chu MH, Liu KL, Wu HY, Yeh KW, Cheng YS. Crystal structure of tarocystatin-papain complex: implications for the inhibition property of group-2 phytocystatins. Planta 2011; 234:243-54. [PMID: 21416241 PMCID: PMC3144364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tarocystatin (CeCPI) from taro (Colocasia esculenta cv. Kaohsiung no. 1), a group-2 phytocystatin, shares a conserved N-terminal cystatin domain (NtD) with other phytocystatins but contains a C-terminal cystatin-like extension (CtE). The structure of the tarocystatin-papain complex and the domain interaction between NtD and CtE in tarocystatin have not been determined. We resolved the crystal structure of the phytocystatin-papain complex at resolution 2.03 Å. Surprisingly, the structure of the NtD-papain complex in a stoichiometry of 1:1 could be built, with no CtE observed. Only two remnant residues of CtE could be built in the structure of the CtE-papain complex. Therefore, CtE is easily digested by papain. To further characterize the interaction between NtD and CtE, three segments of tarocystatin, including the full-length (FL), NtD and CtE, were used to analyze the domain-domain interaction and the inhibition ability. The results from glutaraldehyde cross-linking and yeast two-hybrid assay indicated the existence of an intrinsic flexibility in the region linking NtD and CtE for most tarocystatin molecules. In the inhibition activity assay, the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fused FL showed the highest inhibition ability without residual peptidase activity, and GST-NtD and FL showed almost the same inhibition ability, which was higher than with NtD alone. On the basis of the structures, the linker flexibility and inhibition activity of tarocystatins, we propose that the overhangs from the cystatin domain may enhance the inhibition ability of the cystatin domain against papain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hung Chu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Hwang JE, Hong JK, Lim CJ, Chen H, Je J, Yang KA, Kim DY, Choi YJ, Lee SY, Lim CO. Distinct expression patterns of two Arabidopsis phytocystatin genes, AtCYS1 and AtCYS2, during development and abiotic stresses. Plant Cell Rep 2010; 29:905-15. [PMID: 20526604 PMCID: PMC2903682 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The phytocystatins of plants are members of the cystatin superfamily of proteins, which are potent inhibitors of cysteine proteases. The Arabidopsis genome encodes seven phytocystatin isoforms (AtCYSs) in two distantly related AtCYS gene clusters. We selected AtCYS1 and AtCYS2 as representatives for each cluster and then generated transgenic plants expressing the GUS reporter gene under the control of each gene promoter. These plants were used to examine AtCYS expression at various stages of plant development and in response to abiotic stresses. Histochemical analysis of AtCYS1 promoter- and AtCYS2 promoter-GUS transgenic plants revealed that these genes have similar but distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns during normal development. In particular, AtCYS1 was preferentially expressed in the vascular tissue of all organs, whereas AtCYS2 was expressed in trichomes and guard cells in young leaves, caps of roots, and in connecting regions of the immature anthers and filaments and the style and stigma in flowers. In addition, each AtCYS gene has a unique expression profile during abiotic stresses. High temperature and wounding stress enhanced the expression of both AtCYS1 and AtCYS2, but the temporal and spatial patterns of induction differed. From these data, we propose that these two AtCYS genes play important, but distinct, roles in plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Hwang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Joon Ki Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Chan Ju Lim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Huan Chen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Jihyun Je
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Kyung Ae Yang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Dool Yi Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
| | - Young Ju Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736 Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Chae Oh Lim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
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