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Manawi Y, Hassan A, Atieh MA, Lawler J. Overview of radon gas in groundwater around the world: Health effects and treatment technologies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122176. [PMID: 39180822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The natural radioactive decay of uranium in rocks and soils gives rise to the presence of radon in groundwater. The existence of radon in groundwater at activity levels way higher than the reference limits set by US-EPA and WHO was widely covered in literature. The exposure to elevated levels of radon in ground and drinking water have been reported in literature to cause adverse health impacts. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of radon gas in groundwater followed by the safe limits suggested by international organizations and agencies such as US-EPA and WHO. The paper also discusses the health effects associated with the exposure to radon levels and the estimation of the annual effective dose through ingestion and inhalation. This is followed by the radon levels around the world as well as the corresponding annual effective doses reported in literature. The determination techniques of radon levels in water covered in literature such as liquid scintillation counting, gamma-ray spectrometry and emanometry were also discussed and reviewed in the present work. Next, the paper sheds light on the most frequently used treatment techniques such as aeration, adsorption, filtration as well as biological techniques and evaluates their efficiency in mitigating radon levels in water. The paper also highlights the main precautions and future mitigation plans for radon in groundwater as well as delved onto future research perspectives of radon. It was found out that the type of rock played a key role in determining the radon levels. For instance, granitic rock types were reported to contribute to the elevation in the groundwater radon levels due to their characteristic permeability as a result of the formed fractures as well as their natural incorporation of high levels of uranium. Some of the reported radon levels in groundwater in literature were way higher than the guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water and US-EPA alternative higher maximum contaminant level. This review paper could be of importance to researchers working on the evaluation as well as the treatment of radon gas in water as it will provide a critical and state of the art review on radon gas in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Manawi
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar.
| | - Arzoo Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar
| | - Muataz Ali Atieh
- Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Chemical and Water Desalination Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar.
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Sahoo SK, Chandar PB, Katlamudi M. Assessment of contamination level of radon ( 222Rn) in drinking water around Tulsishyam geothermal area and Savarkundla fault in Saurashtra, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:382. [PMID: 39167289 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate radon concentrations in groundwater and surface water to evaluate radon (222Rn) contamination in drinking water within the Amreli region of Saurashtra, Gujarat, India. Water samples from 84 sites, covering about 3000 km2, were analyzed using the RAD7 device from Durridge Instruments. Samples were collected in 250 ml radon-tight bottles. Radon concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 13.6 Bq/L, averaging 4.52 Bq/L. At three sites (P9, P29, P35), radon levels exceeded the USEPA limit of 11.1 Bq/L. P9 and P29 are near the Tulsishyam geothermal area, while P35 is close to the Savarkundla fault. Geothermal fluids in Tulsishyam may facilitate radon migration, and swarm-type earthquakes near Savarkundla could also contribute to radon migration. Concurrently, physicochemical parameters like Potential of Hydrogen (pH) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) were measured, with no significant correlation found between radon levels and these parameters. Samples were taken from tube wells with depths ranging from 105 to 750 feet, averaging 359 feet. A strong and significant correlation (0.83) was observed between radon concentration and water depth. Health risks from radon exposure were assessed by estimating annual effective dose rates for different age groups through ingestion and inhalation. In some instances, the annual effective dose rate surpassed the WHO-recommended value of 100 µSv/year. However, in most instances, the presence of radon in the water does not indicate a significant radiological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Bala Chandar
- Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Guembou Shouop CJ, Beyala Ateba JF, Maya J, Mvondo S, Simo A, Ndontchueng Moyo M. 222Rn and 220Rn levels in drinking water, emanation, and exhalation assessment, and the related health implications in the U-bearing area of Poli-Cameroon. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:355. [PMID: 39083074 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The inherent radioactivity of radon gas presents potential exposure risks to human beings through ingestion and inhalation of its radioisotopes 222Rn (radon) and 220Rn (thoron) from water sources. Recent studies have been conducted to assess radon concentrations in different environmental matrices such as water, air, and soil, due to their detrimental impact on human health. As the main cause of lung cancer in non-smokers and an acknowledged contributor to stomach cancer when ingested, the present study aimed to preliminarily assess radon and thoron levels in the Uranium bearing area of Poli in the Faro division of Cameroon, known for its significant U-deposits. The assessment included measuring 220, 222Rn concentrations in drinking water, emanation, and exhalation, with a specific focus on evaluating the exposure of different age groups within the local population. The radon/thoron levels in water and their related exposure and cancer risk data indicated no immediate health hazards. However, continuous monitoring and prospective measures are deemed essential due to the area's abundant U-minerals. The emanation measurements showed sparsely distributed data with a singularity at Salaki, where the equipment recorded values of 8.14 × 1012 Bqm-3 and 3.27 × 1012 Bqm-3 for radon and thoron, respectively. Moreover, radon/thoron transfer coefficients from the soil to the air indicated levels below unity. While the calculated doses suggest minimum potential risk in line with WHO and UNSCEAR guidelines, the obtained results are expected to significantly contribute to the establishment of national standards for radon levels in drinking water, emanation, and exhalation. Furthermore, these findings can play a crucial role in monitoring radon/thoron levels to ensure public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Felix Beyala Ateba
- National Radiation Protection Agency of Cameroon, Box 33732, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 337, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Josue Maya
- Northern Regional Office of the National Radiation Protection Agency of Cameroon, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mvondo
- Northern Regional Office of the National Radiation Protection Agency of Cameroon, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Augustin Simo
- National Radiation Protection Agency of Cameroon, Box 33732, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Ndontchueng Moyo
- UFD Mathématiques, Informatique Appliquée et Physique Fondamentale, Université de Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Littoral Regional Office of the National Radiation Protection Agency of Cameroon, Littoral Regional Office, Box 5331, Akwa-Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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4
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Iannone A, Albanese S, Guarino A, Ambrosino M, Germano G, De Tullio G, Cicchella D. Variation of total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations in the water supply system of an Italian volcanic region: How safe is tap water for human consumption? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134229. [PMID: 38581875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations were determined in water from different sections of seven aqueducts belonging to the water supply system of Campania region (Italy), known worldwide for its volcanism. Statistical analysis was performed on data to account for their variability across the aqueduct sections, and results were discussed considering the geology of reservoirs, the potential mixing processes occurring along the pipe network, the building/constituting materials of the aqueduct sections, and the integrity of the infrastructure. Guidelines proposed by Italian and international regulation entities were considered to determine if total alpha and beta activities and Rn-222 concentrations found at the taps of the different aqueducts should be considered detrimental to public health. Based on a deterministic and a stochastic approach, a health risk assessment was also tested for Rn-222, assuming direct ingestion and showering as potential exposure pathways. Results showed that applying guidelines returned an absence of hazard, whereas risk assessment returned a high probability of exposure to unacceptable Rn-222 doses for some aqueducts. Beyond the usefulness of obtained results to plan actions to improve the safety of drinking water in Campania, our outcomes represent a warning for bodies dealing with public health at any level: the use of guidelines can bring an underestimation of the risks exerted by the exposure to Rn-222 on human health. Further, using a probabilistic approach in risk assessment accounting for uncertainty can favor risk forecasts based on more "realistic" scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Iannone
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annalise Guarino
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Germano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Regional Radioactivity Center, ARPAC, 84100 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Shah SSA, Asif AR, Ilahi M, Haroon H, Islam I, Qadir A, Nisar I, Sani MMU, Iqbal R, Rahman MHU, Arslan M, Alwahibi MS, Elshikh MS, Ditta A. Geographical distribution of radon and associated health risks in drinking water samples collected from the Mulazai area of Peshawar, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6042. [PMID: 38472226 PMCID: PMC10933375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Geospatial methods, such as GIS and remote sensing, map radon levels, pinpoint high-risk areas and connect geological traits to radon presence. These findings direct health planning, focusing tests, mitigation, and policies where radon levels are high. Overall, geospatial analyses offer vital insights, shaping interventions and policies to reduce health risks from radon exposure. There is a formidable threat to human well-being posed by the naturally occurring carcinogenic radon (222Rn) gas due to high solubility in water. Under the current scenario, it is crucial to assess the extent of 222Rn pollution in our drinking water sources across various regions and thoroughly investigate the potential health hazards it poses. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the concentration of 222Rn in groundwater samples collected from handpumps and wells and to estimate health risks associated with the consumption of 222Rn-contaminated water. For this purpose, groundwater samples (n = 30) were collected from handpumps, and wells located in the Mulazai area, District Peshawar. The RAD7 radon detector was used as per international standards to assess the concentration of 222Rn in the collected water samples. The results unveiled that the levels of 222Rn in the collected samples exceeded the acceptable thresholds set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) of 11.1 Bq L-1. Nevertheless, it was determined that the average annual dose was below the recommended limit of 0.1 mSv per year, as advised by both the European Union Council and the World Health Organization. In order to avoid the harmful effects of such excessive 222Rn concentrations on human health, proper ventilation and storage of water in storage reservoirs for a long time before use is recommended to lower the 222Rn concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Samran Ali Shah
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, Ealing, London, UK
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rahim Asif
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Ilahi
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- GIS & Space Applications in Geosciences (G-SAG) Lab, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Haroon
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Islam
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Geology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), 18000, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Qadir
- Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Shakarparian National Park, Garden Ave, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Nisar
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | | | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Habib Ur Rahman
- Agroecology and Organic Farming Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Crop Science, INRES, University of Bonn, Germany, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Agroecology and Organic Farming Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mona S Alwahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), 18000, Pakistan.
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Hosoda M, Omori Y, Hashimoto H, Matsumoto M, Yasuoka Y, Sanada T, Oda Y, Kiso M, Sampei A, Kranrod C, Tazoe H, Akata N, Taira Y, Tamakuma Y, Yamada R, Kudo H, Shimizu M, Tokonami S. Calibration experiments for radon in drinking water measurements using portable-type electrostatic-collection radon monitors. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:2203-2206. [PMID: 37935002 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Portable-type electrostatic-collection radon monitors (RAD7) are often used for in-situ measurements of radon in water. In this study, we evaluated the calibration factors and their uncertainties for two RAD7 monitors based on comparative measurements with the liquid scintillation counting method. In the first experiment, we found that both RAD7 monitors had relatively large uncertainties due to leakage of radon gas that bubbled from the gaps between the lids of the desiccant container and the glass vial. Therefore, for the second experiment, these gaps were closed as much as possible using parafilm and clay, respectively. As a result, the relative uncertainties for both RAD7 monitors were significantly decreased. Furthermore, we collected spring water samples to confirm the reliability of radon concentrations. After closing the leakage point, the uncertainty of radon concentrations in spring water we measured using the typical protocol of the RAD7 were significantly lower, which improves the measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosoda
- Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Omori
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hashimoto
- Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Maho Matsumoto
- Institute of Radioisotope Research, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yumi Yasuoka
- Institute of Radioisotope Research, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sanada
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Oda
- Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kiso
- Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Aoi Sampei
- Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Chutima Kranrod
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tazoe
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Naofumi Akata
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taira
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamakuma
- Center for Radiation Research and Education, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamada
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kudo
- Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shimizu
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Shinji Tokonami
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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7
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Naskar AK, Gazi M, Mondal M, Deb A. Elevated radon level in drinking water of Ajodhya Hill Area of West Bengal, India: probable health impact on lung and stomach. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8153-8168. [PMID: 37548847 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A screening survey has been carried out to measure the radon concentration in drinking water at various locations of Ajodhya hill and surrounding areas in Purulia district of West Bengal, India, using AlphaGUARD radon monitor. The obtained 222Rn concentration in ground water varies from 5.71 ± 0.29 to 579.47 ± 23.18 Bq/l with an average of 110.00 ± 6.61 Bq/l. Comparison between our results with the internationally recommended reference levels reveals that drinking of water from the majority of these tube-wells can pose significant health risks to the local people. Correlation study indicates that tube-well depth has significant influence on the radon level in water samples. Using 60 l/yr and 1642.50 l/yr water consumption estimated annual effective radon doses for most of the samples (almost 70% and 96%, respectively) are high compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU) Commission prescribed reference dose limit of 100 μSv/yr. Also, the evaluated Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) values associated with the tube-wells are showing serious threat to the health of the locals.The primary goal of this work is to develop a radon profile map of this area and to find out the possible reasons behind the elevated radon level in ground water. This type of work may play a very crucial role to aware the locals in perspective of human exposure to radon. The local health officials and the water quality regulators of India are requested to take necessary steps for protecting the local people from water radon hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Kumar Naskar
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- School of Studies in Environmental Radiation and Archaeological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- Department of Physics, Bangabasi Evening College, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Mahasin Gazi
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- School of Studies in Environmental Radiation and Archaeological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- Apollo Multispeciality Hospitals, 58 Canal Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Mitali Mondal
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- School of Studies in Environmental Radiation and Archaeological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Argha Deb
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India.
- School of Studies in Environmental Radiation and Archaeological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India.
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Pourshabanian M, Nasseri S, Nodehi RN, Hosseini SS, Mahvi AH. Radon measurement and age-independent effective dose attributed to ingestion of bottled water in Iran: sensitivity analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12717. [PMID: 37543701 PMCID: PMC10404218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study was made to measure the radon concentration in bottled water available in Iran market. The 222Rn concentration in 70 bottled water samples were measured by the sniffing mode technique and RTM 1688-2 (SARAD, Germany) in immediate sampling time and 3 months later for determination of radon decay. The measured radon concentration ranged from 0.003 to 0.618 Bq L-1 in bottled water samples, which were much lower than the recommended value for radon in drinking water by WHO (100 Bq L-1) and United states environmental protection agency (USEPA) (11.1 Bq L-1). The annual effective dose of 222Rn due to ingestion bottled water was also evaluated in this research. The mean annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon in bottled water for adults, children, and infants were estimated to vary from 5.30 × 10-4 mSv-1, 4.90 × 10-4 mSv-1, and 2.15 × 10-4 mSv-1, respectively. Overall, this study indicated that the Iranian people receive no significant radiological risk due to exposure to radon concentration in bottled water brands common consumed in Iranian market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Pourshabanian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Ijaz J, Ali W, Muhammad S, Ullah H, Ather D, Ud Din I. Annual effective dose estimation of radon in drinking water sources of Nizampur basin, North Western Pakistan. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2023; 59:539-553. [PMID: 37920884 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2023.2276218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed radon (222Rn) levels in drinking water sources in the Nizampur basin and their potential health risks for the local community. We analyzed 48 water samples on-site using RAD7. Additionally, we measured pH, temperature (T), total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential (ORP), and electrical conductivity (EC) with a multiparameter analyzer. Results showed pH, T, TDS, ORP, and EC ranging from 7.2 to 8, 17 to 26 °C, 333 to 1130 mg/l, -56 to 284 mV, and 469 to 2370 µS/cm. 222Rn levels varied significantly (0.7-107 Bq/l, mean 23 ± 21, median = 17 Bq/l), with about 65 % exceeding the EPA's limit of 11.1 Bq/l, indicating health risks likely due to local geological conditions. The annual effective doses for ingestion (EwIng) were 0.87 ± 0.01, 0.35 ± 0.006, and 0.13 ± 0.002 µSv/a for adults, infants, and children, respectively. Exposure risk via the inhalation (EwInh) route ranged from 1.75 to 270 µSv/a, with the highest risk in infants, followed by children and adults. Inhalation was the primary exposure route for all age groups. Further, spatial distribution maps and hotspot analysis suggested that the central region characterized by high structural deformation and favorable geology for radon emanation was the area of concern in terms of health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehangir Ijaz
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Said Muhammad
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Ullah
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Danish Ather
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ud Din
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Ibánhez JSP, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Rocha C. Radon prevalence in domestic water in the Ría de Vigo coastal basin (NW Iberian Peninsula). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27305-6. [PMID: 37140868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Ría de Vigo catchment is situated in the largest radon-prone area of the Iberian Peninsula. High local indoor radon (222Rn) levels are the preeminent source of radiation exposure, with negative effects on health. Nevertheless, information on radon levels of natural waters and the potential human exposure risks associated with their domestic use is very sparse. To elucidate the environmental factors increasing human exposure risk to radon during domestic water use, we undertook a survey of local water sources, including springs, rivers, wells, and boreholes, over different temporal scales. Continental waters were highly enriched in 222Rn: activities ranged from 1.2 to 20.2 Bq L-1 in rivers and levels one to two orders of magnitude higher were found in groundwaters (from 8.0 to 2737 Bq L-1; median 121.1 Bq L-1). The geology and hydrogeology of local crystalline aquifers support one order of magnitude higher 222Rn activities in groundwater stored in deeper fractured rock compared to that contained within the highly weathered regolith at the surface. During the mean dry season, 222Rn activities nearly doubled in most sampled waters in comparison to the wet period (from 94.9 during the dry season to 187.3 Bq L-1 during wet period; n = 37). Seasonal water use and recharge cycles and thermal convection are postulated to explain this variation in radon activities. The high 222Rn activities cause the total effective dose of radiation received from domestic use of untreated groundwaters to exceed the recommended 0.1 mSv y-1. Since more than 70% of this dose comes from indoor water degassing and subsequent 222Rn inhalation, preventative health policy in the form of 222Rn remediation and mitigation measures should be implemented prior to pumping untreated groundwater into dwellings, particularly during the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Severino Pino Ibánhez
- Laboratorio de Geoquímica Orgánica, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Xosé Antón Álvarez-Salgado
- Laboratorio de Geoquímica Orgánica, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Rocha
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Investigation of radioactivity level in drinking water resources and soil samples collected from the Hawraman villages, Iraq. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 194:110665. [PMID: 36716690 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the RAD7 and NaI(Tl) techniques were utilized to determine the radon concentrations in drinking water resources and the natural primordial radionuclides in soil samples collected from Hawraman villages. The measured radon concentrations ranged from 1.7 ± 0.6 to 34.0 ± 2.8 Bq L-1 with an arithmetic mean of 14.8 ± 1.2 Bq L-1. This research demonstrates that roughly 54% of drinking water samples exceed the EPA-recommended level of 11.1 Bq L-1. For adults, children, and infants, the total annual effective doses for the three types (Ding, Dinh, and Ddi) vary from 7.6 to 149.2 μSv y-1 with an average of 65.0 μSv y-1, 8.1-160.0 μSv y-1 with an average of 69.7 μSv y-1, and 10.5-207.0 μSv y-1 with an average of 90.2 μSv y-1.18.2%, 22.7%, and 36.4%, respectively, of the annual effective dose for adults, children, and infants exceeds the 100 μSv y-1 level recommended by WHO and UNCEAR 2000. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K in soil samples varied from 10.9 ± 0.1 to 32.6 ± 0.2 Bq kg-1, 18.3 ± 0.4 to 52.1 ± 0.6 Bq kg-1, and 252.7 ± 2.5 to 585.6 ± 3.7 Bq kg-1. The arithmetic mean concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K were determined to be 19.4 ± 0.2 Bq kg-1, 36.2 ± 0.5 Bq kg-1and 426.6 ± 3.2 Bq kg-1, respectively. This research reveals that the average soil activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K are within the global average limits of 32, 45, and 420 Bq kg-1, respectively. Comparing the concentrations to global averages, some soil samples revealed significant amounts of radionuclides, with around 18% of 232Th and 41% of 4 K. The computed radiological hazard indices of 100% of Raeq., 82% of Dout, 82% of Eout, and 95.5% of ELCRout are all below the internationally recommended levels declared by Unscear 2000.
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Singla AK, Kanse S, Kansal S, Rani S, Mehra R. A comprehensive study of radon in drinking waters of Hanumangarh district and the assessment of resulting dose to local population. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:443-455. [PMID: 35704260 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Study of radon concentration in drinking water from different sources (groundwater and surface water) used across the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan, India, was done using scintillation-based detector. The concentration of radon in surface water varied from 0.12 to 2.07 Bq/l with an average value of 0.62 Bq/l and a standard deviation of 0.55 Bq/l and in groundwater samples varied from 1.61 to 8.73 Bq/l with an average value of 4.8 Bq/l and a standard deviation of 2.24 Bq/l. The ingestion and inhalation dose were calculated to assess the health risk for infants, children and adults. The resulting average annual effective dose has been found to be considerably lower than the recommended safe limit of 0.1 msv/y (WHO, In: Incorporating first and second addenda, third ed. WHO Press, Geneva. 3rd ed. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008). It can be concluded that radon in water does not pose a significant radiological health risk to the population of the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singla
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | | | - Sandeep Kansal
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
| | - Supriya Rani
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Rohit Mehra
- B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144001, India
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Ortueta Milán M, Araújo Dos Santos Júnior J, Valcárcel Rojas LA, Dos Santos Amaral R, G de Farias EE, Dias Bezerra J, Marques do Nascimento Santos J, Herrero Fernández Z, Brayner Cavalcanti Freire M. Radiological risk associated with 222Rn occurrence in groundwater sources of rural communities in the semiarid region of Paraíba, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:149. [PMID: 36434308 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rural and isolated communities traditionally lack adequate water treatment and distribution systems, and water quality assessment often does not include radioactivity measurement. Here we present, for the first time, the results of Rn measurements and the evaluation of the associated dose in groundwaters of rural communities in a semiarid area in Paraiba State, Brazil. Water samples were analysed using a low-level liquid scintillation spectrometer (LSS). Radon concentrations were higher than EPA and WHO recommended levels in water for most of the wells (range of 5.5-1107.0 Bq/L, average 252.8 Bq/L). Higher Rn concentration was measured in deeper wells and located in area rich in granite and diorite rocks. The annual effective doses varied between 0.021 and 4.317 mSv/y for infants, 0.016-3.182 mSv/y for children, and 0.015-3.022 mSv/y for adults, exceeding, in some cases, the 1 mSv/y reference level recommended by the WHO and UNSCEAR for the public. Thus, water consumption from half of the wells should be avoided unless adequate treatment is provided. Results highlight the need to perform actions to supply water with appropriate quality to the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvic Ortueta Milán
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil.
| | - José Araújo Dos Santos Júnior
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
| | - Lino Angel Valcárcel Rojas
- OrganoMAR, Departamento de Oceanografia, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Arquitetura, S/N - Cidade Universitaria, Recife, PE, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Romilton Dos Santos Amaral
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
| | - Emerson Emiliano G de Farias
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste (CRCN-NE/CNEN - PE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 200, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
| | - Jairo Dias Bezerra
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
| | - Josineide Marques do Nascimento Santos
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
| | - Zahily Herrero Fernández
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
- Centro Acadêmico do Agreste. Núcleo de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Marielle Franco, S/N, Km 59, Pernambuco, 55014-900, Caruaru, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brayner Cavalcanti Freire
- Grupo de Radioecologia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-545, Brazil
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Nayak T, Basak S, Deb A, Dhal PK. A systematic review on groundwater radon distribution with human health consequences and probable mitigation strategy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 247:106852. [PMID: 35305305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater radon contamination is a serious global concern for its eco-toxicological effects. The major health hazard occurs due to toxic indoor air inhalation and consumption of contaminated drinking water supplied from different distribution systems, especially groundwater. There are fragmented reports on the measurement of radon contamination and their health consequences with physical radon removal strategies as well as characterization of inhabitant microbial communities. As it concerned with human health, collective information is much essential on their groundwater distribution, their physicochemical properties and possible mitigation strategies, not done so far. In such prospect, this review summarizes the physicochemical properties of radon, their sources, global as well as Indian groundwater radon contamination scenario, health effects and inhabitant microbes along with their survival strategies. It also summarizes the physical radon removal techniques and especially emphasizes the microbes based bioremediation process as well as a combination of both as a future effective radon remediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Nayak
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sohom Basak
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Argha Deb
- School of Studies in Environmental Radiation and Archaeological Sciences & Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Paltu Kumar Dhal
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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15
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Kumar M, Kumar P, Agrawal A, Sahoo BK. Radon concentration measurement and effective dose assessment in drinking groundwater for the adult population in the surrounding area of a thermal power plant. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:551-559. [PMID: 35350007 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radon in the household water collected from hand pumps is measured using a continuous radon monitor. Water samples are collected from 25 villages from the surrounding regions of the National Capital Power Cooperation (NTPC), Dadri. The radon concentration ranges from 17±1 to 68±3 Bql-1 with a mean value of 33±13 Bql-1. The measured radon concentration in all collected samples lies well within the limit of 100 Bql-1as set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean values of the annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon and due to the inhalation of radon released from water are 84±33 and 167±65 μSvy-1, respectively. In addition, the mean values of estimated total annual effective doses are found to be 167±65 μSvy-1. The mean value of total annual effective doses is found to be higher than the reference dose level of 100 μSvy-1 recommended by the WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The mean values of effective doses per annum to the lungs and stomach are 9.9±3.9 and 10.1±3.9 μSv, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, S.V. College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202001, India E-mail:
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Physics, S.V. College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202001, India E-mail:
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, D.S. College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202001, India
| | - B K Sahoo
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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16
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Ajiboye Y, Isinkaye MO, Badmus GO, Faloye OT, Atoiki V. Pilot groundwater radon mapping and the assessment of health risk from heavy metals in drinking water of southwest, Nigeria. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08840. [PMID: 35146162 PMCID: PMC8818932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon and heavy metals are sources of groundwater pollution and are identified as potential carcinogens. Southwest Nigeria's populace mostly relies on groundwater source for drinking. This study aims to map radon distribution in groundwater of southwest Nigeria and to determine the health risk of radon and heavy metal in drinking water. Radon concentrations of 145 groundwater samples were measured using RAD7 electronic radon detector and heavy metal concentrations of 52 groundwater samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Radon concentration distributions were delineated using geographical information system. Radon concentration of water samples ranges between 1.6 Bq l−1 and 271 Bq l−1 with an average value of 35.9 ± 38.4 Bq l−1. The average groundwater radon concentration is higher than US-EPA recommended level of 11.1 Bq l−1 but lower than the WHO recommended limit of 100 Bq l−1. The estimated average annual effective radiation doses to infants, children, and adults are 29 μSvy−1, 41 μSvy−1 and 92 μSvy−1 respectively. The radon distribution map of the study area reveals regions of high, medium, and low groundwater radon concentrations. The average concentration values of heavy metals in groundwater samples are of the order Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd. 84% of groundwater exhibits good to excellent quality in terms of heavy metal pollution. However, about 16% of the samples which lie in the sedimentary regions of Ogun and Lagos States exhibit poor to very poor quality. Overall, ingestion of groundwater in the study area may not pose a serious health hazards from radon ingestion and heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Ajiboye
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Ganiyu Olabode Badmus
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Oluwaseun Temitope Faloye
- Department of Food and Biosystems Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Atoiki
- Department of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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17
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222Rn measurements in drinking water and annual effective dose for the adult population around a coal-based and atomic power plant in Uttar Pradesh, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Ullah F, Muhammad S, Ali W. Radon concentration and potential risks assessment through hot springs water consumption in the Gilgit and Chitral, Northern Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132323. [PMID: 34563776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of radon (222Rn) in hot springs water. For this purpose, 222Rn concentration was measured using the RAD7 (Durridge Company, USA) in the water of hot springs located in Tata Pani, Gilgit (n = 4), and Garam Chashma, Chitral (n = 6), northern Pakistan. Water samples from the springs (background, n = 3) were also collected and analyzed for 222Rn concentration 40-50 km away from the hot springs in Gilgit and Chitral, northern Pakistan, to be used as background/reference concentration. The determined 222Rn in hot springs water surpassed the threshold of maximum contamination level (MCL, 11.1 Bq/L) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) in 100% samples collected from Tata Pani, Gilgit, and Garam Chashma, Chitral sites. Soil 222Rn along with the hot springs exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing distance. 222Rn concentration in hot springs water was used to calculate the exposure doses of human health through ingestion and inhalation pathways. The total effective dose for human (EWT) of 222Rn contaminated water consumption was 626 μSv/a in the Tata Pani, Gilgit and 34.7 μSv/a in the Garam Chashma, Chitral. Results revealed that hot springs water in the Tata Pani, Gilgit had surpassed the threshold limit (100 μSv/a) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study concluded that hot springs water should be avoided for drinking and other domestic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Ullah
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Said Muhammad
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
| | - Wajid Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
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Feng X, Han Q, Wang M, Mao P, Sun A, Zhang C, Chen C, Wang M. 222Rn radioactivity in urban waters of fault zone in China: dose rate and risk assessment. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Singh B, Kant K, Garg M. DISTRIBUTION OF RADON AND URANIUM LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER OF DISTRICT PALWAL, SOUTHERN HARYANA, INDIA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2021; 196:241-247. [PMID: 34718798 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Scintillation-detector-based SMART RnDuo (AQTEK System, India) and LED fluorimeter (Quantalase Instrument, India) were used for measurements of radon and uranium concentration in 54 groundwater samples collected from different locations in the Palwal district of Haryana (India). Radon in 26% and uranium in 54% of samples were found to be at higher levels than the maximum contamination limit (11 Bq l-1) for drinking water recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency and provisional guideline level (30 μg l-1) stated by World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender Singh
- Department of Physics, J.C. Bose US&T, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Krishan Kant
- Department of Physics, Aggarwal College Ballabgarh, Faridabad 121004, Haryana, India
| | - Maneesha Garg
- Department of Physics, J.C. Bose US&T, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
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21
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Punia A, Bharti R, Kumar P. Hydrogeochemical Processes Governing Uranium Mobility: Inferences from the Anthropogenically Disturbed, Semi-arid Region of India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:386-396. [PMID: 34347119 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Khetri Copper Belt, Rajasthan, is anthropogenically active and geologically belongs to the Delhi super-group. A study was designed to understand the geochemical processes controlling the elemental mobility in the groundwater. Sampling sites were divided into three zones, i.e. copper, quartzite and granite mine zones depending on the type of mineral excavated. A total of 32 representative groundwater samples were collected and analysed for heavy metals and radionuclide (U) using ICP-MS. A maximum U concentration (average 87 µgL-1) is observed in the quartzite mine zone, and minimum (average 13 µgL-1) is found in the copper mine zone samples. A high concentration of U (maximum of 430 µgL-1) in groundwater is attributed to mineral dissolution due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Despite the presence of Jaspura and Gothra granitoid in the copper mine zone, the abundance of U is low suggesting the scavenging of U by sulphides or iron oxides. Additionally, at the confluence of two geological groups, Fe concentration is found high with a low concentration of U which further confirms scavenging of U. It is evident from the results that in the absence of iron-bearing sulphides, U concentration in groundwater would be very high compared to the current concentration. It also indicates low concentration of U in the copper mine zone is due to dissolution of Fe sulphide-rich waste. The present study recommends further research to understand the feasibility of mining waste for the removal of U contamination from groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Punia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India.
| | - Rishikesh Bharti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India
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22
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Radon Levels of Water Sources in the Southwest Coastal Region of Peninsular Malaysia. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Across populations, the dominating source of public exposure to radiation is radon gas. In the present study, we aimed at determining the concentration of radon in water sources from the southwest coastal region of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 27 water samples were taken from various water sources which included groundwater, as well as hot spring, lake, river, seawater, and tap water; the radon concentrations were measured using a RAD7 portable radon detector. The radon concentrations ranged from 0.07 ± 0.12 to 187 ± 12 Bq l−1, with an average of 21 ± 12 Bq l−1. The highest concentration was found in hot spring water, with an average concentration of 99 ± 6 Bq l−1, while the lowest concentration was found in tap water, with an average concentration of 1.95 ± 0.61 Bq l−1. The average concentrations of radon for all categories of sampled water were below the 100 Bq l−1 WHO guidance level for safe drinking water. According to the ICRP effective dose conversion factor and UNSCEAR (2000), the total effective dose from the summation of inhaled and imbibed water was calculated from the aqueous radon concentrations, with an average effective dose of 4.45 µSv y−1, well within the WHO safe drinking water guideline value of 100 µSv per year. The results of this study could support the efforts of authorities and regulators who are responsible for controlling and strategizing to ensure public safety against radon exposures.
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Sukanya S, Joseph S, Noble J. Evaluation of radiation dose from radon ingestion and inhalation in groundwater of a small tropical river basin, Kerala, India. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:204-215. [PMID: 33243014 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1835889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the radon (222Rn) distribution and associated radiation doses to the public in a small tropical river basin partly set in the western slope of the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Radon, though detected in all the 71 monitored wells (0.17-68.3 Bq L-1), exceeded the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 11.1 Bq L-1 for drinking water recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in eight samples from isolated pockets of highland, midland and lowland of the Karamana River Basin (KRB) and found to be well within 100 Bq L-1, the parametric value suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU). The age-wise total annual effective doses (AEDs) of groundwater radon activity ranged from 0.5-208.4 μSv a-1 for infants, 0.4-172.2 for children and 0.5-189.7 μSv a-1 for adults. The results reveal that effective doses due to groundwater radon pose no potential public health risk in the study region. Since there is no previous background information on radon-induced radiation dose in the KRB, this work is a newfangled attempt from a public health point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sukanya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabu Joseph
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jacob Noble
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Muhammad S, Ullah R, Turab SA, Khan MY, Khattak NU, Khan MA. Radon concentration in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir: an evaluation for potential risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32628-32636. [PMID: 32514913 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radon (222Rn), a radioactive gas resulted from the natural decay of other radioactive elements, pose a threat to the exposed human population. Radon gas emits along the seismically active faults and increased the 222Rn contamination in sorrounding water and soil. This study investigated the concentration of 222Rn in drinking water and soil after the September 24, 2019, Mw 5.8 earthquake, Mirpur District, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir (AJK). For this purpose, water (n = 24) samples were collected from the bore wells of orderly located houses and soil field sampling (n = 12) along with the NE-SW directions of fracture in the Mirpur District. Determined 222Rn in drinking water surpassed the maximum contamination level (MCL, 11.1 kBq/m3) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in 83%, 50%, and 33% of the sampling point at the site I, site II, and site III, respectively. However, that of soil 222Rn concentration was observed with the normal range (10-50 kBq/m3). Potential exposure of 222Rn consumption in drinking water was the mean effective dose through ingestion (EWing, 0.003 ± < 0.001 mSv/a), the effective dose for inhalation (EWInh, 0.038 ± 0.002 mSv/a), and the total effective dose of human (EWT, 0.041 ± 0.002 mSv/a). Exposure values along with the rupture showed multifold higher risk values (up to 4 times) compared to background sites. These values were observed within the limits (0.1 mSv/a) set by World Health Organization (WHO); however, surpassed the thresholds of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiations (UNSCEAR) for all exposure pathways. This study concluded that groundwater in the close vicinity should be avoided or boiled before used for drinking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Muhammad
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Turab
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younis Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Nimat Ullah Khattak
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
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