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Liu Q, Song Z, Li J, Pan C, Qiu W. Efficacy of Agricultural Residue-Derived Biochar for Tackling Cadmium Contamination in an Aqueous Solution. Molecules 2024; 29:3545. [PMID: 39124950 PMCID: PMC11314051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biochar, produced from different agricultural residues varying in lignin and cellulose content and subjected to different pyrolysis temperatures, in removing cadmium ions (Cd (II)) from an aqueous solution. This removal process is crucial for protecting human health and the environment. Specifically, the study focused on the adsorption behaviors of Cd (II) by the biochars made from rice husk biochar (RHB), maize straw biochar (MSB), peanut shell biochar (PSB), cottonseed shell biochar (CHB), and mulberry leaf biochar (MLB), which were prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C. The results indicated that the type of agricultural residue used to produce biochar significantly influenced the adsorption of Cd (II). Notably, mulberry leaf biochar prepared at 300 °C (MLB-300) demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 42.2 mg g-1. Batch adsorption experiments assessed the impact of various factors, including system pH, NO3- concentration, and adsorption duration. The adsorption kinetics were better described by the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. Moreover, the study found that the lignin content of the biochar plays a major role in determining the adsorption capacity. The surface characteristics of biochar, influenced by the types of agricultural residues and preparation temperature, directly impact its adsorption mechanism and capacity. While biochar produced at 300 °C showed optimal Cd(II) adsorption, those processed at 600 °C were less effective, likely due to the loss of functional groups at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, China; (Q.L.); (C.P.)
- Agricultural and Livestock Products Engineering Technology Research Center of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850032, China
| | - Zhengguo Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (Z.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (Z.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Chongshuang Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, China; (Q.L.); (C.P.)
- Agricultural and Livestock Products Engineering Technology Research Center of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850032, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 3230, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Ahmed W, Mehmood S, Mahmood M, Ali S, Núñez-Delgado A, Li W. Simultaneous immobilization of lead and arsenic and improved phosphorus availability in contaminated soil using biochar composite modified with hydroxyapatite and oxidation: Findings from a pot experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116640. [PMID: 37453505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-metals/metalloids contaminated soil has received extensive attention because of their adverse health effects on the safety of the food chain and environmental health. In order to provide additional insight and aid in mitigating environmental risks, a pot experiment was directed to assess the impacts of biochars derived from rice straw (BC), and modified biochars i-e., hydroxyapatite modified (HAP-BC) and oxidized biochars (Ox-BC) on the redistribution, phytoavailability and bioavailability of phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), and Arsenic (As), as well as their effects on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in a Lead (Pb)/Arsenic (As) contaminated soil. The results showed that HAP-BC increased the soil total and available P, compared with raw biochar and control treatment. HAP-BC improved soil properties by elevating soil pH and electric conductivity (EC). The Hedley fractionation scheme revealed that HAP-BC enhanced the labile and moderately labile P species in soil. Both HAP-BC and Ox-BC assisted in the P build-up in plant roots and shoots. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction data for Pb and As in soil showed the pronounced effects of HAP-BC towards the transformation of labile Pb and As forms into more stable species. Compared with control, HAP-BC significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the DTPA-extractable Pb and As by 55% and 28%, respectively, subsequently, resulting in reduced Pb and As plant uptakes. HAP-BC application increased the plant fresh and dry root/shoot biomass by 239%, 72%, 222% and 190%, respectively. The Pb/As immobilization by HAP-BC was mainly driven by precipitation, ion exchange and surface complexation mechanisms in soil. In general, HAP-BC application indicated a great capability to be employed as an effective alternative soil amendment for improving P acquisition in soil, simultaneously immobilizing Pb and As in the soil-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Centerfor Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Centerfor Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Mohsin Mahmood
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Centerfor Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Sehrish Ali
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Weidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Centerfor Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Sui L, Tang C, Cheng K, Yang F. Biochar addition regulates soil phosphorus fractions and improves release of available phosphorus under freezing-thawing cycles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157748. [PMID: 35926613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the shortage of phosphorus resources is becoming more and more serious. In general, phosphorus fertilizer is poorly utilized in soil and tends to gradually accumulate. Freezing-thawing cycles (FT) are seasonal phenomenon occurring in high latitudes and altitudes regions, which have obvious influence on the form of phosphorus in soil. This study investigates the effect of biochar on soil physicochemical properties, phosphorus form and availability under FT and thermostatic incubation (TH) condition. Compared with treatment without biochar, 4 % biochar addition increased the soil pH value, electrical conductivity, organic matter and Olsen-P of soil by a maximum of 0.76, 285.55 μS/cm, 28.60 g/kg and 139.27 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, according to Hedley-P classification results, under FT condition, the content of labile phosphorus pool is always higher than those under TH. FT may promote the conversion of phosphorus from other fractions to labile phosphorus pool. Redundancy analysis results show that biochar addition and FT can not only directly change the soil phosphorus pool, but also alter the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community, which further affect the adsorption and mineralization of phosphorus in soil. The results of this study will be devoted to understanding the changes in soil phosphorus fractions under the effects of biochar addition and FT, providing references for agricultural production in areas where FT occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Sui
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunyu Tang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin 150030, China.
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Peng Y, Zhang B, Guan CY, Jiang X, Tan J, Li X. Identifying biotic and abiotic processes of reversing biochar-induced soil phosphorus leaching through biochar modification with MgAl layered (hydr)oxides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157037. [PMID: 35777556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) as a increasing widely adopted soil amendments showed potential threat to soil P leaching, but the relevant mechanisms were not clear enough and relevant strategy should be proposed to address the P leaching induced by BC application. In this study, effects of ordinary corn straw BC, and a fabricated Mg/Al-LDHs modified biochar (LBC) on soil P availability, adsorption, fraction and mobility were compared and investigated by conducting the column and incubation experiments at biochar to soil rate of 1 %, 2 % and 4 % (w/w). Chemical sequential extraction methods and various solid-state method (i.e., three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)) were utilized to give deep insights into the P mobilization and immobilization mechanisms by respectively applying the BC and LBC. Results of incubation experiments showed that applying the LBC reduced the labile P with significant CaP transformation to Al-retained P, while ordinary BC promoted the Fe/Al-P transformation to labile dibasic calcium phosphate and monobasic calcium phosphate evidenced by the EEM analysis, in-situ XANES investigation and chemical sequential extraction methods. Results of phosphatase and microbial analyses indicated that the decreased labile P after 30 days' incubation and the mitigated P leaching in LBC treatment were dominantly ascribed to abiotic processes of inorganic P transformation and (de)sorption. This research gave deep insights into abiotic and biotic processes of ordinary biochar promoting soil P leaching, and important implications for applying engineered biochar in reducing P leaching and improving soil productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Peng
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Baige Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Jinfang Tan
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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Kypritidou Z, El-Bassi L, Jellali S, Kinigopoulou V, Tziritis E, Akrout H, Jeguirim M, Doulgeris C. Lead removal from aqueous solutions by olive mill wastes derived biochar: Batch experiments and geochemical modelling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115562. [PMID: 35764000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, lead removal from aqueous solutions using biochar derived from olive mill solid and liquid wastes has been investigated by applying batch experiments and geochemical modelling. The batch adsorption experiments included the assessment of several key parameters such as the contact time (kinetic), initial concentration (isotherm), pH, adsorbent dose, and the presence of competitive cations, whilst the geochemical modelling focused on the involved adsorption mechanisms using the PHREEQC code. The kinetic studies showed that lead adsorption is a relatively fast process, where intraparticle diffusion is the rate-limiting step. Biochar dose, solution pH and the presence of competitive ions significantly affected the Pb adsorption effectiveness by the biochar. Especially the higher Pb removal percentages were observed in mono-elemental solutions with high biochar dose at mildly acidic solution pH values. The maximum Pb adsorption capacity of biochar was estimated as 40.8 mg g-1 which is higher than various biochars derived from sludge, lignocellulosic and animal biomasses. On the other hand, the geochemical modelling employing the PHREEQC code showed that ion exchange and Pb precipitation are the main reactions controlling its removal from aqueous solutions, whilst surface complexation is insignificant, mainly due to the low surface functional groups on the used biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Kypritidou
- Dept. of Economic Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology and Geo-environment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Leila El-Bassi
- Wastewaters and Environment Laboratory, Water Research and Technologies Center (CERTE), Technopark Borj Cedria, University of Carthage, P.O.Box 273, Soliman, 8020, Tunisia
| | - Salah Jellali
- Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Vasiliki Kinigopoulou
- Soil and Water Resources Institute (SWRI), Hellenic Agricultural Organisation, 574 00, Sindos, Greece
| | - Evangelos Tziritis
- Soil and Water Resources Institute (SWRI), Hellenic Agricultural Organisation, 574 00, Sindos, Greece
| | - Hanene Akrout
- Wastewaters and Environment Laboratory, Water Research and Technologies Center (CERTE), Technopark Borj Cedria, University of Carthage, P.O.Box 273, Soliman, 8020, Tunisia
| | - Mejdi Jeguirim
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) UMR 7361, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Charalampos Doulgeris
- Soil and Water Resources Institute (SWRI), Hellenic Agricultural Organisation, 574 00, Sindos, Greece.
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Xiong W, Li Y, Ying J, Lin C, Qin J. Behaviors of Organic Ligands and Phosphate during Biochar-Driven Nitrate Adsorption in the Presence of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185811. [PMID: 36144561 PMCID: PMC9505611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A batch experiment was conducted to examine the behavior of nitrate, organic ligands, and phosphate in the co-presence of biochar and three common low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs). The results show that citrate, oxalate, and malate ions competed with nitrate ion for the available adsorption sites on the biochar surfaces. The removal rate of LMWOA ligands by the biochar via adsorption grew with increasing solution pH. The adsorbed divalent organic ligands created negatively charged sites to allow binding of cationic metal nitrate complexes. A higher degree of biochar surface protonation does not necessarily enhance nitrate adsorption. More acidic conditions formed under a higher dose of LMWOAs tended to make organic ligands predominantly in monovalent forms and failed to create negatively charged sites to bind cationic metal nitrate complexes. This could adversely affect nitrate removal efficiency in the investigated systems. LMWOAs caused significant release of phosphate from the biochar. The phosphate in the malic acid treatment tended to decrease over time, while the opposite was observed in the citric- and oxalic-acid treatments. This was caused by re-immobilization of phosphate in the former due to the marked increase in solution pH over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Xiong
- Department, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College, Jiangmen 529000, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College, Jiangmen 529000, China
| | - Jidong Ying
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuxia Lin
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Junhao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-8528078
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Chen H, Feng Y, Yang X, Yang B, Sarkar B, Bolan N, Meng J, Wu F, Wong JWC, Chen W, Wang H. Assessing simultaneous immobilization of lead and improvement of phosphorus availability through application of phosphorus-rich biochar in a contaminated soil: A pot experiment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133891. [PMID: 35134406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil lead (Pb) contamination is often caused by anthropogenic activities. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of biochars derived from pig-carcass (PCBC) and branches of oriental-plane tree (OPBC) on the bioavailability, redistribution, and phytoavailability of Pb and P, as well as the growth of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk in a Pb-contaminated soil. Application of PCBC increased the total and available P concentrations in the soil as compared to the control, and enhanced the concentrations of labile P and sparingly labile P via direct exogenous P input and improvement of soil pH. Both biochars facilitated P accumulation in plant shoots and roots. Sequential extraction of soil Pb confirmed that biochar application facilitated the transformation of mobile Pb into stable fractions, with greater effects from PCBC than OPBC. Hence, biochar application significantly decreased the soil DTPA-extractable Pb by 90.2% (PCBC) and 64.0% (OPBC) compared to the control, consequently reducing Pb uptake by plants. The Pb immobilization by biochar was driven by the biochar-induced increase of soil pH, Pb-phosphate/carbonate precipitation, ion exchange between Pb2+ and biochar-derived cations (e.g., Ca2+ and K+), and surface complexation with functional groups (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl, CO). Application of PCBC simultaneously increased the biomass of plant roots and shoots, by 1.8- and 0.6- folds, respectively. Overall, PCBC showed a potential to function as an effective amendment in the immobilization of Pb and alternative P fertilizer to improve degraded soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Chen
- Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China; Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Shengyuan Environmental Monitoring Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Bingshuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Jun Meng
- Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
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Zhao D, Qiu SK, Li MM, Luo Y, Zhang LS, Feng MH, Yuan MY, Zhang KQ, Wang F. Modified biochar improves the storage capacity and adsorption affinity of organic phosphorus in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112455. [PMID: 34863688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The loss of soil organic phosphorus can easily cause water eutrophication. In order to effectively reduce the loss of soil organic phosphorus, this manuscript investigated the adsorption of soil organic phosphorus by lanthanum modified biochar (BC), traditional adsorbent gypsum (GY) and zeolite (ZE) by taking phytic acid as the representative. The adsorption isotherm model and kinetic models were used to fit the phosphorus absorption characteristics of the adsorbents. The effects of initial pH and temperature on the adsorption capacity were discussed, and the adsorption mechanism of each adsorbent was explained by means of FTIR and XRD. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of phytate phosphorus followed the trend of BCTS > GYTS > ZETS > TS (soil), and the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm for treatment with BCTS was 2.836 mg g-1, and the treatment had the strongest affinity for phytate phosphorus and also the ability to store phosphorus. The adsorption process fits well with Langmuir isotherm equation and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, and the adsorption behavior of phytate phosphorus was mainly controlled by the chemisorption of monolayer. When the concentration of phytate phosphorus was 100 mg L-1, percentage of modified biochar added to the soil was 3% and the pH was 6, the adsorption capacity reached the maximum, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 2.000 mg g-1. The results of FTIR and XRD characterization showed that complexation was the main adsorption mechanism. In this study, the combination of modified biochar and soil phytate phosphorus can provide a good theoretical basis for reducing the loss of soil organic phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Shang-Kai Qiu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Meng-Han Feng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Yao Yuan
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Dali, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Dali, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China.
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9
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Li Y, Zhao Y, Cheng K, Yang F. Effects of biochar on transport and retention of phosphorus in porous media: Laboratory test and modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118788. [PMID: 34990736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexity of soil components, a detailed understanding of the effects of single factors on phosphorus transport and retention will play a key role in understanding the environmental effects of phosphorus. In this work, quartz sand columns (considering five factors: doping rate, pH, particle size, ionic strength and cation type), combined with a two-site nonequilibrium transport model (TSM), were used to investigate phosphate (P) transport behavior. The results show that changes in doping ratio (0.4%-1.6%) and pH (5-9) have a notable effect on the transport of P, while, particle size of quartz sand hardly impacts the transport. When biochar was added at 1.6%, the surface of biochar increased the P fixation rate by about 37% through direct interaction with phosphate and bridging action with metal ions. As the morphology of P changed under different pH conditions, a part of P was immobilized in the form of precipitation. The immobilization of P was further enhanced with the increase of ionic strength. Compared with the direct interaction of P with biochar in Na+ solution, Ca2+ and Mg2+ solutions are more likely to adsorb P. Meanwhile, the TSM model also fits the transport behavior well. This study provides a perspective for evaluating the environmental behavior of P in the porous media interaction with biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Li
- School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin, 150030, China; School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Joint Laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University and Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (NEAU-MPICI), Harbin, 150030, China.
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10
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Mehmood S, Ahmed W, Rizwan M, Imtiaz M, Mohamed Ali Elnahal AS, Ditta A, Irshad S, Ikram M, Li W. Comparative efficacy of raw and HNO 3-modified biochar derived from rice straw on vanadium transformation and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.): Insights from photosynthesis, antioxidative response, and gene-expression profile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117916. [PMID: 34375849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low concentrations of vanadium (V) are essential for various plant species but it becomes toxic to plants, animals, and humans at high levels. A significant amount of V is currently being emitted into the atmosphere due to intensified industrial processing. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of raw (BC) and HNO3-modified biochar (OBC) derived from rice straw on growth, photosynthetic assimilation, relative chlorophyll content, SPAD index, ion leakage, enzyme activities, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), bioavailability and V uptake by rice in a laboratory-scale experiment. Characterization of OBC and BC by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scan electron microscopy), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), elemental analysis, and z-potential revealed a substantial difference between both of them. The V-stress significantly reduced the rice plant growth, biomass yield, chlorophyll parameters, root length and surface area. Under V-stress conditions, root accumulated more V than shoots and OBC significantly improved the above-mentioned parameters, while, decreasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plants. The antioxidant function and gene expression levels induced by V-stress and OBC application further increased the expression profile of three genes (SOD, POD, and CAT) encoding antioxidant enzymes and one metal-tolerant conferring gene (OsFSD1). In summary, these results demonstrated the critical role of OBC in mitigating the detrimental effects of high V-stress on rice growth and enhancing plant defence against V-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Mehmood
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou City, 570100, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Allah Ditta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Sana Irshad
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- International Crop Research Center for Stress Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou City, 570100, PR China.
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11
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Hu B, Tang Y, Wang X, Wu L, Nong J, Yang X, Guo J. Cobalt-gadolinium modified biochar as an adsorbent for antibiotics in single and binary systems. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Yang L, Wu Y, Wang Y, An W, Jin J, Sun K, Wang X. Effects of biochar addition on the abundance, speciation, availability, and leaching loss of soil phosphorus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143657. [PMID: 33250256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a promising soil amendment, biochar has demonstrated its potential for influencing soil nutrient transformations. The effects of biochar on soil phosphorus (P) transformations have received much less attention than its effects on carbon cycling. A review of the literature reveals that biochar applications to soils may have notable effects on the abundance, speciation, availability, and leaching loss of soil P. However, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the biochar-induced environmental behavior of soil P has not been obtained so far. Therefore, in this review, we analyzed and identified the known and potential mechanisms through which biochar affects P behavior in soils: (1) biochar as a source of P provides soluble and exchangeable P to soil; (2) biochar enhances the availability of endogenic soil P by influencing P-related complexation and metabolism effects; and (3) biochar affects P leaching losses directly or indirectly by adsorbing P, improving P retention by soil, and facilitating P assimilation by plants. By presenting a broad and detailed illustration of P behaviors in biochar-amended soils, this paper suggests that the application of biochar to soils will help enlarge soil P pools, increase soil P availability, and decrease P leaching losses from soil. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the long-term effects of biochar addition on soil P transformations, explore how biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) affects the mobility and availability of soil mineral-associated P, and examine the transport of particulate P in biochar-amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yichu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weiqi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiangke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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13
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Jalali M, Jalali M. Effect of organic and inorganic phosphorus fertilizers on phosphorus availability and its leaching over incubation time. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44045-44058. [PMID: 32754881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers in agricultural soils is very common, and few studies have been conducted to study the effect of different P sources on relative P extractability (RPE) and leaching using different P extractants and degree of P saturation (DPS), over a long period of time. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of incubation time and different P sources on RPE, DPS, and to predict the concentration of P leached from soil using different P extractants. In order to achieve these goals, nine sewage sludges (SSs), two biochars, animal manure (AM), poultry manure (PM), wheat residue (WR), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and triple superphosphate (TSP) were added to the soil as much as 100 mg P kg-1 in a 163 days incubation experiment. On average across all amendments and incubation periods, Mehlich-3 extractable P (M3EP) gave the highest mean RPE (42.9%, SE = 7.1%), with water-extractable P (WEP) the lowest (4.6%, SE = 0.93%), and Olsen-extractable P (OEP) (38.3%, SE = 6.3%) in between. Among SSs and based on average across of all incubation periods, soils treated with Shiraz and Takestan SSs were the least soluble source of P, while the highest soluble source of P were soils treated with Kermanshah and Tehran SSs. The results indicated that soil samples taken 16 days following the addition of amendments should reflect agronomic and environmental purposes aiming to assess available and the potential P loss from agricultural soils. The split line model perfectly fitted to the relation between OEP and M3EP (r = 0.93). The DPSs were calculated and the P leaching rate was estimated. Based on OEP, the soils treated with TSP and DAP were at high risk, the medium risk was for soils treated with Kermanshah, Saveh, Tehran, Rasht, Sanandaj, and Isfahan SSs, and PM. Control soil, and soils treated with WR were at no risk, and the soils treated with Arak, Shiraz, and Takestan SSs, ABC, WBC, and AM were classified as low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jalali
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Jalali
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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14
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Wang H, Cao X, Rinklebe J. Biochar effects on environmental qualities in multiple directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126306. [PMID: 32126333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy & Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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15
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Wang H, Wang S, Chen Z, Zhou X, Wang J, Chen Z. Engineered biochar with anisotropic layered double hydroxide nanosheets to simultaneously and efficiently capture Pb 2+ and CrO 42- from electroplating wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123118. [PMID: 32172091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cationic and anionic heavy metal contaminants generally co-exist in practical industrial effluent, and simultaneously removal of these species is a bottleneck for most of the bio-adsorbents because of their contrary charge. In this work, pinewood sawdust derived engineered biochar (BC) was fabricated with MgAl layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) nanosheets, which could efficiently and simultaneously capture heavy metal cations and oxyanions from wastewater. The synergetic effect between loaded MgAl-LDH and BC substantially improves its adsorption performance towards both cationic and anionic contaminants, i.e., Pb2+ and CrO42-. The adsorption capacity of MgAl-LDH/BC for Pb2+ reached 591.2 mg/g, which is 263% higher than that of BC, and in the case of CrO42-, the adsorption capacity is 330.8 mg/g, 416% higher than that of BC. The elimination of Pb2+ was mainly attributed to forming complexations with surface functional groups. While for oxyanions removal, CrO42- can be reduced to Cr3+ by functional groups, and then generated Cr3+ could replace Al3+ via morphic substitution, consequently formed an MgCr-LDH structure. Further, in the continuous fixed-bed column study, 225 bed volume of simulating electroplating wastewater co-existed with Pb2+ and CrO42- can be efficiently treated. Hence, this study sheds light on the engineered biochar design to efficiently and simultaneously capture heavy metal cations and oxyanions and its feasibility on real wastewater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhulei Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xinquan Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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16
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Caban M, Folentarska A, Lis H, Kobylis P, Bielicka-Giełdoń A, Kumirska J, Ciesielski W, Stepnowski P. Critical study of crop-derived biochars for soil amendment and pharmaceutical ecotoxicity reduction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125976. [PMID: 32006830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, biochars (BCs) produced from crops (straw and seeds) were tested for the applicability as additive to soils. The effect on pH, water capacity and cation exchange capacity of soil were tested. The ability for the sorption of pharmaceuticals (beta-blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, sulfonamides, 17α-ethinylestradiol, carbamazepine, caffeine) using the batch sorption test was performed, and the effect of water pH was investigated. In addition, the metals removed from the biochar was analyzed as a potential toxicity factor. The mechanism of adsorption (Langmuir, Freundlich) was tested for sulfadimetoxine. The effect of the rye-derived biochar on water cress germination and the reduction of the sulfonamides toxicity to this plant was tested. The advantages of crop-derived biochar application to different soils (sand soil, clay soil and reference soil) was presented. It was found that tested BCs effectively increase the water capacity of soils, especially sand type soil, but in the same time it had increase the pH of pure-buffering soils. The driving force of pharmaceutical sorption was its ionization form - the highest sorption occurs for cations, medium for neutral forms, while the lowest sorption for anions. The opposite situation have been noted for desorption from biochar. The washing of biochars increases sorption for the neutral and anionic species, but not for the cations. The application of biochars into the soils can from one site protect the plants from toxic impact of sulfonamides, but from the other hamper the root prolongation by the pH increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Folentarska
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Długosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Hanna Lis
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kobylis
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bielicka-Giełdoń
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ciesielski
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Długosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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