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Wang M, Lin M, Liu Q, Li C, Pang X. Fungal, but not bacterial, diversity and network complexity promote network stability during roadside slope restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171007. [PMID: 38401731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
To restore degraded roadside ecosystems, conventional methods such as revegetation and soil amendment are frequently employed. However, our understanding of the long-term effects of these restoration approaches on soil microbial diversity and network complexity across different vegetation types remains poor, which contributes to poor restoration outcomes. In this study, we explored the effects of roadside slope restoration on microbial communities across different vegetation types at varying stages of restoration. We found that restoration time had a more pronounced impact on microbial diversity than specific vegetation type. As restoration progressed, microbial network complexity and fungal diversity increased, but bacterial diversity declined, suggesting that keystone taxa may contribute to network complexity. Interestingly, bacterial network complexity increased concomitant with decreasing network modularity and robustness, which may compromise system stability. Distinct vegetation types were associated with restoration-sensitive microbial communities at different restoration stages. Leguminouse and nitrogen-fixing plants, such as Albiziak alkora, Ginkgo biloba, Rhus chinensis, Rhapis excels, and Rubia cordifolia exhibited such associations after five years of restoration. These keystone taxa included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, and Myxococcota. We also found that bacterial alpha diversity was significantly correlated with restoration time, soil pH, moisture, available phosphate, nitrate nitrogen, and plant height, while fungal diversity was primarily shaped by restoration time. Together, our findings suggest that soil properties, environmental factors, vegetation type, and dominant species can be manipulated to guide the trajectory of ecological recovery by regulating the abundance of certain microbial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, China
| | - Mao Lin
- College of Geography and Resources, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, China
| | - Xueyong Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Yang Y, Chen J, Zhou T, Liu D, Yang Q, Xiao H, Liu D, Chen J, Xia Z, Xu W. Effects of freeze-thaw cycling on the engineering properties of vegetation concrete. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118810. [PMID: 37595461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation concrete has been widely applied for the ecological restoration of bare steep slopes in short-term frozen and non-frozen soil regions in China. However, field experiments conducted in seasonally frozen soil regions have revealed decreases in the bulk density, nutrient content and vegetation coverage. This study aimed to clarify the evolution process and mechanism of the engineering properties of vegetation concrete under atmospheric freeze-thaw (F-T) test conditions. The physical, mechanical, and nutrient properties of vegetation concrete were investigated using six F-T cycles (0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20) and two initial soil water contents (18 and 22%). The results revealed decreases in the acoustic wave velocity and cohesive forces and an increase in the permeability coefficient of the vegetation concrete owing to F-T action. X-ray diffraction tests indicated that the decreased cohesive force was closely related to the overall decrease in the content of gelling hydration products in the vegetation concrete. Additionally, the contents of NH4+-N, PO43-P and K+ in the vegetation concrete increased, whereas that of NO3--N decreased. The loss rates of these soluble nutrients increased, indicating that the nutrient retention capacity of the vegetation concrete had decreased. Specifically, the decreased nutrient retention capacity was mainly related to the disintegration and fragmentation of larger aggregates due to F-T action. This study provides theoretical support for future research on improving the anti-freezing capability of ecological slope protection substrates in seasonally frozen soil regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-Based Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Jinshun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Tianli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Daxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-Based Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Qi Yang
- Power China Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Deyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Wennian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
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Liao H, Li C, Ai S, Li X, Ai X, Ai Y. A simulated ecological restoration of bare cut slope reveals the dosage and temporal effects of cement on ecosystem multifunctionality in a mountain ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116672. [PMID: 36343402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cement is a critical building material used in the restorations of bare cut slopes. Yet, how cement affects ecosystem's functions and their undertakers remains elusive. Here, we revealed the dosage and temporal effects of cement on plant and soil traits, extracellular enzymes, greenhouse gas fluxes and microbiome using simulation experiments. The results showed that soil pH increased with the cement content at 1st day but relatively constant values around 7 to 7.5 were detected in the flowing days. The β-1,4-glucosidase, phenol oxidase, leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase showed high activities under high cement content, and they generally increased with the cultivations except for acid phosphatase. CH4 fluxes at 16th day were less than zero, and they increased to peak around at 37th to 44th days followed by decreasing until reaching to relatively stable fluctuations around 0. Despite of decrease patterns, N2O fluxes stayed around zero across the temporal gradient except for the maximum around at 30th day in 2%, 5% and 8% cement treatment. Microbial diversity decreased with the cement content, in which there were a recovery trend for bacteria. By integrating above- and belowground ecosystem traits into a multifunctionality index, we identified a potential optimum cement content (11%). PLSPM showed that multifunctionality was affected by the shifts in soil bacterial community, enzyme activity and greenhouse gases while these components were effected by other environmental changes resulted from cement. Our results demonstrate that cement determines multifunctionality through mediating microbial community and activity, providing new insights for designing in situ experiments and ecological restoration strategies for bare cut slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Chaonan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Shenghao Ai
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Xiangzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
| | - Yingwei Ai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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Effects of Dodonaea viscosa Afforestation on Soil Nutrients and Aggregate Stability in Karst Graben Basin. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11081140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dodonaea viscosa is widely cultivated in the karst graben basin and is crucial for recovering land after rocky desertification. However, the effect of long–time D. viscosa afforestation on changes in the quality of soil remains unclear. Soil nutrients and aggregate composition can be used to evaluate the beneficial effects of afforestation of D. viscosa in improving soil functional stability. In this study, soil nutrients and aggregate stability were investigated using cropland, 10–year, 20–year, and 40–year D. viscosa afforestation and secondary succession shrub. Compared to the cropland, D. viscosa afforestation significantly increased the soil water content (WC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN) contents, with an enhanced effect observed with prolonged afforestation. Soil nutrient contents under D. viscosa afforestation rapidly reached the level of the shrub. Dodonaea viscosa afforestation promoted the formation of >2 mm aggregates and decreased the ratio of 0.053–0.25 mm aggregates, which varied with afforestation years. Compared to the cropland, the content of >0.25 mm water–stable aggregates (R>0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean weight diameter (GMD) of soil increased exponentially. However, soil erodibility factor (K) and unstable aggregates index (EIt) decreased exponentially with prolonged D. viscosa afforestation, and the latter two indicators did not reach the level of the shrub. These results indicated that soil nutrients, aggregate stability, and erosion resistance increased with prolonged D. viscosa afforestation. However, the aggregate stability and erosion resistance exhibited by D. viscosa could not reach the level of secondary shrub for a long time.
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Zuo YW, Zhang JH, Ning DH, Zeng YL, Li WQ, Xia CY, Zhang H, Deng HP. Comparative Analyses of Rhizosphere Bacteria Along an Elevational Gradient of Thuja sutchuenensis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881921. [PMID: 35591985 PMCID: PMC9111514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thuja sutchuenensis Franch. is an endangered species in southwestern China, primarily distributed in 800-2,100 m of inaccessible mountainous areas. Rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities play an essential role in managing plant growth and survival. Nonetheless, the study investigating rhizosphere soil properties and bacterial communities of T. sutchuenensis is limited. The present study investigated soil properties, including soil pH, organic matter, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, and bacterial communities in nearly all extant T. sutchuenensis populations at five elevational gradients. Our results demonstrated that the increase in elevation decreased rhizosphere and bulk soil phosphorus content but increased potassium content. In addition, the elevational gradient was the dominant driver for the community composition differentiation of soil bacterial community. Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla distributed in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Co-occurrence network analysis identified key genera, including Bradyrhizobium, Acidicapsa, Catenulispora, and Singulisphaera, that displayed densely connected interactions with many genera in the rhizosphere soil. The dominant KEGG functional pathways of the rhizosphere bacteria included ABC transporters, butanoate metabolism, and methane metabolism. Further correlation analysis found that soil phosphorus and potassium were the dominant drivers for the diversity of soil bacteria, which were distinctively contributed to the phylum of Planctomycetes and the genera of Blastopirellula, Planctomycetes, and Singulisphaera. Collectively, this comprehensive study generated multi-dimensional perspectives for understanding the soil bacterial community structures of T. sutchuenensis, and provided valuable findings for species conservation at large-scale views.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-wei Zuo
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-hui Zhang
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deng-hao Ning
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-lian Zeng
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-qiao Li
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-ying Xia
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-ping Deng
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Resources Botany, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Low Carbon and Ecological Environment Protection Research Center, Chongqing, China
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The Edaphic and Vegetational Properties Controlling Soil Aggregate Stability Vary with Plant Communities in an Arid Desert Region of Northwest China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The stability of soil aggregates is the basis for supporting ecosystem functions and related services provided by the soil. In order to explore the mechanism of the influence of soil and vegetation properties on the stability of soil aggregates in desert communities, the particle size distribution and aggregate in different communities were compared, and the contribution of soil physical and chemical properties (soil salinity, soil water content, soil pH, soil organic carbon, soil total phosphorus, soil total nitrogen, etc.) and vegetation properties (species richness, phylogenetic richness, plant height and coverage, etc.) to the stability of soil aggregates was determined by using a structural equation model. The results show the following: Soil water content, organic carbon, and salt in river bank plant communities have significant direct positive effects on the mean weight diameter of soil, with path coefficients of 0.50, 0.11, and 0.24, respectively (p < 0.01). Water also indirectly affects soil stability by affecting plant height, soil salt, and soil organic carbon; species richness and vegetation coverage have significant direct positive effects on the soil stability index, with path coefficients of 0.13 and 0.11, respectively (p < 0.01). In the desert marginal plant community, the plant coverage and species richness have significant positive effects on soil stability, with path coefficients of 0.43 (p < 0.001) and 0.35 (p < 0.001), respectively. Phylogenetic richness has a significant direct negative effect on soil stability (p < 0.05), with an effect value of −0.27. Phylogenetic richness indirectly affects soil stability by adjusting the coverage, with an indirect effect value of 0.23. Moisture, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen have significant direct positive effects on soil stability, with effect values of 0.12, 0.09, and 0.15, respectively. Our research shows that the process of soil stabilization is mainly controlled by soil factors and vegetation characteristics, but its importance varies with different community types.
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Zhou Y, Ma H, Xie Y, Lu Q, Shen Y, Ma J. Response of soil aggregate stability and erodibility to different treatments on typical steppe in the Loess Plateau, China. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- College of Agriculture Ningxia University 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Hongbin Ma
- College of Agriculture Ningxia University 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Yingzhong Xie
- College of Agriculture Ningxia University 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Qi Lu
- College of Agriculture Ningxia University 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Yan Shen
- College of Agriculture Ningxia University 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Agriculture Ningxia University 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
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Li G, Chen F, Jia S, Wang Z, Zuo Q, He H. Effect of biochar on Cd and pyrene removal and bacteria communities variations in soils with culturing ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114887. [PMID: 32505933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminations and heavy metals in soils cause large harm to human and environment, which could be remedied by planting specific plants. The biochars produced by crop straws could provide substantial benefits as a soil amendment. In the present study, biochars based on wheat, corn, soybean, cotton and eggplant straws were produced. The eggplant straws based biochar (ESBC) represented higher Cd and pyrene adsorption capacity than others, which was probably owing to the higher specific surface area and total pore volume, more functional groups and excellent crystallization. And then, ESBC amendment hybrid Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivation were investigated to remediate the Cd and pyrene co-contaminated soil. With the leaching amount of 100% (v/w, mL water/g soil) and Cd content of 16.8 mg/kg soil, dosing 3% ESBC (wt%, biochar/soil) could keep 96.2% of the Cd in the 10 cm depth soil layer where the ryegrass root could reach, and it positively help root adsorb contaminations. Compared with the single planting ryegrass, the Cd and pyrene removal efficiencies significantly increased to 22.8% and 76.9% by dosing 3% ESBC, which was mainly related with the increased plant germination of 80% and biomass of 1.29 g after 70 days culture. When the ESBC dosage increased to 5%, more free radicals were injected and the ryegrass germination and biomass decreased to 65% and 0.986 g. Furthermore, when the ESBC was added into the ryegrass culture soil, the proportion of Cd and pyrene degrading bacteria Pseudomonas and Enterobacter significantly increased to 4.46% and 3.85%, which promoted the co-contaminations removal. It is suggested that biochar amendment hybrid ryegrass cultivation would be an effective method to remediate the Cd and pyrene co-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fukai Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shengyong Jia
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Zongshuo Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiting Zuo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hongmou He
- Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
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