Imbalance of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in offspring female mice induced by nitenpyram exposure during pregnancy

Associations between neonicotinoids and liver function measures in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2016

Background

Toxicological studies indicate that neonicotinoids may be associated with disruptions in liver function due to an increase in oxidative stress. There are scant epidemiological studies investigating the chronic hepatotoxic effects of neonicotinoids.

Objective

To examine the association between detectable concentrations of parent neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid metabolites with liver function markers among US adults, and whether sex modifies this association.

Methods

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2016 data were used to estimate associations between detectable neonicotinoids and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transaminase (GGT), albumin, total bilirubin, total protein, and Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) using multiple linear regression.

Results

Detectable levels of N-desmethyl-acetamiprid were associated with a decrease in GGT (β = -3.54 unit/l; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.48, -0.61) and detectable levels of 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid were associated with a decrease in HSI (β = -1.11; 95% CI = -2.14, -0.07). Sex modified the association between any parent neonicotinoid and ALP (Pint = 0.064) and the association between clothianidin and ALP (Pint = 0.019), with a pattern of positive associations in males and inverse associations in females, though stratified associations did not reach statistical significance. Sex also modified the association between 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid and total protein (Pint = 0.062), with a significant positive association in females (β = 0.14 g/dl; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.25) and a null association in males.

Conclusion

Detectable concentrations of neonicotinoid metabolites were inversely associated with GGT and HSI in US adults. Evidence suggests neonicotinoids may influence liver function differently depending on sex. Future research is recommended to replicate the findings as the study was limited in its cross-sectional nature and inability to examine continuous neonicotinoid concentrations with liver function.

Non-acute exposure of neonicotinoids, health risk assessment, and evidence integration: a systematic review

Neonicotinoid pesticides are utilized against an extensive range of insects. A growing body of evidence supports that these neuro-active insecticides are classified as toxicants in invertebrates. However, there is limited published data regarding their toxicity in vertebrates and mammals. the current systematic review is focused on the up-to-date knowledge available for several neonicotinoid pesticides and their non-acute toxicity on rodents and human physiology. Oral lethal dose 50 (LD50) of seven neonicotinoids (i.e. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, and nitenpyram) was initially identified. Subsequently, a screening of the literature was conducted to collect information about non-acute exposure to these insecticides. 99 studies were included and assessed for their risk of bias and level of evidence according to the Office of Health and Translation (OHAT) framework. All the 99 included papers indicate evidence of reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress induction with a high level of evidence in the health effect of rodents and a moderate level of evidence for human health. The most studied type of these insecticides among 99 papers was imidacloprid (55 papers), followed by acetamiprid (22 papers), clothianidin (21 papers), and thiacloprid (11 papers). While 10 of 99 papers assessed the relationship between clothianidin, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, and nitenpyram, showing evidence of liver injury, dysfunctions of oxidative stress markers in the reproductive system, and intestinal toxicity. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential risks caused by neonicotinoid insecticides to humans and rodents with salient health effects. However, further research is needed to better emphasize and understand the patho-physiological mechanisms of these insecticides, taking into account various factors that can influence their toxicity.

Pre-mating nitenpyram exposure in male mice leads to depression-like behavior in offspring by affecting tryptophan metabolism in gut microbiota

Several studies have confirmed that the health status of the paternal affects the health of the offspring, however, it remains unknown whether paternal exposure to pesticides affect the offspring health. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing technology, combined with tail suspension test and RT-qPCR to explore the effects of paternal exposure to nitenpyram on the neurotoxicity of offspring. Our results found that the paternal exposure to nitenpyram led to the offspring's depressive-like behaviors, accompanied by the reduction of tryptophan content and the disorder of microbial abundance in the gut of the offspring. Further, we determined the expression of tryptophan metabolism-related genes tryptophanase (tnaA) and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TpH1) in gut bacteria and colonic tissues. We found that tryptophan is metabolized to indoles rather than being absorbed into colonocytes, which coursed the reduce of tryptophan availability after nitenpyram exposure. In conclusion, our study deepens our understanding of the intergenerational toxic effects of pesticides.

Multi-omics and gut microbiome: Unveiling the pathogenic mechanisms of early-life pesticide exposure

The extensive application of pesticides in agricultural production has raised significant concerns about its impact on human health. Different pesticides, including fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides, cause environmental pollution and health problems for non-target organisms. Infants and young children are so vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticide exposure that early-life exposure to pesticides deserves focused attention. Recent research lays emphasis on understanding the mechanism between negative health impacts and early-life exposure to various pesticides. Studies have explored the impacts of exposure to these pesticides on model organisms (zebrafish, rats, and mice), as well as the mechanism of negative health effects, based on advanced methodologies like gut microbiota and multi-omics. These methodologies help comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms associated with early-life pesticide exposure. In addition to presenting health problems stemming from early-life exposure to pesticides and their pathogenic mechanisms, this review proposes expectations for future research. These proposals include focusing on identifying biomarkers that indicate early-life pesticide exposure, investigating transgenerational effects, and seeking effective treatments for diseases arising from such exposure. This review emphasizes how to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of early-life pesticide exposure through gut microbiota and multi-omics, as well as the adverse health effects of such exposure.

Urinary neonicotinoids and metabolites are associated with obesity risk in Chinese school children

BACKGROUND

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides. Laboratory studies have suggested that neonicotinoids are one potential obesogen, but relevant data are limited in human.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between exposure to neonicotinoids and childhood obesity.

METHODS

We investigated 442 children in Shanghai, East China and measured eight neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, and imidaclothiz) and four metabolites (N-desmethyl-thiamethoxam, N-desmethyl-clothianidin, N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, and 5-OH-imidacloprid) in urine. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were used to identify general overweight/obesity and central obesity, respectively. Linear and logistic regression models based on generalized estimating equations were used to investigate the associations of urinary neonicotinoids and metabolites with BMI z-score, WC z-score, general overweight/obesity, and central obesity.

RESULTS

Children with a positive detection of clothianidin and its metabolite had a marginally higher BMI z-score (regression coefficient (β): 0.08, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.01, 0.14) after adjusted for relevant covariates. After creatinine-adjusted concentration was trichotomized, compared to children with a negative detection, children in the high urinary concentration of acetamiprid and its metabolite had a low BMI z-score (β: -0.19, 95%CI: -0.30, -0.08), children in the medium urinary concentration of neonicotinoids and metabolites other than thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, and their metabolites had a marginally higher BMI z-score (β: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.03, 0.46), a higher WC z-score (β: 0.24, 95%CI: 0.14, 0.33), and a higher odds of central obesity (odds ratio (OR): 2.16, 95% CI: 1.28, 3.63), and children in the medium urinary concentration of all neonicotinoids and metabolites had a higher odds of central obesity (OR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.33). Some associations showed sex- and age- related differences.

CONCLUSION

Urinary neonicotinoids and metabolites were found to be differently associated with obesity-related indexes, which suggested that exposure to neonicotinoids might have a mixed effect on childhood obesity.

Pesticides as endocrine disruptors: programming for obesity and diabetes

PURPOSE

Exposure to pesticides has been associated with obesity and diabetes in humans and experimental models mainly due to endocrine disruptor effects. First contact with environmental pesticides occurs during critical phases of life, such as gestation and lactation, which can lead to damage in central and peripheral tissues and subsequently programming disorders early and later in life.

METHODS

We reviewed epidemiological and experimental studies that associated pesticide exposure during gestation and lactation with programming obesity and diabetes in progeny.

RESULTS

Maternal exposure to organochlorine, organophosphate and neonicotinoids, which represent important pesticide groups, is related to reproductive and behavioral dysfunctions in offspring; however, few studies have focused on glucose metabolism and obesity as outcomes.

CONCLUSION

We provide an update regarding the use and metabolic impact of early pesticide exposure. Considering their bioaccumulation in soil, water, and food and through the food chain, pesticides should be considered a great risk factor for several diseases. Thus, it is urgent to reformulate regulatory actions to reduce the impact of pesticides on the health of future generations.

Urbanisation and its Associated Factors Affecting Human Gut Microbiota: Where are we Heading to?

ContextThe continuous rise in urbanisation and its associated factors have been reflected in the structure of the human gut ecosystem.ObjectiveThe main focus of the review is to discuss and summarise the major risk factors associated with urbanisation that affects human gut microbiota thus affecting human health.MethodsMultiple medical literature databases, namely PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were used to find relevant materials for urbanization and its major factors affecting human gut microbiota/microbiome. Both layman and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used in the search. Due to the scarcity of the data, no limitation was set on the publication date. Relevant material in the English language which includes case reports, chapters of books, journal articles, online news reports and medical records was included in this review.ResultsBased on the data discussed in the review, it is quite clear that urbanisation and its associated factors have long-standing effects on the human gut microbiota that result in alterations of gut microbial diversity and composition. This is a matter of serious concern as chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise in urbanised societies.ConclusionA better understanding of the factors associated with urbanisation will help us to identify and implement new biological and social approaches to prevent and treat diseases and improve health globally by deepening our understanding of these relationships and increasing studies across urbanisation gradients.HIGHLIGHTSHuman gut microbiota has been linked to almost every important function, including metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, immune system, biosynthesis of vitamins, brain processes, and its behaviour.However, dysbiosis i.e., alteration in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic conditions.In the 21st century, urbanisation represents a major demographic shift in developed and developing countries.During this period of urbanisation, humans have been exposed to many environmental exposures, all of which have led to the dysbiosis of human gut microbiota.The main focus of the review is to discuss and summarize the major risk factors associated with urbanisation and how it affects the diversity and composition of gut microbiota which ultimately affects human health.

Gut microbiota: a non-target victim of pesticide-induced toxicity

The human gut microbiota can be potentially disrupted due to exposure of various environmental contaminants, including pesticides. These contaminants enter into non-target species in multiple ways and cause potential health risks. The gut microbiota-derived metabolites have a significant role in maintaining the host's health by regulating metabolic homeostasis. An imbalance in this homeostasis can result in the development of various diseases and their pathogenesis. Pesticides have hazardous effects on the host's gut microbiota, which is evident in a few recent studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the effect of pesticide on gut microbiota-mediated metabolic changes in the host, which may provide a better understanding of pesticide-induced toxicity. The present review summarizes the pesticide-induced effects on gut microbiota, which in turn, induces changes in the release of their secondary metabolites that could lead to various host health effects.

Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Metabolites Can Pass through the Human Placenta Unimpeded

Studies on neonicotinoid (NEO) exposure in pregnant women and fetuses are scarce, and transplacental transfer of these insecticides is unknown. In this study, parent NEOs (p-NEOs) and their metabolites (m-NEOs) were determined in 95 paired maternal (MS) and cord serum (CS) samples collected in southern China. Imidacloprid was the predominant p-NEO in both CS and MS samples, found at median concentrations of 1.84 and 0.79 ng/mL, respectively, whereas N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was the most abundant m-NEO in CS (median: 0.083 ng/mL) and MS (0.13 ng/mL). The median transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) of p-NEOs and m-NEOs were high, ranging from 0.81 (thiamethoxam, THM) to 1.61 (olefin-imidacloprid, of-IMI), indicating efficient placental transfer of these insecticides. Moreover, transplacental transport of NEOs appears to be passive and structure-dependent: cyanoamidine NEOs such as acetamiprid and thiacloprid had higher TTE values than the nitroguanidine NEOs, namely, clothianidin and THM. Multilinear regression analysis revealed that the concentrations of several NEOs in MS were associated significantly with hematological parameters related to hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the occurrence and distribution of NEOs in paired maternal-fetal serum samples.

Dynamic changes of gut fungal community in horse at different health states

Accumulating studies indicated that gut microbial changes played key roles in the progression of multiple diseases, which seriously threaten the host health. Gut microbial dysbiosis is closely associated with the development of diarrhea, but gut microbial composition and variability in diarrheic horses have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated gut fungal compositions and changes in healthy and diarrheic horses using amplicon sequencing. Results indicated that the alpha and beta diversities of gut fungal community in diarrheal horses changed significantly, accompanied by distinct changes in taxonomic compositions. The types of main fungal phyla (Neocallimastigomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota) in healthy and diarrheal horses were same but different in relative abundances. However, the species and abundances of dominant fungal genera in diarrheal horses changed significantly compared with healthy horses. Results of Metastats analysis indicated that all differential fungal phyla (Blastocladiomycota, Kickxellomycota, Rozellomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota, and Olpidiomycota) showed a decreasing trend during diarrhea. Moreover, a total of 175 differential fungal genera were identified for the gut fungal community between healthy and diarrheal horses, where 4 fungal genera increased significantly, 171 bacterial genera decreased dramatically during diarrhea. Among these decreased bacteria, 74 fungal genera even completely disappeared from the intestine. Moreover, this is the first comparative analysis of equine gut fungal community in different health states, which is beneficial to understand the important role of gut fungal community in equine health.

Protective effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid against toxicity induced by alpha-cypermethrin to the liver-gut-microbiota axis in zebrafish

To explore whether and how 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) can relieve the toxicity to the liver-gut-microbiota axis caused by alpha-cypermethrin (α-CP), adult zebrafish were exposed to α-CP (1.0 µg L-1) with or without 5.0 mg L-1 ALA supplementation. In the present work, the calculated LC50 of α-CP+ALA was 1.15 μg L-1, increasing about 1.16-fold compared with that of α-CP group (0.99 μg L-1), which indicated that ALA can alleviate the toxicity of α-CP. ALA also alleviated the histopathological lesions in the liver and gut induced by α-CP. Transcriptome sequencing of the liver showed that ALA rescues the differential expression of genes involved in the oxidation-reduction, heme metabolism, and complement activation pathways associated with dysfunctions induced by α-CP, and these findings were verified by RT-qPCR analysis and detection of the activities of enzymes in the liver-gut axis. The gut microbiota 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that α-CP alone induced gut microbial dysbiosis, which was efficiently antagonized by ALA due to decreasing the relative abundances of Cetobacterium and 3 major pathogens, and increasing the relative abundances of beneficial genera. Taken together, the results indicate that ALA might be a promising candidate for attenuating the adverse effects caused by pesticide-induced environmental pollution.

A common fungicide tebuconazole promotes colitis in mice via regulating gut microbiota

As a common fungicide, tebuconazole are ubiquitous in the natural environment and poses many potential risks. In this study, we examined the effects of exposure to tebuconazole on colitis in mice and explored its underlying mechanism. Specifically, exposure to tebuconazole could cause structural damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in colon tissue, activate the expression of inflammation-related genes, disrupt the expression of barrier function-related genes, and induce the colonic inflammation in mice. Similarly, exposure to tebuconazole could also exacerbate DSS-induced colitis in mice. In addition, we found that tebuconazole also could change the composition of the gut microbiota. In particular, tebuconazole significantly increases the relative abundance of Akkermansia of mice. Moreover, tebuconazole resulted in metabolic profiles disorders of the serum, leading to significant changes in the relative contents of metabolites involving glycolipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Particularly, the results of the gut microbiota transplantation experiment showed that exposure to tebuconazole could induced colonic inflammation in mice in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicated that tebuconazole could induce colitis in mice via regulating gut microbiota. Our findings strongly support the concept that the gut microbiota is a key trigger of inflammatory bowel disease caused by pesticide intake.

Investigating the growth performance, meat quality, immune function and proteomic profiles of plasmal exosomes in Lactobacillus plantarum-treated broilers with immunological stress

Exosomes are extracellular membranous nanovesicles that carry functional molecules to mediate cell-to-cell communication. To date, whether probiotics improve the immune function of broilers by plasmal exosome cargo is unclear. In this study, 300 broilers were allocated to three treatments: control diet (CON group), control diet + dexamethasone injection (DEX group), and control diet containing 1 × 10⁸ cfu g^-1 P8 + DEX injection (P8 + DEX group). The growth performance, meat quality and immune function of plasma and jejunal mucosa were detected. Exosomes were isolated from the plasma and characterized. Then, the exosome protein profile was determined by proteomic analysis. Correlation analyses between the exosomal proteins and growth performance, meat quality, immune function were performed. Lastly, the related protein levels were verified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Results showed that P8 treatment increased the growth performance, meat quality and immune function of DEX-induced broilers with immunological stress. Moreover, the average diameters, cup-shaped morphology and expressed exosomal proteins confirmed that the isolated extracellular vesicles were exosomes. A total of 784 proteins were identified in the exosomes; among which, 126 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found between the DEX and CON groups and 102 DEPs were found between the P8 + DEX and DEX groups. Gene ontology analysis indicated that DEPs between the DEX and CON groups are mainly involved in the metabolic process, cellular anatomical entity, cytoplasm, etc. DEPs between the P8 + DEX and DEX groups are mainly involved in the multicellular organismal process, response to stimulus, cytoplasm, etc. Pathway analysis revealed that most of the DEPs between the DEX and CON groups participated in the ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, etc. Most of the DEPs between the P8 + DEX and DEX groups participated in the ErbB and PPAR signaling pathways. Moreover, many DEPs were correlated with the altered parameters of growth performance, meat quality and immunity in P8-treated broilers. MRM further revealed that the upregulated FABP6 and EPCAM in the DEX group were decreased by P8 + DEX treatment, and the downregulated C1QTNF3 in the DEX group was increased by P8 + DEX treatment. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that P8 may promote the immune function, growth performance and meat quality of broilers with immunological stress by regulating the plasma exosomal proteins, especially the proteins of FABP6, EPCAM and C1QTNF3 and the pathway of PPAR (ILK/FABP6).

A Typical Fungicide and Its Main Metabolite Promote Liver Damage in Mice through Impacting Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Function

The environmental risks of prothioconazole (PTC), a popular agricultural fungicide, and its main metabolite, prothioconazole-desthio (PTCd), have attracted more and more attention recently. In this study, the adverse effects of PTC and PTCd on liver function in mice and their underlying mechanisms have been systematically studied from the perspective of gut microbiota. Combining the results of physiological, biochemical, and histopathological analysis showed that PTC and PTCd exposure could cause lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver of mice. In addition, exposure to PTC and PTCd could also significantly affect the transcriptome of liver tissue, leading to disorders of lipid metabolism of the liver. Particularly, the abundances of bacteria in liver tissues were significantly increased with PTC and PTCd exposure. Further results show that PTC and PTCd could affect the expression of genes related to inflammation and the barrier function in colon tissue, leading to intestinal dysfunction in mice. Last but not least, the results based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and ¹H NMR metabolomics analysis showed that exposure to PTC and PTCd could cause gut microbiota imbalances and cecal content metabolic profile disorders. In short, this study found that PTC and PTCd exposure could cause liver damage in mice by changing the gut microbiota, disrupting the intestinal barrier function and promoting bacterial translocation. These results clarified the key role of gut microbiota in liver damage induced by PTC and PTCd in mice and proposed a new insight into the mechanisms of liver toxicity induced by pesticides through the dialogue of the gut-liver axis.

Chronic consumption of food-additives lead to changes via microbiota gut-brain axis

Some food additives have demonstrated to induce dysbiosis leading to the development gut and gastrointestinal diseases. In order to clarify how this dysbiosis affects the microbiota gut-brain axis, a systematic interpretative literature review is carried out in this work. This review was made in seven academic search engines using the keywords shown below. The main finding of this work is a clear link between the changes in the gut microbiota promoted by food additives and the causes that lead to many reported diseases related to chronic food additives consumption. Despite the findings, studies on the effects of food additives on microbiota are still insufficient. Therefore, this work should serve as a motivation for future research on this subject.

Pregnancy exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles causes intestinal dysbiosis and neurobehavioral impairments that are not significant postnatally but emerge in adulthood of offspring

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) is a vital consideration due to their inadvertent ingestion from environmental contamination. The potential health effects of TiO2NPs on the neurodevelopmental process should be seriously concerned in health risk assessment, especially for the pregnant women who are susceptible to the neurodevelopmental toxicity of nano-sized particles. However, the available evidence of neurodevelopmental toxicity of TiO2NPs remains very limited.

METHODS

In the present study, the pregnant mice were intragastric administered with 150 mg/kg TiO2NPs from gestational day (GD) 8 to 21, the maternal behaviors and neurodevelopment-related indicators in offspring were all assessed at different time points after delivery. The gut microbial community in both dams and their offspring were detected by using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The gut-brain axis related indicators were also determined in the offspring.

RESULTS

The results clearly demonstrated that exposure to TiO2NPs did not affect the maternal behaviors of pregnant mice, or cause the deficits on the developmental milestones and perturbations in the early postnatal development of offspring. Intriguingly, our data revealed that pregnancy exposure of TiO2NPs did not affect locomotor function, learning and memory ability and anxiety-like behavior in offspring at postnatal day (PD) 21, but resulted in obvious impairments on these neurobehaviors at PD49. Similar phenomena were obtained in the composition of gut microbial community, intestinal and brain pathological damage in offspring in adulthood. Moreover, the intestinal dysbiosis induced by TiO2NPs might be highly associated with the delayed appearance of neurobehavioral impairments in offspring, possibly occurring through disruption of gut-brain axis.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report elucidated that pregnancy exposure to TiO2NPs caused delayed appearance of neurobehavioral impairments in offspring when they reached adulthood, although these perturbations did not happen at early life after delivery. These findings will provide valuable insights about neurodevelopmental toxicity of TiO2NPs, and call for comprehensive health risk assessment of TiO2NPs on the susceptible population, such as pregnant women.

Sonochemical degradation of neonicotinoid pesticides in natural surface waters. Influence of operational and environmental conditions

Neonicotinoids sonochemical oxidation at high-frequency ultrasound (MHz range) has been carried out in ultrapure and natural surface-water matrices (river, reservoir and wastewater treatment plant effluent). To evaluate the influence of the operating variables, that is initial pollutant concentration, ultrasound frequency, ultrasound power, and pulse-stop time a Box-Behnken experimental design was planned. Optimal results were obtained using a frequency of 578 kHz, a power of 40 W L^-1, with a pollutant concentration of 1 μM (for each pesticide), and using a pulse-stop time of 100 ms. The experimental data adjustment using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood heterogeneous kinetic model showed that neonicotinoids oxidation was carried out in the bubble-liquid interface by the attack of hydroxyl radicals. Experiments performed in the presence of radical scavengers, that is, methanol, ethanol and tert-butyl alcohol corroborated this reaction mechanism. The influence of some environmental conditions such as pH, presence of soluble inorganic species (Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, HPO₄^2-, HCO₃^-) and soluble organic species (humic acids content) were established. Finally, the aqueous matrix's influence was investigated for three natural surface water cases, and the results were rationalized according to the main water physicochemical characteristics.

Microbiome Analysis Reveals the Dynamic Alternations in Gut Microbiota of Diarrheal Giraffa camelopardalis

The ruminant gut microbial community's importance has been widely acknowledged due to its positive roles in physiology, metabolism, and health maintenance. Diarrhea has been demonstrated to cause adverse effects on gastrointestinal health and intestinal microecosystem, but studies regarding diarrheal influence on gut microbiota in Giraffa camelopardalis have been insufficient to date. Here, this study was performed to investigate and compare gut microbial composition and variability between healthy and diarrheic G. camelopardalis. The results showed that the gut microbial community of diarrheal G. camelopardalis displayed a significant decrease in alpha diversity, accompanied by distinct alterations in taxonomic compositions. Bacterial taxonomic analysis indicated that the dominant bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes) and genera (Escherichia Shigella and Acinetobacter) of both groups were the same but different in relative abundance. Specifically, the proportion of Proteobacteria in the diarrheal G. camelopardalis was increased as compared with healthy populations, whereas Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Spirochaetes were significantly decreased. Moreover, the relative abundance of one bacterial genus (Comamonas) dramatically increased in diarrheic G. camelopardalis, whereas the relative richness of 18 bacterial genera decreased compared with healthy populations. Among them, two bacterial genera (Ruminiclostridium_5 and Blautia) cannot be detected in the gut bacterial community of diarrheal G. camelopardalis. In summary, this study demonstrated that diarrhea could significantly change the gut microbial composition and diversity in G. camelopardalis by increasing the proportion of pathogenic to beneficial bacteria. Moreover, this study first characterized the distribution of gut microbial communities in G. camelopardalis with different health states. It contributed to providing a theoretical basis for establishing a prevention and treatment system for G. camelopardalis diarrhea.

Toxicology and Microbiota: How Do Pesticides Influence Gut Microbiota? A Review

In recent years, new targets have been included between the health outcomes induced by pesticide exposure. The gastrointestinal tract is a key physical and biological barrier and it represents a primary site of exposure to toxic agents. Recently, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a notable factor regulating pesticides’ toxicity. However, the specific mechanisms related to this interaction are not well known. In this review, we discuss the influence of pesticide exposure on the gut microbiota, discussing the factors influencing gut microbial diversity, and we summarize the updated literature. In conclusion, more studies are needed to clarify the host–microbial relationship concerning pesticide exposure and to define new prevention interventions, such as the identification of biomarkers of mucosal barrier function.

Chronic oral exposure to pesticides and their consequences on metabolic regulation: role of the microbiota

Pesticides have long been used in agriculture and household treatments. Pesticide residues can be found in biological samples for both the agriculture workers through direct exposure but also to the general population by indirect exposure. There is also evidence of pesticide contamination in utero and trans-generational impacts. Whilst acute exposure to pesticides has long been associated with endocrine perturbations, chronic exposure with low doses also increases the prevalence of metabolic disorders such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. Dysmetabolism is a low-grade inflammation disorder and as such the microbiota plays a role in its etiology. It is therefore important to fully understand the role of microbiota on the genesis of subsequent health effects. The digestive tract and mostly microbiota are the first organs of contact after oral exposure. The objective of this review is thus to better understand mechanisms that link pesticide exposure, dysmetabolism and microbiota. One of the key outcomes on the microbiota is the reduced Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes phyla, reflecting both pesticide exposure and risk factors of dysmetabolism. Other bacterial genders and metabolic activities are also involved. As for most pathologies impacting microbiota (including inflammatory disorders), the role of prebiotics can be suggested as a prevention strategy and some preliminary evidence reinforces this axis.

A Review on the Health Effects of Pesticides Based on Host Gut Microbiome and Metabolomics

Due to their large number of applications, the pesticides pose potential toxicity risks to the non-target organisms. In recent years, the studies on the toxic effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, based on their gut microbiome and metabolome, have been continuously reported. As a dense and diverse microbial community, the gut microbiota in the mammalian gut plays a key role in the maintenance of host metabolic homeostasis. The imbalance in the gut microbiota of host is closely associated with the disturbance in the host's metabolic profile. A comprehensive analysis of the changes in the gut microbiota and metabolic profile of host will help in understanding the internal mechanism of pesticide-induced toxic effects. This study reviewed the composition and function of the gut microbiota of host, as well as the analysis methods and applications of metabolomics. Importantly, the latest research on the toxic effects of the exposure of pesticide to host was reviewed on the basis of changes in their gut microbiota and metabolic profile.