1
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Wang X, Wang K, Mao W, Fan Z, Liu T, Hong R, Chen H, Pan C. Emerging perfluoroalkyl substances retard skeletal growth by accelerating osteoblasts senescence via ferroptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119483. [PMID: 38914254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Due to the persistent nature and significant negative impacts of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on human health and other organisms, the emergence of new PFOA alternatives, such as perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxhexanoic) acid (GenX) and perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxyundecanoic acid (PFO3TDA), have drawn significant attention. However, the toxic effects of PFOA and its substitutes on bones remain limited. In this study, we administered different concentrations of PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA via gavage to 3-week-old male BALB/C mice for four weeks. X-ray and micro-CT scans revealed shortening of the femur and tibia and significant reduction in bone density. Additionally, PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA promoted osteoblast senescence and impaired osteogenic capabilities. This was characterized by a decrease in the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (OCN, ALP, Runx2, etc.) and an increase in the expression of aging and inflammation-related factors (p16INK4a, P21, MMP3, etc). Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed activation of the ferroptosis pathway in PFOA-treated osteoblasts, characterized by notable lipid peroxidation and excessive iron accumulation. Finally, by inhibiting the ferroptosis pathway with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), we effectively alleviated the senescence of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA, and improved their osteogenic capabilities. Therefore, our study provides a new therapeutic insight into the impact of PFOA and its substitutes on bone growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhencheng Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Runyang Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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2
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Shi W, Zhang Z, Li M, Dong H, Li J. Reproductive toxicity of PFOA, PFOS and their substitutes: A review based on epidemiological and toxicological evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118485. [PMID: 38373549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have already drawn a lot of attention for their accumulation and reproductive toxicity in organisms. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS), two representative PFAS, are toxic to humans and animals. Due to their widespread use in environmental media with multiple toxicities, PFOA and PFOS have been banned in numerous countries, and many substitutes have been produced to meet market requirements. Unfortunately, most alternatives to PFOA and PFOS have proven to be cumulative and highly toxic. Of the reported multiple organ toxicities, reproductive toxicity deserves special attention. It has been confirmed through epidemiological studies that PFOS and PFOA are not only associated with reduced testosterone levels in humans, but also with an association with damage to the integrity of the blood testicular barrier. In addition, for women, PFOA and PFOS are correlated with abnormal sex hormone levels, and increase the risk of infertility and abnormal menstrual cycle. Nevertheless, there is controversial evidence on the epidemiological relationship that exists between PFOA and PFOS as well as sperm quality and reproductive hormones, while the evidence from animal studies is relatively consistent. Based on the published papers, the potential toxicity mechanisms for PFOA, PFOS and their substitutes were reviewed. For males, PFOA and PFOS may produce reproductive toxicity in the following five ways: (1) Apoptosis and autophagy in spermatogenic cells; (2) Apoptosis and differentiation disorders of Leydig cells; (3) Oxidative stress in sperm and disturbance of Ca2+ channels in sperm membrane; (4) Degradation of delicate intercellular junctions between Sertoli cells; (5) Activation of brain nuclei and shift of hypothalamic metabolome. For females, PFOA and PFOS may produce reproductive toxicity in the following five ways: (1) Damage to oocytes through oxidative stress; (2) Inhibition of corpus luteum function; (3) Inhibition of steroid hormone synthesis; (4) Damage to follicles by affecting gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC); (5) Inhibition of placental function. Besides, PFAS substitutes show similar reproductive toxicity with PFOA and PFOS, and are even more toxic to the placenta. Finally, based on the existing knowledge, future developments and direction of efforts in this field are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Shi
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Mei Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215011, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Ou J, Song Y, Zhong X, Dai L, Chen J, Zhang W, Yang C, Wang J, Zhang W. Perfluorooctanoic acid induces Leydig cell injury via inhibition of autophagosomes formation and activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:169861. [PMID: 38185161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a man-made chemical broadly distributed in various ecological environment and human bodies, which poses potential health risks. Its toxicity, especially the male reproduction toxicity has drawn increasing attention due to declining birth rates in recent years. However, how PFOA induces male reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Here, we characterize PFOA-induced cell injury and reveal the underlying mechanism in mouse Leydig cells, which are critical to spermatogenesis in the testes. We show that PFOA induces cell injury as evidenced by reduced cell viability, cell morphology changes and apoptosis induction. RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that PFOA-induced cell injury is correlated with compromised autophagy and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, two conserved biological processes required for regulating cellular homeostasis. Mechanistic analysis shows that PFOA inhibits autophagosomes formation, and activation of autophagy rescues PFOA-induced apoptosis. Additionally, PFOA activates ER stress, and pharmacological inhibition of ER stress attenuates PFOA-induced cell injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PFOA induces cell injury through inhibition of autophagosomes formation and induction of ER stress in Leydig cells. Thus, our study sheds light on the cellular mechanisms of PFOA-induced Leydig cell injury, which may be suggestive to human male reproductive health risk assessment and prevention from PFOA exposure-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Ou
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yali Song
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhong
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Dai
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China; Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology of China; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Zhang Z, Tian J, Liu W, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Ding L, Sun H, Yan G, Sheng X. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure leads to defect in follicular development through disrupting the mitochondrial electron transport chain in granulosa cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166954. [PMID: 37722425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent environmental pollutant that can impair ovarian function, while the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, and effective treatments are lacking. In this study, we established a mouse model of PFOA exposure induced by drinking water and found that PFOA exposure impaired follicle development, increased apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs), and hindered normal follicular development in a 3D culture system. RNA-seq analysis revealed that PFOA disrupted oxidative phosphorylation in ovaries by impairing the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This resulted in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in isolated GCs or KGN cells. Resveratrol, a mitochondrial nutrient supplement, could improve mitochondrial function and restore normal follicular development by activating FoxO1 through SIRT1/PI3K-AKT pathway. Our results indicate that PFOA exposure impairs mitochondrial function in GCs and affects follicle development. Resveratrol can be a potential therapeutic agent for PFOA-induced ovarian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jidong Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Ding
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guijun Yan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Sheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Gu HJ, Ahn JS, Ahn GJ, Shin SH, Ryu BY. Restoration of PM2.5-induced spermatogonia GC-1 cellular damage by parthenolide via suppression of autophagy and inflammation: An in vitro study. Toxicology 2023; 499:153651. [PMID: 37858773 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) generated by environmental and air pollution is known to have detrimental effects on human health. Among these, PM2.5 particles (diameter < 2.5 µm) can breach the alveolar-capillary barrier and disseminate to other organs, posing significant health risks. Numerous studies have shown that PMs can harm various organs, including the reproductive system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the harmful effects of PM2.5 on mouse GC-1 spermatogonia cells (GC-1 spg cells) and to verify the ameliorative effects of parthenolide (PTL) treatment on damaged GC-1 spg cells. We observed a significant dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation after PM2.5 concentration of 2.5 μg/cm2. Additionally, treatment with 20 μg/cm2 PM2.5 concentration significantly increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins ATG7, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, and decreased phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Furthermore, PM2.5 exposure augmented inflammation mediator gene expressions, the phosphorylation of the inflammation-related transcription factor NF-κB p65 at Ser536, and ubiquitination. Treatment of PM2.5-exposed GC-1 spg cells with PTL significantly reduced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and the expression of autophagy-related proteins ATG7 and LC3-II, leading to a statistically significant recovery in cell proliferation. Together, our findings elucidated the detrimental effects of PM2.5 exposure on male germ cells, and the restorative properties of PTL against air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Gu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gi Jeong Ahn
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Yang YD, Tian R, Lu N. Binding of serum albumin to perfluorooctanoic acid reduced cytotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162738. [PMID: 36906033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the ubiquitous applications of perfluorinated compounds such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in industrial and commercial products, the toxicity of these engineered materials in environmental and public health is received growing attention. As a typical organic pollutant, PFOA has been extensively found in wildlife and human bodies, and can preferentially bind to serum albumin in vivo. However, the importance of protein-PFOA interactions on the cytotoxicity of PFOA could not be stressed enough. In this study, we used both experimental and theoretical approaches, to investigate the interactions of PFOA with bovine serum albumin (BSA, the most abundant protein in blood). It was found that PFOA could mainly interact with Sudlow site I of BSA to form BSA-PFOA complex, in which van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds played dominant roles. Moreover, the strong binding of BSA could greatly alter the cellular uptake and distribution of PFOA in human endothelial cells, and result in the decreases of reactive oxygen species formation and cytotoxicity for these BSA-coated PFOA. Consistently, the addition of fetal bovine serum into cell culture medium also significantly mitigated PFOA-induced cytotoxicity, which was attributed to the extracellular complexation between PFOA and serum proteins. Altogether, our study demonstrates that the binding of serum albumin to PFOA could reduce its toxicity by affecting the cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Di Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Rong Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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7
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Basini G, Bussolati S, Torcianti V, Grasselli F. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) affects steroidogenesis and antioxidant defence in granulosa cells from swine ovary. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104169. [PMID: 37286068 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PFOA is mainly employed in products with water and oil repellent properties. Due to its persistence, bioaccumulation and critical effects on health, its use has been restricted in several countries. This research was intended to explore PFOA action on the main functions of swine ovarian granulosa cells, a valuable model for translational medicine. Moreover, since we previously demonstrated a disruptive effect on free radical generation we sought to explore PFOA effects on the main antioxidant enzymes. PFOA inhibited cell proliferation (p < 0.001), assessed by BrdU uptake. Steroidogenesis was disrupted: PFOA also stimulated 17β-estradiol production (p < 0.05), increased progesterone production (p < 0.05) at the lowest dose while it displayed an inhibitory effect at higher concentrations (p < 0.05). SOD (p < 0.001), catalase (p < 0.05) and peroxidase (p < 0.01) activities were stimulated. Therefore, our study supports a disruptive effect of PFOA in cultured swine granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Basini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Simona Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica Torcianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Grasselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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8
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Fujiwara N, Yamashita S, Okamoto M, Cooley MA, Ozaki K, Everett ET, Suzuki M. Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced cell death via the dual roles of ROS-MAPK/ERK signaling in ameloblast-lineage cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115089. [PMID: 37271104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an artificial fluorinated organic compound that has generated increased public attention due to its potential health hazards. Unsafe levels of PFOA exposure can affect reproduction, growth and development. During tooth enamel development (amelogenesis), environmental factors including fluoride can cause enamel hypoplasia. However, the effects of PFOA on ameloblasts and tooth enamel formation remain largely unknown. In the present study we demonstrate several PFOA-mediated cell death pathways (necrosis/necroptosis, and apoptosis) and assess the roles of ROS-MAPK/ERK signaling in PFOA-mediated cell death in mouse ameloblast-lineage cells (ALC). ALC cells were treated with PFOA. Cell proliferation and viability were analyzed by MTT assays and colony formation assays, respectively. PFOA suppressed cell proliferation and viability in a dose dependent manner. PFOA induced both necrosis (PI-positive cells) and apoptosis (cleaved-caspase-3, γH2AX and TUNEL-positive cells). PFOA significantly increased ROS production and up-regulated phosphor-(p)-ERK. Addition of ROS inhibitor N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) suppressed p-ERK and decreased necrosis, and increased cell viability compared to PFOA alone, whereas NAC did not change apoptosis. This suggests that PFOA-mediated necrosis was induced by ROS-MAPK/ERK signaling, but apoptosis was not associated with ROS. Addition of MAPK/ERK inhibitor PD98059 suppressed necrosis and increased cell viability compared to PFOA alone. Intriguingly, PD98059 augmented PFOA-mediated apoptosis. This suggests that p-ERK promoted necrosis but suppressed apoptosis. Addition of the necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 restored cell viability compared to PFOA alone, while pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD did not mitigate PFOA-mediated cell death. These results suggest that 1) PFOA-mediated cell death was mainly caused by necrosis/necroptosis by ROS-MAPK/ERK signaling rather than apoptosis, 2) MAPK/ERK signaling plays the dual roles (promoting necrosis and suppressing apoptosis) under PFOA treatment. This is the initial report to indicate that PFOA could be considered as a possible causative factor for cryptogenic enamel malformation. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of PFOA-mediated adverse effects on amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Fujiwara
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamashita
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Motoki Okamoto
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Marion A Cooley
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kazumi Ozaki
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Eric T Everett
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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9
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Lu T, Mortimer M, Li F, Li Z, Chen L, Li M, Guo LH. Putative adverse outcome pathways of the male reproductive toxicity derived from toxicological studies of perfluoroalkyl acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162439. [PMID: 36848992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) as a conceptual framework is a powerful tool in the field of toxicology to connect seemingly discrete events at different levels of biological organizations into an organized pathway from molecular interactions to whole organism toxicity. Based on numerous toxicological studies, eight AOPs for reproductive toxicity have been endorsed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Task Force on Hazard Assessment. We have conducted a literature survey on the mechanistic studies on male reproductive toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a class of global environmental contaminants with high persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Using the AOP development strategy, five new AOPs for male reproductive toxicity were proposed here, namely (1) changes in membrane permeability leading to reduced sperm motility, (2) disruption of mitochondrial function leading to sperm apoptosis, (3) decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expression in hypothalamus leading to reduced testosterone production in male rats, (4) activation of the p38 signaling pathway leading to disruption of BTB in mice, (5) inhibition of p-FAK-Tyr407 activity leading to the destruction of BTB. The molecular initiating events in the proposed AOPs are different from those in the endorsed AOPs, which are either receptor activation or enzyme inhibition. Although some of the AOPs are still incomplete, they can serve as a building block upon which full AOPs can be developed and applied to not only PFAAs but also other chemical toxicants with male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Lu
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Minjie Li
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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10
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Li X, Wang D, Zhang A, Pang J, He J, Chen X, Tang NJ. Perfluoroalkyl substances promote breast cancer progression via ERα and GPER mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114980. [PMID: 37148752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a classic environmental endocrine disruptor with carcinogenic risk. Epidemiological studies have shown that PFASs contamination is associated with breast cancer development, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. This study first obtained complex biological information about PFASs-induced breast cancer through the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD). The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were utilized to investigate molecular pathways. The ESR1 and GPER expression levels at different pathological stages and the prognosis of Breast Cancer patients were confirmed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Furthermore, we verified this by cellular experiments and the results showed breast cancer cell migration and invasion were promoted by PFOA. Two estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), mediated the promoting effects of PFOA by activating MAPK/Erk and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. These pathways were regulated by ERα and GPER in MCF-7 cells or independently by GPER in MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall, our study provides a better overview of the mechanisms associated with PFASs-induced breast cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yongzhe Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Hohhot Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Nai-Jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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11
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Han JW, Park HJ. Perfluorooctanoic acid induces cell death in TM3 cells via the ER stress-mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 118:108383. [PMID: 37044272 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an environmentally ubiquitous synthetic chemical highly persistent in organisms. PFOA exposure is pernicious to reproductive health as indicated by reports of male infertility. However, the PFOA toxicity mechanism to Leydig cells remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicological events occurring in TM3 Leydig cells treated with PFOA (250, 500, 750µM) for 24h. PFOA was shown to significantly decrease cell viability resulting from inhibition of proliferation and elevation of apoptotic ratio in a dose dependent manner. Upregulation of pro-apoptotic gene expressions such as Bax, Bad, and p53, was observed in combination with an increase in the apoptosis-related protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, and phosphorylated p53. Furthermore, exposure of PFOA lead to mitochondrial damage involving mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. A release of cytochrome c and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) were observed compared to the untreated control. Additionally, PFOA stimulated unfolded protein response (UPR) upregulating ER stress marker, Bip/GRP78, and upregulated protein levels of UPR signal molecules IRE1, p-JNK, p-ERK1/2, p-p53, CHOP, and ERO1. Overall, the present study elucidated the ER stress-mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related molecular mechanisms involved in PFOA-induced cell death in TM3 Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si, 26339, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Perfluorooctanoic acid induces tight junction injury of Sertoli cells by blocking autophagic flux. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113649. [PMID: 36736878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a man-made chemical widely used in consumers, could cause male reproductive toxicity by disrupting blood-testis barrier (BTB) integrity. Autophagy in Sertoli cells is essential for regulation of spermatogenesis and BTB. However, it remains a mystery that whether PFOA-induced BTB injury is associated with autophagy in Sertoli cells. In this study, we found that PFOA dose-dependently disrupted tight junction (TJ) function in Sertoli cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the results from transmission electron microscopy, Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that PFOA induced the accumulation of autophagosome in testicular Sertoli cells as well as TM4 cells. Further study confirmed that autophagosome accumulation resulted from the blockage of autophagic degradation because of disruption of autophagosome and lysosome fusion via downregulation of the expression of α-SNAP. In parallel, the overexpressed MMP9 was also observed in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of α-SNAP inhibited the expression of MMP9 in TM4 cells. In conclusion, PFOA blocks autophagic flux through downregulating the expression levels of α-SNAP in Sertoli cells, and then induces the accumulation of MMP9 leading to disruption of TJ function. This finding will provide clues for effective prevention and treatment of PFOA-induced male reproductive toxicity.
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13
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Zhang P, Qi C, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Hou X. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure in vivo perturbs mitochondrial metabolic during oocyte maturation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2965-2976. [PMID: 36029293 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a member of a group of polyfluorinated and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in mammals. However, the effects of in vivo exposure to PFOA on the female reproductive system and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In our study, we constructed a mouse model to investigate whether low-dose PFOA (1 mg/kg/day) or high-dose PFOA (5 mg/kg/day) affect meiosis maturation of oocytes and the potential mechanisms that may be associated with oocyte maturation disorder. Our results indicate that low-dose and high-dose PFOA can lead to impaired oocyte maturation, which is manifested by decreased rate of embryonic foam rupture and first polar body extrusion. Moreover, PFOA exposure harmed the mitochondrial metabolic, resulting in low levels of ATP contents, high reactive oxygen species, aberrant mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the proportion of DNA damage marker γ-H2AX was also significantly increased in PFOA exposure oocytes. These changes lead to abnormal arrangements of the spindle and chromosomes during oocyte maturation. In conclusion, our results for the first time illustrated that exposure to PFOA in vivo in female mice impaired the meiosis maturation of oocytes, which provided a basis for studying the mechanism of PFOA reproductive toxicity in female mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Yangzhou University Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changyong Qi
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhinan Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Yangzhou University Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixiong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Yangzhou University Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Yangzhou University Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojing Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing, China
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Qian X, Huang J, Yan C, Xiao J. Ecological restoration performance enhanced by nano zero valent iron treatment in constructed wetlands under perfluorooctanoic acid stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157413. [PMID: 35870581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) of widespread use can enter constructed wetlands (CWs) via migration, and inevitably causes negative impacts on removal efficiencies of conventional pollutants due to its ecotoxicity. However, little attention has been paid to strengthen performance of CWs under PFOA stress. In this study, influences of nano zero valent iron (nZVI), which has been demonstrated to improve nutrients removal, were explored after exemplifying threats of PFOA to operation performance in CWs. The results revealed that 1 mg/L PFOA suppressed the nitrification capacity and phosphorus removal, and nZVI distinctly improved the removal efficiency of ammonia and total phosphorus in CWs compared to PFOA exposure group without nZVI, with the maximum increases of 3.65 % and 16.76 %. Furthermore, nZVI significantly stimulated dehydrogenase (390.64 % and 884.54 %) and urease (118.15 % and 246.92 %) activities during 0-30 d and 30-60 d in comparison to PFOA group. On the other hand, nitrifying enzymes were also promoted, in which ammonia monooxygenase increased by 30.90 % during 0-30 d, and nitrite oxidoreductase was raised by 117.91 % and 232.10 % in two stages. Besides, the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under nZVI treatment was 72.98 % higher than PFOA group. Analyses of Illumina Miseq sequencing further certified that nZVI effectively improved the community richness and caused the enrichment of microorganisms related to nitrogen and phosphorus removal and EPS secreting. These results could provide valuable information for ecological restoration and decontamination performance enhancement of CWs exposed to PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Qian
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Chunni Yan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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