1
|
Vinter Š, Bednařík V, Montañés MT, Černotová A, Kadlečková M. Microencapsulation of zinc plating waste using silicone polymers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125225. [PMID: 33529831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the treatment of hazardous zinc-bearing waste using hydraulic binders and silicone polymers, with the aim to allow its safe disposal into landfill. The waste was solidified using hydraulic binders in the first step and then encapsulated using silicone polymers. Samples were characterised using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The effectiveness of the process was evaluated by leaching tests in distilled water and in an acidic environment according to Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The effect of porosity and pH on the release of pollutants was also studied. Zinc and chloride were identified as the most significant pollutants in the waste. Portland cement did not stabilize them efficiently. The two-step treatment with Portland cement and silicone binders decreased, in the best case, the concentration of zinc and chloride in acidic extracts from 12,400 mg/L and 38,300 mg/L to 21.9 mg/L and 74 mg/L, respectively, and the treated waste complied with regulatory requirements for hazardous waste disposal into landfills. The two-step treatment was also found as a more effective method than microencapsulation using a silicone binder alone. The factor that most affects leachability appears to be the porosity of the encapsulated waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Š Vinter
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - V Bednařík
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - M T Montañés
- Ingeniería Electroquimíca y Corrosión, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Nuclear, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia (Polytechnic University of Valencia), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - A Černotová
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - M Kadlečková
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neckel A, Korcelski C, Kujawa HA, Schaefer da Silva I, Prezoto F, Walker Amorin AL, Maculan LS, Gonçalves AC, Bodah ET, Bodah BW, Dotto GL, Silva LFO. Hazardous elements in the soil of urban cemeteries; constructive solutions aimed at sustainability. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128248. [PMID: 32962839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Urban cemeteries on a global scale raise concerns due to their potential to concentrate differing levels of hazardous pollutants in their native soils due to the unnatural concentration of burials in a limited space. It is paramount for sustainability that designers of future cemeteries take this into account in order to minimize the deposition and movement of these contaminants within the soil profile. The objective of this manuscript is to identify the levels of certain hazardous element contamination, specifically heavy metals, in the soil of horizontal urban cemeteries that do not utilize herbicides for weed control. In this, solutions were sought for the construction of future urban cemeteries capable of mitigating further contamination of the environment by the increase in interments. The soils of three urban cemeteries (A, B and C) in the Brazilian city of Carazinho, in Rio Grande do Sul State, were sampled with 5 monitoring points in the internal area and 5 points in the external area of the cemeteries. At each point, 3 replications were performed at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm), totaling 180 samples in all, to determine the concentration of the following metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) (g kg-1). In addition, online interviews with 15 architects who design cemeteries were conducted. Architectural design solutions to mitigate environmental contamination were modeled utilizing the Building Information Modeling system (BIM). The results showed an excess of Cu in the soil of cemeteries A, B and C, surpassing the standards allowed by Brazilian federal regulations. A total of 80% of the interviewed architects expressed their preference for the vertical cemetery, with gas and effluent treatment systems to mitigate environmental impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Rua General Prestes Guimarães, 304 Vila Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton Korcelski
- Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Rua General Prestes Guimarães, 304 Vila Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Henrique Aniceto Kujawa
- Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Rua General Prestes Guimarães, 304 Vila Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Izabella Schaefer da Silva
- Departent of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Prezoto
- Departent of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luis Walker Amorin
- Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Rua General Prestes Guimarães, 304 Vila Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Laércio Stolfo Maculan
- Faculdade Meridional - IMED, Rua General Prestes Guimarães, 304 Vila Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Affonso Celso Gonçalves
- State University of Western Paraná - UNIOESTE, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Rua Pernambuco 1777 Centro, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, 85960-000, Brazil
| | - Eliane Thaines Bodah
- State University of New York, Onondaga Community College, 4585 West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, NY, 13215, USA; Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA.
| | - Brian William Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria e UFSM, 1000 Roraima Avenue 97105e900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55e66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|