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Mateescu C, Lungulescu EM, Nicula NO. Effectiveness of Biological Approaches for Removing Persistent Organic Pollutants from Wastewater: A Mini-Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1632. [PMID: 39203474 PMCID: PMC11356657 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans, pose significant hazards to the environment and living organisms. This concise review aims to consolidate knowledge on the biological processes involved in removing POPs from wastewater, an area less explored compared to conventional physico-chemical methods. The focus is on the potential of various aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, fungi, and bacteria for efficient bioremediation, mitigating or eradicating the deleterious effects of these chemicals. The review scrutinizes individual bacterial strains and mixed cultures engaged in breaking down persistent organic pollutants in water, highlighting promising results from laboratory investigations that could be scaled for practical applications. The review concludes by underscoring the opportunities for exploring and advancing more sophisticated bioremediation techniques and optimized bioreactors. The ultimate goal is to enhance the efficiency of microbial-based strategies, implicitly reducing the environmental impact of persistent chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard-Marius Lungulescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (N.-O.N.)
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Zhang Y, Wu N, Cao W, Guo R, Zhang S, Qi Y, Qu R, Wang Z. Photodegradation of 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2-CDD) on the surface of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: Kinetics and product analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123621. [PMID: 38402942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Considering that waste incineration fly ash is the main carrier of dioxins and can migrate over long distances in the atmosphere, it is of great significance to study the photochemical transformation behavior of dioxins on the surface of fly ash. In this work, 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2-CDD) was selected to conduct a systematic photochemical study. The influence of various factors on the photodegradation of 2-CDD were first explored, and the results showed that small particle size of fly ash, low concentration of 2-CDD and appropriate level of humidity were more conducive to photodegradation, with the highest degradation percentage reaching 76%-84%. The components of fly ash (Zn (Ⅱ), Al (Ⅲ), Cu (Ⅱ) and SiO2) also had a certain promoting effect on the degradation of 2-CDD, which increases the degradation efficiency by 10%-20%, because they could act as effective photocatalysts to produce free radicals for reaction. With a higher total light exposure intensity, natural light environments led to a more complete degradation of 2-CDD than laboratory Xe lamp irradiation (90% degradation Vs. 79% degradation). Based on chemical probe and radical quenching experiment, hydroxyl radical also contributed to 2-CDD photodegradation on fly ash. A total of 16 intermediate products were detected by mass spectrometry analysis, and four initial reaction pathways of 2-CDD were speculated in the process, including dechlorination, ether bond cleavage, hydroxyl substitution, and hydroxyl addition. According to the results of density functional theory calculation, the reaction channels of ether bond cleavage and •OH attack were determined. The toxicity assessment software tool (TEST) was used to assess the toxicity and bioconcentration coefficient of reaction products, and it was found that the overall toxicity of the photodegradation products was reduced. This study would provide new insights into the environmental fate of dioxins during long-range atmospheric migration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenqian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruixue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Zhao J, Wang A, Wang Q. Genome-Wide Identification of the ABC Gene Family and Its Expression in Response to the Wood Degradation of Poplar in Trametes gibbosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:96. [PMID: 38392768 PMCID: PMC10889539 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Wood-rotting fungi's degradation of wood not only facilitates the eco-friendly treatment of organic materials, decreasing environmental pollution, but also supplies crucial components for producing biomass energy, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The ABC gene family, widely distributed in wood-rotting fungi, plays a crucial role in the metabolism of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Trametes gibbosa, as a representative species of wood-rotting fungi, exhibits robust capabilities in wood degradation. To investigate the function of the ABC gene family in wood degradation by T. gibbosa, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of T. gibbosa's ABC gene family. We identified a total of 12 Tg-ABCs classified into four subfamilies (ABCA, ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG). These subfamilies likely play significant roles in wood degradation. Scaffold localization and collinearity analysis results show that Tg-ABCs are dispersed on scaffolds and there is no duplication of gene sequences in the Tg-ABCs in the genome sequence of T. gibbosa. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses of T. gibbosa along with four other wood-rotting fungi show that T. gibbosa shares a closer phylogenetic relationship with its same-genus fungus (Trametes versicolor), followed by Ganoderma leucocontextum, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Phlebia centrifuga in descending order of phylogenetic proximity. In addition, we conducted quantitative analyses of Tg-ABCs from T. gibbosa cultivated in both woody and non-woody environments for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days using an RT-qPCR analysis. The results reveal a significant difference in the expression levels of Tg-ABCs between woody and non-woody environments, suggesting an active involvement of the ABC gene family in wood degradation. During the wood degradation period of T. gibbosa, spanning from 10 to 35 days, the relative expression levels of most Tg-ABCs exhibited a trend of increasing, decreasing, and then increasing again. Additionally, at 20 and 35 days of wood degradation by T. gibbosa, the relative expression levels of Tg-ABCs peak, suggesting that at these time points, Tg-ABCs exert the most significant impact on the degradation of poplar wood by T. gibbosa. This study systematically reveals the biological characteristics of the ABC gene family in T. gibbosa and their response to woody environments. It establishes the foundation for a more profound comprehension of the wood-degradation mechanism of the ABC gene family and provides strong support for the development of more efficient wood-degradation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Achuan Wang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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4
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Wilsey MK, Taseska T, Meng Z, Yu W, Müller AM. Advanced electrocatalytic redox processes for environmental remediation of halogenated organic water pollutants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11895-11922. [PMID: 37740361 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are widespread, and decades of heavy use have resulted in global bioaccumulation and contamination of the environment, including water sources. Here, we introduce the most common halogenated organic water pollutants, their classification by type of halogen (fluorine, chlorine, or bromine), important policies and regulations, main applications, and environmental and human health risks. Remediation techniques are outlined with particular emphasis on carbon-halogen bond strengths. Aqueous advanced redox processes are discussed, highlighting mechanistic details, including electrochemical oxidations and reductions of the water-oxygen system, and thermodynamic potentials, protonation states, and lifetimes of radicals and reactive oxygen species in aqueous electrolytes at different pH conditions. The state of the art of aqueous advanced redox processes for brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated organic compounds is presented, along with reported mechanisms for aqueous destruction of select PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). Future research directions for aqueous electrocatalytic destruction of organohalogens are identified, emphasizing the crucial need for developing a quantitative mechanistic understanding of degradation pathways, the improvement of analytical detection methods for organohalogens and transient species during advanced redox processes, and the development of new catalysts and processes that are globally scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine K Wilsey
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - Teona Taseska
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - Wanqing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Astrid M Müller
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Singh AK, Iqbal HMN, Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Fern'andez-Lucas J, Schmidt JE, Jesionowski T, Bilal M. Structural insights, biocatalytic characteristics, and application prospects of lignin-modifying enzymes for sustainable biotechnology-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124968. [PMID: 37217044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lignin modifying enzymes (LMEs) have gained widespread recognition in depolymerization of lignin polymers by oxidative cleavage. LMEs are a robust class of biocatalysts that include lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP), laccase (LAC), and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP). Members of the LMEs family act on phenolic, non-phenolic substrates and have been widely researched for valorization of lignin, oxidative cleavage of xenobiotics and phenolics. LMEs implementation in the biotechnological and industrial sectors has sparked significant attention, although its potential future applications remain underexploited. To understand the mechanism of LMEs in sustainable pollution mitigation, several studies have been undertaken to assess the feasibility of LMEs in correlating to diverse pollutants for binding and intermolecular interactions at the molecular level. However, further investigation is required to fully comprehend the underlying mechanism. In this review we presented the key structural and functional features of LMEs, including the computational aspects, as well as the advanced applications in biotechnology and industrial research. Furthermore, concluding remarks and a look ahead, the use of LMEs coupled with computational frameworks, built upon artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), has been emphasized as a recent milestone in environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Singh
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Jesús Fern'andez-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanizaci'on El Bosque, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od'on, Spain; Grupo de Investigaci'on en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jens Ejbye Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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Narayanan M, Ali SS, El-Sheekh M. A comprehensive review on the potential of microbial enzymes in multipollutant bioremediation: Mechanisms, challenges, and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117532. [PMID: 36801803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and other human activity represent significant environmental hazards. Toxic contaminants can harm a comprehensive platform of living organisms in their particular environments. Bioremediation is an effective remediation process in which harmful pollutants are eliminated from the environment using microorganisms or their enzymes. Microorganisms in the environment often create a variety of enzymes that can eliminate hazardous contaminants by using them as a substrate for development and growth. Through their catalytic reaction mechanism, microbial enzymes may degrade and eliminate harmful environmental pollutants and transform them into non-toxic forms. The principal types of microbial enzymes which can degrade most hazardous environmental contaminants include hydrolases, lipases, oxidoreductases, oxygenases, and laccases. Several immobilizations, genetic engineering strategies, and nanotechnology applications have been developed to improve enzyme performance and reduce pollution removal process costs. Until now, the practically applicable microbial enzymes from various microbial sources and their ability to degrade multipollutant effectively or transformation potential and mechanisms are unknown. Hence, more research and further studies are required. Additionally, there is a gap in the suitable approaches considering toxic multipollutants bioremediation using enzymatic applications. This review focused on the enzymatic elimination of harmful contaminants in the environment, such as dyes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, plastics, heavy metals, and pesticides. Recent trends and future growth for effectively removing harmful contaminants by enzymatic degradation are also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and Innovations, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sameh Samir Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt; Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Abstract
The accumulation of waste and toxic compounds has become increasingly harmful to the environment and human health. In this context, the use of laccases has become a focus of interest, due to the properties of these versatile enzymes: low substrate specificity, and water formation as a non-toxic end product. Thus, we begin our study with a general overview of the importance of laccase for the environment and industry, starting with the sources of laccases (plant, bacterial and fungal laccases), the structure and mechanism of laccases, microbial biosynthesis, and the immobilization of laccases. Then, we continue with an overview of agro-waste treatment by laccases wherein we observe the importance of laccases for the biodisponibilization of substrates and the biodegradation of agro-industrial byproducts; we then show some aspects regarding the degradation of xenobiotic compounds, dyes, and pharmaceutical products. The objective of this research is to emphasize and fully investigate the effects of laccase action on the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials and on the removal of harmful compounds from soil and water, in order to provide a sustainable solution to reducing environmental pollution.
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8
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Kaewlaoyoong A, Chen JR, Cheng CY, Lin C, Cheruiyot NK, Sriprom P. Innovative mycoremediation technique for treating unsterilized PCDD/F-contaminated field soil and the exploration of chlorinated metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117869. [PMID: 34388555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycoremediation of unsterilized PCDD/F-contaminated field soil was successfully demonstrated by solid-state fermentation coupled with Pleurotus pulmonarius utilizing a patented incubation approach. The experiments were carried out in four setups with two as controls. The contaminated soil was homogenously mixed with solid inocula, 1:0.5 dry w/w, resulting in an initial concentration of 4432 ± 623 ng WHO-TEQ kg-1. After a 30-day incubation under controlled conditions, the overall removal (approx. 60%) was non-specific. The removal was attributed to degradation by extracellular ligninolytic enzymes and uptake into the fruiting tissue (~110 ng WHO-TEQ kg-1 of mushroom). Furthermore, less recalcitrant chlorinated metabolites were found, implying ether bond cleavage and dechlorination happened during the mycoremediation. These metabolites resulted from the complex interaction between P. pulmonarius and the indigenous microbes from the unsterilized soil. This study provides a new step toward scaling up this mycoremediation technique to treat unsterilized PCDD/F-contaminated field soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharee Kaewlaoyoong
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Renn Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Pongsert Sriprom
- Program of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
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Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Vo DVN, Jeevanantham S, Karishma S, Yaashikaa PR. A review on catalytic-enzyme degradation of toxic environmental pollutants: Microbial enzymes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126451. [PMID: 34174628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and other human anthropogenic activities cause serious threats to the environment. The toxic pollutants can cause detrimental diseases on diverse living beings in their respective ecosystems. Bioremediation is one of the efficient remediation methods in which the toxic pollutants are removed from the environment by the application of microorganisms or their biologically active products (enzymes). Typically, the microorganisms in the environment produce various enzymes to immobilize and degrade the toxic environmental pollutants by utilizing them as a substrate for their growth and development. Both the bacterial and fungal enzymes can degrade the toxic pollutants present in the environment and convert them into non-toxic forms through their catalytic reaction mechanism. Hydrolases, oxidoreductases, dehalogenases, oxygenases and transferases are the major classes of microbial enzymes responsible for the degradation of most of the toxic pollutants in the environment. Recently, there are different immobilizations and genetic engineering techniques have been developed to enhance enzyme efficiency and diminish the process cost for pollutant removal. This review focused on enzymatic removal of toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, plastics and pesticides in the environment. Current trends and further expansion for efficient removal of toxic pollutants through enzymatic degradation are also reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - S Jeevanantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - S Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dao ATN, Smits M, Dang HTC, Brouwer A, de Boer TE. Elucidating fungal Rigidoporus species FMD21 lignin-modifying enzyme genes and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin degradation by laccase isozymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109800. [PMID: 33992406 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
White-rot fungus Rigidoporus sp. FMD21 is a lignin-modifying enzyme producing fungus that can degrade dioxin. Extracellular enzymes from FMD21 include laccase and manganese peroxidase which are promising enzymes for myco-remediation because of their wide substrate specificity and mild catalysis conditions. The FMD21 genome was sequenced using Ion Torrent technology and consists of 38.98 Mbps with a GC content of 47.4 %. Gene prediction using Augustus with Basidiomycota reference setting resulted in 8245 genes. Functional gene annotations were carried out by using several programs and databases. We focused on laccase and ligninolytic peroxidase genes, which are most likely involved in the degradation of aromatic pollutants. The genome of FMD21 contains 12 predicted laccase genes (10 out of 12 predicted as full length) and 13 putative ligninolytic peroxidases which were annotated as MnP or versatile peroxidases. Four predicted laccases showed a higher than 65 % binding chance to 2,3,7,8-TCDD with the highest at 72 % in in silico docking analysis. Heterologous expressed laccases showed activity towards three tested substrates included ABTS, guaiacol and 2,6-DMP. ABTS displayed two-stage oxidation which differed from natural FMD21 laccases. 2,3,7,8-TCDD was degraded by 50 % after two weeks of enzymatic treatment by three out of five laccase isozymes which were natural laccases secreted by FMD21. In this study, we provide direct evidence for the 2,3,7,8-TCDD biodegradation capability of fungal laccases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T N Dao
- MicroLife Solutions, Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Miriam Smits
- MicroLife Solutions, Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ha T C Dang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- MicroLife Solutions, Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tjalf E de Boer
- MicroLife Solutions, Science Park 406, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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