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Ting YC, Huang CH, Cheng YH, Hsiao TC, Wei-Po Lai W, Ciou ZJ. Chemical characteristics and formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols: The decisive role of aerosol acidity and meteorological conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124472. [PMID: 38945190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing concern about air pollution and its impact on the air quality and human health, especially for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its associated secondary aerosols in urban areas. This study conducted a year-long field campaign to collect PM2.5 samples day and night in an urban area of central Taiwan. Higher PM2.5 mass concentrations were observed in winter (27.7 ± 9.7 μg/m3), followed by autumn (22.5 ± 8.3 μg/m3), spring (19.2 ± 6.4 μg/m3), and summer (11.0 ± 3.1 μg/m3). The dominant formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols was heterogeneous reactions of NO3- at night and homogeneous reactions of SO42- during the day. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and NO3- during nighttime, indicating the importance of aqueous-phase NO3- formation. The role of aerosol acidity was explored and a unique alkaline condition was found in spring and summer, which showed lower PM2.5 concentrations than the neutralized condition. Under the neutralized condition, higher PM2.5 concentrations were commonly found when combining the ammonium-rich regime with molar ratios of [NO3-]/[SO42-] exceeding 1.6, suggesting the importance of reducing both NH3 and NOx. Furthermore, the results showed that reducing NH3 should be prioritized under high temperature conditions, while reducing NOx became important under low temperature conditions. Clustering of backward trajectories showed that long-range transport could enhance the formation of secondary aerosols, but local emissions emerged as the main factor driving high PM2.5 concentrations. This study provides insights for policymakers to improve air quality, suggesting that different mitigation strategies should be formulated based on meteorological variables and that using clean energy for vehicles and electricity generation is important to alleviate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Errasti N, Lertxundi A, Barroeta Z, Alvarez JI, Ibarluzea J, Irizar A, Santa-Marina L, Urbieta N, García-Baquero G. Temporal change and impact on air quality of an energy recovery plant using the M-BACI design in Gipuzkoa. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142809. [PMID: 38986782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A significant concern in our society is the potential impact on both health and the environment of air pollutants released during the incineration of waste. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct thorough control and monitoring measures. In this context, the objective of this research was to study the evolution of particulate matter (PM2.5) and associated trace elements during the period before and after the installation of an Energy Recovery Plant (ERP). For that, a descriptive and temporal analysis of PM2.5 concentration and composition were performed on two similar areas (impact/control) using the Before-After/Control-Impact (BACI) design and two periods (before from January 01, 2018 to February 06, 2020 and after from December 10, 2020 to September 30, 2022). Results showed a decrease in the levels of PM2.5 and associated trace elements is observed in the impact zone (IZ) and in the control zone (CZ) throughout the study period. In the case of PM2.5, the most notable decrease occurred in the period of the start-up of the ERP, a period that coincides with the confinement and restrictions of COVID, with a subsequent increase in both zones, without reaching the levels observed in the period prior to the start-up of the ERP. Selenium is the only trace element that increases significantly in the IZ. In conclusion, a decrease is observed for all pollutants except selenium in both zones, although less pronounced in the IZ. Since selenium already showed an upward trend in the phase prior to the start of the ERP, it is necessary to investigate its evolution and find out the possible cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Errasti
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ziortza Barroeta
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jon Iñaki Alvarez
- Public Health Laboratory of the Basque Government, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ibaizabal Bidea, Building 502, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nerea Urbieta
- Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García-Baquero
- Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; CEADIR. Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Avda Licenciado Méndez Nieto S/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Gupta S, Sharma SK, Tiwari P, Vijayan N. Insight Study of Trace Elements in PM 2.5 During Nine Years in Delhi, India: Seasonal Variation, Source Apportionment, and Health Risks Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:393-409. [PMID: 38806840 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM2.5 at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38' N, 77° 10' E; 218 m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77 µg m-3, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40 µg m-3; 24 h: 60 µg m-3). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm-3) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm-3) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm-3) and > monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm-3). The heavy elements, Al (1.19 µg m-3), Zn (0.49 µg m-3), Pb (0.43 µg m-3), Cr (0.21 µg m-3), Cu (0.21 µg m-3), Mn (0.07 µg m-3), and Ni (0.14 µg m-3) exhibited varying concentrations in PM2.5, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM2.5. Elevated HQ values for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HI value exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM2.5, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Preeti Tiwari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Narayanasamy Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Ahmad M, Chen J, Panyametheekul S, Yu Q, Nawab A, Khan MT, Zhang Y, Ali SW, Phairuang W. Fine particulate matter from brick kilns site and roadside in Lahore, Pakistan: Insight into chemical composition, oxidative potential, and health risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25884. [PMID: 38390149 PMCID: PMC10881335 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human health is seriously threatened by particulate matter (PM) pollution, which is a major environmental problem. A better indicator of biological responses to PM exposure than its mass alone is the PM "oxidative potential (OP)," or ability to oxidize target molecules. When reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in the OP in excess of the antioxidant capacity of body due to PM components such metals and organic species, it causes inflammation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and lipids damage. Method The samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are collected from the brick kiln site and the roadside in Lahore, Pakistan. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were estimated by carbon analyzer (DRI 2001A) using the thermal/optical transmittance (TOT) protocol. The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentration was determined using a total organic carbon analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-L CPN). Ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-900) with a conductivity detector was used to analyze the water-soluble anions (Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-) and cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (iCAP TQ ICP-MS, Thermo Scientific) was used to determine the concentrations of metals in the solution. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was calculated using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 412 nm. Results The mean concentrations of PM2.5 at the brick kiln site and roadside reported are 509.3 ± 32.3 μg/m3 and 467.5 ± 24.9 μg/m3, and the average OC/EC ratio is 1.9 ± 0.4 and 2.1 ± 0.1. primary organic carbon (POC) contributed more to OC than secondary organic carbon (SOC), which indicated the dominance of primary combustion sources. The anion equivalent (AE) to cation equivalent (CE) ratio indicated that PM2.5 is acidic at both sites due to the dominance of NO3- and SO42-. The DTT consumption rate normalized by PM2.5 mass (DTTm) and DTT consumption rate normalized by air volume (DTTv) of PM2.5 at the roadside samples are higher than at the brick kiln site due to the higher contribution of ionic species to the mass of PM2.5. Carbonaceous species of PM2.5 at both sampling sites are significantly correlated with DTTv of PM2.5, while metallic species behaved differently. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values (lung cancer) of As and Cr at both sampling sites, while the ILCR value of Cd at the roadside samples is exceeding the permissible limits for adults and children. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) value for adults is higher than that for children, indicating that children are less vulnerable to metals. Conclusion The concentration of PM2.5 at both sampling sites were exceeding the permissible limits of Pakistan' National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) and posing risk to the health of the local population. The POC and SOC contribution to OC at the brick kiln site and roadside in Lahore were 84.6%, 15.4% and 84.4%, 15.6%. POC at both sampling sites were the dominant carbon species indicating the dominance of primary combustion sources. The residence of Lahore poses the lung cancer risk due to Cr, As, and Cd at both sampling sites. The results of this study provide important data and evidence for further evaluation of the potential health risks of PM2.5 from brick kiln site and road side in Pakistan and formulation of efficient air-pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sirima Panyametheekul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Thailand network centre on Air Quality Management: TAQM and Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Asim Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
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Behera RR, Satapathy DR, Majhi A. Human health risk assessment model associated with PM2.5 bound metals in paradip port township, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141111. [PMID: 38176588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the environmental risk and human health risks associated with PM2.5-bound metals in Paradip city between January 2019 and December 2021. The seasonal average concentrations of PM2.5 were measured 91.43 ± 70.18 μg m-3, 103.40 ± 60.80 μg m-3, 124.74 ± 62.37 μg m-3, and 159.37 ± 77.88 μg m-3 in pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter season respectively. The highest and lowest concentrations are estimated in the winter and pre-monsoon season. Paradip city experienced tropical weather conditions with a hot and humid climate. The wind pattern shows that the predominant wind direction was observed from the south-south-west (SSW) direction. The metals in PM2.5 were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) by air-acetylene flame using a hollow cathode lamp. The average metal concentration decreased in the order of Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Cr > Mn > Ni > Cu > Co > Cd > As. The value of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was evaluated >1 for Cd, Fe, and Zn elements. The health risk assessment (HRA) results showed that non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) was higher through the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contact. The cumulative NCR, which is expressed in terms of the hazard index (HI), is greater than 1 for infant (2.78E+00), child (2.53E+00), and adult (1.04E+00) via inhalation pathway. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for infants, children, and adults was estimated at 1.45E-04, 7.24E-05 and 1.25E-05, respectively, which exceeded the acceptable limit of 1.00E-06. Our comprehensive research plays an important role in both policymakers and relevant stakeholders for the preparation of city action plans concerning ambient air pollution, which can improve the air quality in and around Paradip city, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ranjan Behera
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), Environment and Sustainability Department, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013 , India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Deepty Ranjan Satapathy
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), Environment and Sustainability Department, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013 , India.
| | - Arakshita Majhi
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), Environment and Sustainability Department, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013 , India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Vig N, Ravindra K, Mor S. Environmental impacts of Indian coal thermal power plants and associated human health risk to the nearby residential communities: A potential review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140103. [PMID: 37689154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, harmful emissions from coal power plants cause many illnesses contribute to premature deaths burden. Despite its high impact on human health and being a major source of toxic pollutants, coal has been considered a component of global energy for decades. Hence, this work was envisaged to understand the rising environmental and multiple health issues from coal power plants. Studies on the adverse impacts of coal power plants on the environment, including soil, surface water, groundwater and air, were critically evaluated. The health risk from exposure to different pollutants and toxic metals released from the power plant was also demonstrated. The study also highlighted the government initiatives and policies regarding coal power operation and generation. Lastly, the study focused on guiding coal power plant owners and policymakers in identifying the essential cues for the risk assessment and management. The current study found an association between environmental and human health risks due to power generation, which needs intervention from the scientific and medical fields to jointly address public concerns. It is also suggested that future research should concentrate on exposure assessment techniques by integrating source-identification and geographic information systems to assess the health effects of different contaminants from power plants and to mitigate their adverse impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha Vig
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, India.
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Yu P, Han Y, Wang M, Zhu Z, Tong Z, Shao X, Peng J, Hamid Y, Yang X, Deng Y, Huang Y. Heavy metal content and health risk assessment of atmospheric particles in China: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161556. [PMID: 36640888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, China has devoted significant attention to the heavy metals pollution in particulate matter. However, the majority of studies have only focused on the field monitoring in relatively remote areas, which may not be representative of air quality across the country. This study reevaluated the characteristics, temporal and spatial changes, and health concerns associated with heavy metal pollution in atmospheric particulates on a national scale by coupling Meta-analysis and Monte Carlo simulation analysis. In terms of spatial distribution, the heavy metals pollution levels in the northern coast and northeastern regions are relatively high, whereas it is low along the middle Yellow River, middle Yangtze River, as well as Southwest. With the exception of Cu, the distribution of all elements in PM2.5 steadily decreased over time Moreover, PM10 and PM2.5 performed similar where Cd and Ni both first increased followed by a decline while, Cr displayed a decrease before it showed an increment. And since the implementation of prevention and control policies about the atmospheric release, the focus of industrial emission has gradually shifted from energy production and processing to living products manufacturing. Moreover, the carcinogenic risk was shown to be Cr > As, Pb > Ni, Cd, while the non-carcinogenic risk was as follows: As, Ni > Cr, Cd. Among all contaminants, Cd, As, and Cr in PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the WHO standard in the cities with worst air quality. It was observed that As posed the largest non-carcinogenic risk to adults while, Cr caused the most carcinogenic risk to adults and children, where the carcinogenic risk of children remains higher than that of adults. Therefore, the findings of this study may offer data support to the China's heavy metal pollution standards in airborne particles and offer theoretical data support for pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yongliang Han
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Maodi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhenglong Tong
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - XingYuan Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianwei Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yasir Hamid
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environ. Remediation and Ecol. Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environ. Remediation and Ecol. Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Ying Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Galvão ES, Santos JM, Goulart EV, Junior NCR. Health risk assessment of inorganic and organic constituents of the coarse and fine PM in an industrialized region of Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161042. [PMID: 36572292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A health risk assessment of inorganic and organic species associated with coarse and fine particulate matter (PM) was conducted in Southeastern Brazil. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 samples were collected, and their elemental (metals/metalloids) and organic (PAHs) composition were determined by EDXRF and GC-MS. The health risks were determined through hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR). It was found that different elements and routes of exposure lead to different health risks, even for the PM concentration in compliance with air quality standards. The major routes of exposure for adults were inhalation and dermal contact whereas for children were ingestion and dermal contact. High non-cancer risks (HQ) caused by Cl and Fe exposure were associated with coarser fractions, PM10 and TSP, respectively, whereas high HQ for Se, Sb, and V exposure were associated with PM2.5. HQ values for children were near twice that for adults, and CR values were 65 % to 130 % higher for children than for adults. CR posed by PAHs was negligible. The results highlighted that the HQ might be over- or underestimated depending on the form in which the element Cl is determined (elemental or ion), reinforcing the need for an embracing chemical characterization of the PM. High HQ values were found related to the exposure to some elements present in the TSP, showing that this PM fraction should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, ES, Brazil
| | - Elisa Valentim Goulart
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, ES, Brazil
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Zhang X, Aikawa M. The variation of PM 2.5 from ship emission under low-sulfur regulation: A case study in the coastal suburbs of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159968. [PMID: 36347285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
From January 1, 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation about the limit of fuel sulfur content to 0.5 % become effective, and ships commonly install sulfur scrubbers or use low-sulfur fuel or liquefied natural gas to replace sulfur-rich heavy fuel oil. In this study, the 4-year PM2.5 sampling in the coastal suburbs of Kitakyushu, Japan clearly indicated the significant effects of relevant regulation and countermeasures on particle emissions in this receptor site. From the perspective of air quality, an obvious decrease in the mass concentration of ship-emitted particles was observed in 2020, and the contribution of sulfate could reach 60 %. The ammonium concentration was mainly controlled by sulfate and nitrate, and its reduction also could not be ignored, accounting for about 17 %. In terms of public health, the particle exposure risk also changed greatly, mainly due to the reduction of risk levels for As, W, Sb, V, Ni, and Cd; the lowest non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk for both adults (HI = 1.2 and CR = 5.7 × 10-5) and children (HI = 9.9 and CR = 1.1 × 10-4) all occurred in 2020. However, these reduced health risks were still not within the safe level (except for the carcinogenic risk for adults), a fact that requires continued attention. This result exposed the deficiency of current countermeasures regarding the IMO's fuel sulfur content limit in Kitakyushu City, and increasing the proportion of ships using clean fuels (liquefied natural gas, methanol, etc.) would surely alleviate the particle pollution caused by ship emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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10
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Wang G, Huang K, Fu Q, Chen J, Huo J, Zhao Q, Duan Y, Lin Y, Yang F, Zhang W, Li H, Xu J, Qin X, Zhao N, Deng C. Response of PM 2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 122:115-127. [PMID: 35717077 PMCID: PMC8520875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yanfen Lin
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Pudong New District Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Liu M, Wang W, Li J, Wang T, Xu Z, Song Y, Zhang W, Zhou L, Lian C, Yang J, Li Y, Sun Y, Tong S, Guo Y, Ge M. High fraction of soluble trace metals in fine particles under heavy haze in central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156771. [PMID: 35724777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric trace metals are a key component of particulate matter and significantly influence the atmospheric process and human health. The dissolved fraction of trace metals represents their bioavailability and exhibits high chemical activity. However, the optimum measurement method for detecting the soluble fraction of trace metals is still undetermined. The impact of variations in pollution on the soluble fraction is largely unrevealed. Therefore, in this work, a one-month field observation was conducted in Central China and different extraction solvents were used to determine the proper measurement method for the soluble fraction of trace metals and investigate the variation pattern under different pollution conditions. The findings show that solvents with acidity near that of aerosol water can better reflect the actual soluble fraction of trace metals in fine particulate matter. The soluble fraction of trace metals tends to increase with pollution level increased, demonstrating unexpectedly high health risks and chemical activity under heavy haze conditions. Our results indicate that remediation and trace metal pollution control are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenying Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chaofan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinxing Yang
- Sanmenxia Environmental Monitoring Station, Sanmenxia 472400, China
| | - Yanyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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12
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Sakunkoo P, Thonglua T, Sangkham S, Jirapornkul C, Limmongkon Y, Daduang S, Tessiri T, Rayubkul J, Thongtip S, Maneenin N, Pimonsree S. Human health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09572. [PMID: 35711987 PMCID: PMC9193878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the human health risk of PM2.5-bound heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand between December 2020 and February 2021. According to the findings, the geometric mean concentration of PM2.5 in the university area, residential area, industrial zone, and the agricultural zone was 32.78 μg/m3, 50.25 μg/m3, 44.48 μg/m3, and 29.53 μg/m3, respectively. The results showed that the estimated human health risk assessment, in terms of non-carcinogenic risks among children and adults in an urban area (residential and university), industrial zone, and the agricultural area, was of hazard index (HI) value of >1.0 indicating a greater chance of chronic effects occurring. This study showed that exposure to PM2.5-bound heavy metal may increase the likelihood that lasting effects will result in a very high carcinogenic risk (CR) in children in residential areas, and an industrial zone with total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values of 0.23 × 10 1 , and 0.12 × 10 1 , respectively while resulting in a high TCR of 3.34 × 10 - 2 and 4.11 × 10 - 2 within the university areas and agricultural zone, respectively. In addition, health risk assessments among adults demonstrate high TCR values of 4.40 × 10 - 1 (residential area), 2.28 × 10 - 1 (industrial zone), and 7.70 × 10 - 3 (agricultural zone), thus indicating a potential health risk to adults living in these areas while the university area was very low effects on carcinogenic risk ( CR ≤ 10 - 8 ) for adults. Therefore, lowering the risk of exposure to PM2.5 via the respiratory tract, for example, wearing a mask outside is a very effective self-defense strategy for people within and around the study site. This data study strongly supports the implementation of the air pollutant emission source reduction measures control and health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpun Sakunkoo
- Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Theerachai Thonglua
- Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Sangkham
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Chananya Jirapornkul
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yuparat Limmongkon
- Department of Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanee Tessiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jetnapis Rayubkul
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sakesun Thongtip
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Maneenin
- Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Epidemiology Group (OHSEE), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sittichai Pimonsree
- Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
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Bai W, Zhao X, Yin B, Guo L, Zhang W, Wang X, Yang W. Characteristics of PM 2.5 in an Industrial City of Northern China: Mass Concentrations, Chemical Composition, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095443. [PMID: 35564844 PMCID: PMC9104452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban and suburban PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously during selected periods representing each season in 2019 in Zibo, China. Samples were analysed for water-soluble inorganic ions, carbon components, and elements. A chemical mass balance model and health risk assessment model were used to investigate the source contributions to PM2.5 and the human health risks posed by various pollution sources via the inhalation pathway. Almost 50% of the PM2.5 samples exceeded the secondary standard of China's air quality concentration limit (75 µg/m3, 24 h). Water-soluble inorganic ions were the main component of PM2.5 in Zibo, accounting for 50 ± 8% and 56 ± 11% of PM2.5 at the urban and suburban sites, respectively. OC and OC/EC decreased significantly in the past few years due to enhanced energy restructuring. Pearson correlation analysis showed that traffic emissions were the main source of heavy metals. The Cr(VI) concentrations were 1.53 and 1.92 ng/m3 for urban and suburban sites, respectively, exceeding the national ambient air quality standards limit of 0.025 ng/m3. Secondary inorganic aerosols, traffic emissions, and secondary organic aerosols were the dominant contributors to PM2.5 in Zibo, with the total contributions from these three sources accounting for approximately 80% of PM2.5 and the remaining 20% attributed to traffic emissions. The non-carcinogenic risks from crustal dust for children were 2.23 and 1.15 in urban and suburban areas, respectively, exceeding the safe limit of 1.0 in both locations, as was the case for adults in urban areas. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic risks were all below the safe limit, with the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from traffic emissions being just below the limits. Strict control of precursor emissions, such as SO2, NOx, and VOCs, is a good way to reduce PM2.5 pollution resulting from secondary aerosols. Traffic control, limiting or preventing outdoor activities, and wearing masks during haze episodes may be also helpful in reducing PM2.5 pollution and its non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health impacts in Zibo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Liyao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenge Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
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14
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Zhang X, Eto Y, Aikawa M. Risk assessment and management of PM 2.5-bound heavy metals in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148748. [PMID: 34328942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sampling campaign of PM2.5 was carried out in Kitakyushu City on the western edge of Japan from 2013 to 2019, and 29 heavy metals loaded in PM2.5 were measured in this study. During the whole sampling period, the PM2.5 mass concentration ranged from 6.3 μg·m-3 to 57.5 μg·m-3, with a median value of 21.3 μg·m-3, and the sum concentration of heavy metals only accounted for 3%. According to the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analysis, it can be known that Se, Mo, Pb, As, Zn, W, Sb, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, and Cs were mainly from anthropogenic sources, which had EF values larger than 10 and Igeo values larger than 0. The comprehensive ecological risk index for these 12 anthropogenic metals was far greater than 600. This large index showed severe metal pollution and very high ecological risk in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan, which should be paid great attention. The human health assessment result further revealed that children living at the sampling site faced severe non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 7.8) and moderate carcinogenic risk (CR = 1.2 × 10-4), and oral ingestion was basically the most important exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The priority control metals included Mo, Se, As, Pb, Sb, and Cr; moreover, the concentration-weighted trajectory analysis (CWT) indicated that Mo, Sb, and Cr were from ship emissions because some shipping routes around the Kyushu area were identified as their potential pollution source regions, while Se, As, and Pb were carried by the air masses from the Asian landmass. Overall, although the PM2.5 concentration in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan was not high, the heavy metal risk cannot be overlooked; it is necessary to strengthen the source control of high-risk metals and raise public protection awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Yuko Eto
- Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, City of Kitakyushu, 1-2-1 Shin-ike, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-0082, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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15
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Study on the Characteristics of Size-Segregated Particulate Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions and Potentially Toxic Metals during Wintertime in a High Population Residential Area in Beijing, China. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution often occurs in the wintertime in northern China, posing a potential threat to human health. To date, there are limited studies about the metals and inorganic ions to link source apportionments and health risk assessments in the different size-segregated PM samples. In this study, our samples were collected by a high-volume air sampler from 26 December 2018 to 11 January 2019 in a high population residential area (Beijing). Water-soluble inorganic ions, metal elements in the different size-segregated PM samples were determined for health risk assessments by inhalation of PM. During the sampling period in Beijing, the average concentrations of PM1.1 and PM1.1–2.0 were 39.67 ± 10.66 μg m−3 and 32.25 ± 6.78 μg m−3. Distinct distribution profiles characterized the different elements. The markers of coal combustion Pb, As, and Se had >52% of their mass concentration in PM1.1. The average mass ratios of (NO3− + NO2−)/SO42−, Cl−/Na+, Cl−/K+, and Cl−/(NO3− + NO2−) were 1.68, 6.58, 6.18, and 0.57, which showed that coal combustion and vehicle emissions were the main anthropogenic sources of PM in Beijing in winter. PM1.1 was the major contributor of Pb, Cd, and As for carcinogenic risks (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ). It was indicated that PM1.1 is more harmful than coarse PM. The toxic elements of Cr (VI) (1.12 × 10−6), V (0.69 × 10−6), and As (0.41 × 10−6) caused higher CR for children than Ni, Cd, Co, and Pb. Meanwhile, Pb (35.30 × 10−6) and Ni (21.07 × 10−6) caused higher CR for adults than As, Cr (VI), V, Co, and Cd, especially PM1.1. This study provides detailed composition data and the first report on human health in a high population residential area in Beijing.
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