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Xue J, Wang Y, Jing Y, Li X, Chen S, Xu Y, Song RB. Recent advances in microbial fuel cell-based self-powered biosensors: a comprehensive exploration of sensing strategies in both anode and cathode modes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4649-4662. [PMID: 38457006 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of society, it is of paramount importance to expeditiously assess environmental pollution and provide early warning of toxicity risks. Microbial fuel cell-based self-powered biosensors (MFC-SPBs) have emerged as a pivotal technology, obviating the necessity for external power sources and aligning with the prevailing trends toward miniaturization and simplification in biosensor development. In this case, vigorous advancements in MFC-SPBs have been acquired in past years, irrespective of whether the target identification event transpires at the anode or cathode. The present article undertakes a comprehensive review of developed MFC-SPBs, categorizing them into substrate effect and microbial activity effect based on the nature of the target identification event. Furthermore, various enhancement strategies to improve the analytical performance like accuracy and sensitivity are also outlined, along with a discussion of future research trends and application prospects of MFC-SPBs for their better developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Xue
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jing
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Water Treatment System, Qingshuiyuan Technology Co., Ltd., Jiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suping Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Rong-Bin Song
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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2
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Singh NK, Mathuriya AS, Mehrotra S, Pandit S, Singh A, Jadhav D. Advances in bioelectrochemical systems for bio-products recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:3853-3876. [PMID: 37491760 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2234676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have emerged as a sustainable and highly promising technology that has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. These systems provide an efficient platform for the removal and recovery of valuable products from wastewater, with minimal or no net energy loss. Among the various types of BES, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a notable example, utilizing microbial biocatalytic activities to generate electrical energy through the degradation of organic matter. Other BES variants include microbial desalination cells (MDCs), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), microbial electrosynthesis cells (MXCs), microbial solar cells (MSCs), and more. BESs have demonstrated remarkable potential in the recovery of diverse products such as hydrogen, methane, volatile fatty acids, precious nutrients, and metals. Recent advancements in scaling up BESs have facilitated a more realistic assessment of their net energy recovery and resource yield in real-world applications. This comprehensive review focuses on the practical applications of BESs, from laboratory-scale developments to their potential for industrial commercialization. Specifically, it highlights successful examples of value-added product recovery achieved through various BES configurations. Additionally, this review critically evaluates the limitations of BESs and provides suggestions to enhance their performance at a larger scale, enabling effective implementation in real-world scenarios. By providing a thorough analysis of the current state of BES technology, this review aims to emphasize the tremendous potential of these systems for sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery. It underscores the significance of bridging the gap between laboratory-scale achievements and industrial implementation, paving the way for a more sustainable and resource-efficient future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Singh
- Bio-POSITIVE, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya
- Bio-POSITIVE, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi, India
| | - Smriti Mehrotra
- Bio-POSITIVE, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Bio-POSITIVE, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Jadhav
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Liu L, Baghernavehsi H, Greener J. Defying Gravity to Enhance Power Output and Conversion Efficiency in a Vertically Oriented Four-Electrode Microfluidic Microbial Fuel Cell. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:961. [PMID: 39203612 PMCID: PMC11356121 DOI: 10.3390/mi15080961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
High power output and high conversion efficiency are crucial parameters for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In our previous work, we worked with microfluidic MFCs to study fundamentals related to the power density of the MFCs, but nutrient consumption was limited to one side of the microchannel (the electrode layer) due to diffusion limitations. In this work, long-term experiments were conducted on a new four-electrode microfluidic MFC design, which grew Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms on upward- and downward-facing electrodes in the microchannel. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing electroactive biofilm (EAB) growth experiencing the influence of opposing gravitational fields. It was discovered that inoculation and growth of the EAB did not proceed as fast at the downward-facing anode, which we hypothesize to be due to gravity effects that negatively impacted bacterial settling on that surface. Rotating the device during the growth phase resulted in uniform and strong outputs from both sides, yielding individual power densities of 4.03 and 4.13 W m-2, which increased to nearly double when the top- and bottom-side electrodes were operated in parallel as a single four-electrode MFC. Similarly, acetate consumption could be doubled with the four electrodes operated in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Jesse Greener
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- CHU de Québec, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada
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4
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Yao H, Xiao J, Tang X. Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Organic Matter Sensors: Principles, Structures and Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:886. [PMID: 37627771 PMCID: PMC10451650 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater contains a significant quantity of organic matter, continuously causing environmental pollution. Timely and accurate detection of organic content in water can facilitate improved wastewater treatment and better protect the environment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are increasingly recognized as valuable biological monitoring systems, due to their ability to swiftly detect organic indicators such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water quality. Different types of MFC sensors are used for BOD and COD detection, each with unique features and benefits. This review focuses on different types of MFC sensors used for BOD and COD detection, discussing their benefits and structural optimization, as well as the influencing factors of MFC-based biomonitoring systems. Additionally, the challenges and prospects associated with the development of reliable MFC sensing systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinhua Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China
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Gupta S, Patro A, Mittal Y, Dwivedi S, Saket P, Panja R, Saeed T, Martínez F, Yadav AK. The race between classical microbial fuel cells, sediment-microbial fuel cells, plant-microbial fuel cells, and constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells: Applications and technology readiness level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162757. [PMID: 36931518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an interesting technology capable of converting the chemical energy stored in organics to electricity. It has raised high hopes among researchers and end users as the world continues to face climate change, water, energy, and land crisis. This review aims to discuss the journey of continuously progressing MFC technology from the lab to the field so far. It evaluates the historical development of MFC, and the emergence of different variants of MFC or MFC-associated other technologies such as sediment-microbial fuel cell (S-MFC), plant-microbial fuel cell (P-MFC), and integrated constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC). This review has assessed primary applications and challenges to overcome existing limitations for commercialization of these technologies. In addition, it further illustrates the design and potential applications of S-MFC, P-MFC, and CW-MFC. Lastly, the maturity and readiness of MFC, S-MFC, P-MFC, and CW-MFC for real-world implementation were assessed by multicriteria-based assessment. Wastewater treatment efficiency, bioelectricity generation efficiency, energy demand, cost investment, and scale-up potential were mainly considered as key criteria. Other sustainability criteria, such as life cycle and environmental impact assessments were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Ashmita Patro
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Yamini Mittal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Saurabh Dwivedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Palak Saket
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore- 453552, India
| | - Rupobrata Panja
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Tanveer Saeed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asheesh Kumar Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India; Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles 28933, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Zhang K, Cao H, Luo H, Chen W, Chen J. Enhanced MFC sensor performances and extracellular electron transport efficiency mediated by biochar and underlying biochemical mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117282. [PMID: 36706605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the application of biosensor in real-time monitoring of composite heavy metal polluted wastewater in view of the low performance of MFC sensor, this study used sodium alginate to immobilize biochar to the anode of MFC biosensor, and conducted a study on the sensor performance and related biological processes. The results showed that under the optimal HRT conditions, the output power of the MFC-sensor (BC-300) was 0.432 W/m3 after biochar modification, which was much higher than the highest power density of CG and BC-0 of 0.117 and 0.088 W/m3. The correlation coefficient was greater than that of the control group at the plating wastewater concentration of 0.1-1.0 M and had a wider detection range, and the time to recover the output voltage was 1/3 of that of the control group. The biochar significantly promoted the sensitivity, interference resistance, recovery and anti-interference performance of the MFC-sensor. The intrinsic mechanism was that the composition and structure of biochar lead to a 1.53 fold increase in the abundance of electrogenic microorganisms and the abundance of functional genes such as cytochrome c (MtrABC, CymA, Cox, etc.) and flavin (riba, Rib B, gdh, ushA, IDH, etc.) increased by about 1.03-3.20 times, which promoted the shift of electrons from intracellular to extracellular receptors and significantly improved the electron transfer and the energy metabolism efficiency. The results of this study can provide a reference for the application of MFCsensor to the detection of complex heavy metal effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, 611830, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Huiling Cao
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, 611830, PR China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, 611830, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, 611830, PR China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, 611830, PR China
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7
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Mehrpooya M, Ganjali MR, Mousavi SA, Hedayat N, Allahyarzadeh A. Comprehensive Review of Fuel-Cell-Type Sensors for Gas Detection. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrpooya
- Department of Renewable Energies and Environment, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran1439957131, Iran
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran1439957131, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran1417614411, Iran
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran1439957131, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavi
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran1439957131, Iran
| | - Nader Hedayat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio44325, United States
| | - Ali Allahyarzadeh
- Department of Renewable Energies and Environment, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran1439957131, Iran
- Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo68503, Brazil
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8
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Wang Z, Li D, Shi Y, Sun Y, Okeke SI, Yang L, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Xiao L. Recent Implementations of Hydrogel-Based Microbial Electrochemical Technologies (METs) in Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:641. [PMID: 36679438 PMCID: PMC9866333 DOI: 10.3390/s23020641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel materials have been used extensively in microbial electrochemical technology (MET) and sensor development due to their high biocompatibility and low toxicity. With an increasing demand for sensors across different sectors, it is crucial to understand the current state within the sectors of hydrogel METs and sensors. Surprisingly, a systematic review examining the application of hydrogel-based METs to sensor technologies has not yet been conducted. This review aimed to identify the current research progress surrounding the incorporation of hydrogels within METs and sensors development, with a specific focus on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The manufacturing process/cost, operational performance, analysis accuracy and stability of typical hydrogel materials in METs and sensors were summarised and analysed. The current challenges facing the technology as well as potential direction for future research were also discussed. This review will substantially promote the understanding of hydrogel materials used in METs and benefit the development of electrochemical biosensors using hydrogel-based METs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeena Wang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dunzhu Li
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yunhong Shi
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yifan Sun
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saviour I. Okeke
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yanqi Shi
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liwen Xiao
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- TrinityHaus, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Abbas SZ, Wang JY, Wang H, Wang JX, Wang YT, Yong YC. Recent advances in soil microbial fuel cells based self-powered biosensor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135036. [PMID: 35609665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The soil microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a new device that was originally designed to generate electricity from organic matter in soil using microorganisms. Currently, SMFC based biosensors are emerging as a new and promising research direction for real-time and rapid monitoring of soil quality or soil pollution. Compared to conventional biosensors, SMFC based biosensors exhibit advantages such as low-cost, simple design, in-situ, and long-term self-powering monitoring, which makes it become attractive devices for in-situ long-term soil quality or soil pollution monitoring. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SMFC based biosensors. In this review, different prototypes of SMFC based biosensors developed in recent years are introduced, the biosensing mechanisms and the roles of SMFC are highlighted, and the emerging applications of these SMFC based biosensors are discussed. Since the SMFC based biosensors are applied in open-air conditions, the effects of different environmental factors on the biosensing response are also summarized. Finally, to further expand the understanding and boost the practical application of the SMFC based biosensors, future perspectives including fundamental mechanism exploration and investigation of the full-scale application are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Xian Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
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10
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Li D, Shi Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Kehoe DK, Romeral L, Gao F, Yang L, McCurtin D, Gun’ko YK, Lyons MEG, Xiao L. Microbe-Based Sensor for Long-Term Detection of Urine Glucose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5340. [PMID: 35891020 PMCID: PMC9320042 DOI: 10.3390/s22145340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of a reusable and low-cost urine glucose sensor can benefit the screening and control of diabetes mellitus. This study focused on the feasibility of employing microbial fuel cells (MFC) as a selective glucose sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in human urine. Using MFC technology, a novel cylinder sensor (CS) was developed. It had a quick response time (100 s), a large detection range (0.3-5 mM), and excellent accuracy. More importantly, the CS could last for up to 5 months. The selectivity of the CS was validated by both synthetic and actual diabetes-negative urine samples. It was found that the CS's selectivity could be significantly enhanced by adjusting the concentration of the culture's organic matter. The CS results were comparable to those of a commercial glucose meter (recovery ranged from 93.6% to 127.9%) when the diabetes-positive urine samples were tested. Due to the multiple advantages of high stability, low cost, and high sensitivity over urine test strips, the CS provides a novel and reliable approach for continuous monitoring of urine glucose, which will benefit diabetes assessment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunzhu Li
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Yunhong Shi
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Yifan Sun
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Zeena Wang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniel K. Kehoe
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.K.K.); (L.R.); (M.E.G.L.)
| | - Luis Romeral
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.K.K.); (L.R.); (M.E.G.L.)
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
| | - David McCurtin
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yurii K. Gun’ko
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
- BEACON, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael E. G. Lyons
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.K.K.); (L.R.); (M.E.G.L.)
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Liwen Xiao
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (D.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (F.G.); (L.Y.); (D.M.)
- TrinityHaus, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Wu H, Li A, Wang J, Li X, Cui M, Yang N, Liu Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhan G. A novel electrochemical sensor based on autotropic and heterotrophic nitrifying biofilm for trichloroacetic acid toxicity monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112985. [PMID: 35192804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a toxic substance produced in the disinfection process of wastewater treatment plants, will accumulate in the receiving water. The detection of TCA in the water can achieve the purpose of early warning. However, currently there are few reports on microbial sensors used for TCA detection, and the characteristics of their microbial communities are still unclear. In this work, a toxicity monitoring microbial system (TMMS) with nitrifying biofilm as a sensing element and cathode oxygen reduction as a current signal was successfully constructed for TCA detection. The current and nitrification rate showed a linear relationship with low TCA concentration from 0 to 50 μg/L (R2current = 0.9892, R2nitrification = 0.9860), and high concentration range from 50 to 5000 μg/L (R2current = 0.9883, R2nitrification = 0.9721). High-throughput sequencing revealed that the TMMS was composed of autotrophic/heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms. Further analysis via symbiotic relationship network demonstrated that Arenimonas and Hyphomicrobium were the core nodes for maintaining interaction between autotropic and heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that after adding TCA to TMMS, the carbon metabolism and the abundance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway were reduced, and the activity of microorganisms was inhibited. TCA stress caused a low abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying functional enzymes, resulting in low oxygen consumption in the nitrification process, but more oxygen supply for cathode oxygen reduction. This work explored a novel sensor combined with electrochemistry and autotrophic/heterotrophic nitrification, which provided a new insight into the development of microbial monitoring of toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Anjie Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jingting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Mengyao Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Nuan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yiliang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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12
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Do MH, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Pandey A, Sharma P, Varjani S, Nguyen TAH, Hoang NB. A dual chamber microbial fuel cell based biosensor for monitoring copper and arsenic in municipal wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152261. [PMID: 34902426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell-based biosensor (DC-MFC-B) for monitoring copper and arsenic in municipal wastewater. Operational conditions, including pH, flow rate, a load of organic substrate and external resistance load, were optimized to improve the biosensor's sensitivity. The DC-MFC-B's toxicity response was established under the electroactive bacteria inhibition rate function to a specific heavy metal level as well as the recovery of the DC-MFC-B. Results show that the DC-MFC-B was optimized at the operating conditions of 1000 Ω external resistance, COD 300 mg L-1 and 50 mM K3Fe(CN)6 as a catholyte solution. The voltage output of the DC-MFC-B decreased with increasing in the copper and arsenic concentrations. A significant linear relationship between the maximum voltage of the biosensor and the heavy metal concentration was obtained with a coefficient of R2 = 0.989 and 0.982 for copper and arsenic, respectively. The study could detect copper (1-10 mg L-1) and arsenic (0.5-5 mg L-1) over wider range compared to other studies. The inhibition ratio for both copper and arsenic was proportional to the concentrations, indicating the electricity changes are mainly dependent on the activity of the electrogenic bacteria on the anode surface. Moreover, the DC-MFC-B was also recovered in few hours after being cleaned with a fresh medium. It was found that the concentration of the toxicant effected on the recovery time and the recovery time was varied between 4 and 12 h. In short, this work provided new avenues for the practical application of microbial fuel cells as a heavy metal biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Hang Do
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology 12Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Thi An Hang Nguyen
- Vietnam National University, Vietnam - Japan University, Nam Tu Liem Dist., Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Bich Hoang
- NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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13
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Kumar T, Naik S, Jujjavarappu SE. A critical review on early-warning electrochemical system on microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for on-site water quality monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133098. [PMID: 34848233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensor is a very promising self-powered self-sustainable system for early warning water quality detection. These sensors are cost-effective, biodegradable, compact in design, and portable in nature are favorable for real-time in situ water quality monitoring. This review represents the mechanism action behind the toxicity detection, optimization strategies, process parameters, role of biofilm, the role of external resistance, hydrodynamic study, and mathematical modeling for improving the performance of the sensor. Additionally, the techno-economic prospect of this MFC-based sensor and its challenges, limitations are addressed to make it economically more favorable for commercial use. The future direction is also explored based on the sensor's disadvantages and limitations. Comprehensively, this review covered all the possible directions of MFC sensor fabrication, their application, recent advancement, prospects challenges, and their possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukendra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
| | - Sweta Naik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
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14
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Nguyen HUD, Nguyen DT, Taguchi K. A compact, membrane-less, easy-to-use soil microbial fuel cell: Generating electricity from household rice washing wastewater. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Chu N, Cai J, Li Z, Gao Y, Liang Q, Hao W, Liu P, Jiang Y, Zeng RJ. Indicators of water biotoxicity obtained from turn-off microbial electrochemical sensors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131725. [PMID: 34352539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of biosensors is critical to reducing potential risks associated with contamination accidents. However, the application of microbial electrochemical sensors for water biotoxicity monitoring is hampered by the lack of an indicator with high response magnitudes. In this study, microbial electrochemical sensors were fabricated with interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs), and indicators from various electrochemical analyses were comprehensively investigated. Only the peak of cyclic voltammetry (CV) was highly linearly correlated with the commonly used current indicator during the enrichment of the electroactive biofilm. The resistance fitted from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data provided a comparable and even higher inhibition ratio (IR) than the current during toxicity assessments. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) did not exhibit a higher sensitivity than the CV peak. However, no clear response was observed in the real-time impedance analysis for use in water biotoxicity monitoring. Most of the microbes were in the propidium iodide (PI)-permeable state after the toxicity assessments, although the current was fully recovered. This study demonstrates the potential to use EIS data as indicators of water biotoxicity using microbial electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jiayi Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qinjun Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wen Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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16
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Chu N, Liang Q, Hao W, Jiang Y, Zeng RJ. Micro-microbial electrochemical sensor equipped with combined bioanode and biocathode for water biotoxicity monitoring. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124743. [PMID: 33503515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost biosensors for water monitoring is expected to reduce potential risks from contamination accidents. This study reported a novel micro-microbial electrochemical sensor using combined bioanode and biocathode as the sensing element, characterized by a sequential flowing membrane-free channel and a bilateral passive oxygen supply. A decrease in the ratio of number of bioanode to biocathode resulted in a lower power generation, whereas, achieving a similar or even higher toxic response. The voltage was affected by both the flow rate and the acetate concentration. With the increased acetate concentration, a clear trade-off was observed between the electroactivity stimulation of bioanode vs. the electroactivity maintenance of biocathode. Biosensors made good response to the injection of formaldehyde (10 µL of 0.25%, and 100 µL of 0.025%) into the inlet. A high microbial diversity was observed. This work can lead to a revolutionizing way of water monitoring using self-powered micro-biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qinjun Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wen Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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17
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Ali Q, Ahmar S, Sohail MA, Kamran M, Ali M, Saleem MH, Rizwan M, Ahmed AM, Mora-Poblete F, do Amaral Júnior AT, Mubeen M, Ali S. Research advances and applications of biosensing technology for the diagnosis of pathogens in sustainable agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9002-9019. [PMID: 33464530 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases significantly impact the global economy, and plant pathogenic microorganisms such as nematodes, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and viroids may be the etiology for most infectious diseases. In agriculture, the development of disease-free plants is an important strategy for the determination of the survival and productivity of plants in the field. This article reviews biosensor methods of disease detection that have been used effectively in other fields, and these methods could possibly transform the production methods of the agricultural industry. The precise identification of plant pathogens assists in the assessment of effective management steps for minimization of production loss. The new plant pathogen detection methods include evaluation of signs of disease, detection of cultured organisms, or direct examination of contaminated tissues through molecular and serological techniques. Laboratory-based approaches are costly and time-consuming and require specialized skills. The conclusions of this review also indicate that there is an urgent need for the establishment of a reliable, fast, accurate, responsive, and cost-effective testing method for the detection of field plants at early stages of growth. We also summarized new emerging biosensor technologies, including isothermal amplification, detection of nanomaterials, paper-based techniques, robotics, and lab-on-a-chip analytical devices. However, these constitute novelty in the research and development of approaches for the early diagnosis of pathogens in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mohsin Ali
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Hamzah Saleem
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Agha Mushtaque Ahmed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Hyderabad, Sindh, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Freddy Mora-Poblete
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, 2 Norte 685, 3460000, Talca, Chile.
| | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Júnior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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