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Ohoro CR, Wepener V. Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22142. [PMID: 38045185 PMCID: PMC10692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely used in agriculture and industry, causing serious health and ecological consequences upon exposure. This review offers a thorough overview of OCPs analysis emphasizing the necessity of ongoing work to enhance the identification and monitoring of these POPs in environmental and human samples. The benefits and drawbacks of the various OCPs analysis techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are discussed. Challenges associated with validation and optimization criteria, including accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), must be met for a method to be regarded as accurate and reliable. Suitable quality control measures, such as method blanks and procedural blanks, are emphasized. The LOD and LOQ are critical quality control measure for efficient quantification of these compounds, and researchers have explored various techniques for their calculation. Matrix interference, solubility, volatility, and partition coefficient influence OCPs occurrences and are discussed in this review. Validation experiments, as stated by European Commission in document SANTE/11813/2017, showed that the acceptance criteria for method validation of OCP analytes include ≤20 % for high precision, and 70-120 % for recovery. This may ultimately be vital for determining the human health risk effects of exposure to OCP and for formulating sensible environmental and public health regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Reiber L, Knillmann S, Kaske O, Atencio LC, Bittner L, Albrecht JE, Götz A, Fahl AK, Beckers LM, Krauss M, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW, Inostroza PA, Schinkel L, Brauns M, Weitere M, Brack W, Liess M. Long-term effects of a catastrophic insecticide spill on stream invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144456. [PMID: 33453533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accidental spills or illegal discharges of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems can lead to exposure levels that strongly exceed authorized pesticide concentrations, causing major impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Such short-term events often remain undetected in regular monitoring programs with infrequent sampling. In early spring 2015, we identified a catastrophic pesticide spill with the insecticide cypermethrin in the Holtemme River, Germany. Based on existing pre-event macroinvertebrate community data, we monitored the effects and recovery of the macroinvertebrate community for more than two years after the spill. Strong short-term effects were apparent for all taxa with the exception of Chironomidae and Tubificidae. Effects could also be observed on the community level as total abundance, taxa number and biomass strongly decreased. Total abundance and taxa number showed a fast recovery. Regarding long-term effects, the total biomass remained substantially below the pre-contamination level (76%) until the end of the study. Also the abundances of three taxa (Gammarus, Leuctra, Limnius Ad.) did not return to levels prior to the spill even after 26 months. This lack of the taxon-specific recovery was likely due to their long generation time and a low migration ability due to a restricted connectivity between the contaminated site and uncontaminated stream sections. These factors proved to be stronger predictors for the recovery than the pesticide tolerance. We revealed that the biological indicators SPEARpesticides and share of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) are not suitable for the identification of such extreme events, when nearly all taxa are eradicated. Both indicators are functioning only when repeated stressors initiate long-term competitive replacement of sensitive by insensitive taxa. We conclude that pesticide spills can have significant long-term effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities. Regular ecological monitoring is imperative to identify such ecosystem impairments, combined with analytical chemistry methods to identify the potential sources of spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Reiber
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Saskia Knillmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaske
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Liseth C Atencio
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Bittner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia E Albrecht
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Astrid Götz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Technical University of Munich - TUM, Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Mühlenweg 22, 85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Fahl
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Liza-Marie Beckers
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich - TUM, Research Department Biosciences, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Pedro A Inostroza
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Schinkel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research & Technology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mario Brauns
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Weitere
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Liess
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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