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Mastella MH, Roggia I, Turra BO, de Afonso Bonotto NC, Teixeira CF, Pulcinelli DLF, Meira GM, Azzolin VF, de Morais-Pinto L, Barbisan F, da Cruz IBM. The Protective Effect of Lithium Against Rotenone may be Evolutionarily Conserved: Evidence from Eisenia fetida, a Primitive Animal with a Ganglionic Brain. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3538-3559. [PMID: 37526866 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress is a non-adaptive situation that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide anion (SA). This accumulation of ROS produces damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate chronic inflammatory states and behavioral changes found in several mood disorders. In a previous study, we observed that an imbalance of SA triggered by rotenone (Ro) exposure caused evolutionarily conserved oxi-inflammatory disturbances and behavioral changes in Eisenia fetida earthworms. These results supported our hypothesis that SA imbalance triggered by Ro exposure could be attenuated by lithium carbonate (LC), which has anti-inflammatory properties. The initial protocol exposed earthworms to Ro (30 nM) and four different LC concentrations. LC at a concentration of 12.85 mg/L decreased SA and nitric oxide (NO) levels and was chosen to perform complementary assays: (1) neuromuscular damage evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (2) innate immune inefficiency by analysis of Eisenia spp. extracellular neutrophil traps (eNETs), and (3) behavioral changes. Gene expression was also evaluated involving mitochondrial (COII, ND1), inflammatory (EaTLR, AMP), and neuronal transmission (nAchR α5). LC attenuated the high melanized deposits in the circular musculature, fiber disarrangement, destruction of secretory glands, immune inefficiency, and impulsive behavior pattern triggered by Ro exposure. However, the effects of LC and Ro on gene expression were more heterogeneous. In summary, SA imbalance, potentially associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, appears to be an evolutionary component triggering oxidative, inflammatory, and behavioral changes observed in psychiatric disorders that are inhibited by LC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Henrique Mastella
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Roggia
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cardoso de Afonso Bonotto
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Teixeira
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Luisa Filipetto Pulcinelli
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Moro Meira
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Farina Azzolin
- Center for Research, Teaching and Technological Development (Gerontec/FUnATI), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Anatomical Design Laboratory, Morphology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Henrique Mastella M, Roggia I, Osmarin Turra B, Ferreira Teixeira C, Elias Assmann C, de Morais-Pinto L, Vidal T, Melazzo C, Emílio da Cruz Jung I, Barbisan F, Beatrice Mânica da Cruz I. Superoxide-imbalance pharmacologically induced by rotenone triggers behavioral, neural, and inflammatory alterations in the Eisenia fetida earthworm. Neuroscience 2022; 502:25-40. [PMID: 36058342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction and a superoxide imbalance could increase susceptibility to chronic stressful events, contributing to the establishment of chronic inflammation and the development of mood disorders. The mitochondrial superoxide imbalance induced by some molecules, such as rotenone, could be evolutionarily conserved, causing behavioral, immune, and neurological alterations in animals with a primitive central nervous system. OBJECTIVE Behavioral, immune, and histological markers were analyzed in Eisenia fetida earthworms chronically exposed to rotenone for 14 days. METHODS Earthworms were placed in artificial soil containing 30 nM of rotenone distributed into a plastic cup that allowed the earthworms to leave and return freely into the ground. Since these organisms prefer to be buried, the model predicted that the earthworms would necessarily have to return to the rotenone-contaminated medium, creating a stressful condition. The effect on survival behavior in the immune and histological body wall and ventral nervous ganglia (VNG) structures, as well as gene expression related to inflammation and mitochondrial and neuromuscular changes. RESULTS Rotenone-induced loss of earthworm escape behavior and immune alterations indicated a chronic inflammatory state. Some histological changes in the body wall and VNG indicated a possible earthworm reaction aimed at protecting against rotenone. Overexpression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene (nAChR α5) in neural tissues could also help earthworms reduce the degenerative effects of rotenone on dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSION These data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction could be an evolutionarily conserved element that induces inflammatory and behavioral changes related to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Henrique Mastella
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Isabel Roggia
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Teixeira
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Anatomical Design Laboratory, Morphology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Taís Vidal
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ivo Emílio da Cruz Jung
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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