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Xu H, Chen Y, Yang D, Wang H, Tang Z, Dai X, Chen H. Improved microalgae growth and lipid production in anaerobic digestate with ultraviolet radiation pretreatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171339. [PMID: 38428595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Inappropriate sterilization strategies inhibit microalgal growth when culturing microalgae with anaerobic digestate. This study aimed to scientifically select a low-cost disinfection pretreatment of anaerobic digestate for large-scale microalgae cultivations. In this work, three different methods, including autoclaving, ultraviolet or NaClO treatments, were employed to sterilize the municipal anaerobic digestate. Scenedesmus quadricauda was then cultured in diluted liquid digestate for the simultaneous lipid production and nutrient removal. The results indicated that the growth of S. quadricauda was inhibited after NaClO treatment due to the residual free chlorine. The 15-min ultraviolet effectively mitigated microbial contamination and increasing nutrient availability, enhancing the electron transport of microalgal photosynthesis. After 6-days cultivation, the microalgal biomass concentration of the ultraviolet group was 1.09 g/L, comparable to that of the autoclaving group (1.15 g/L). High nutrient removal efficiency was observed: COD (93.30 %), NH4+-N (92.56 %), TN (85.82 %) and TP (95.12 %). Moreover, S. quadricauda outcompeted the indigenous microorganisms, contributing to its dominance in the culture system of ultraviolet group. The facultative anaerobe Comamonadaceae and aerobes Moraxellaceae, rather than strict anaerobe Paludibacteraceae and Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17, played vital roles in synergistic removal of contaminants by bacteria and algae. The potential competition for nitrogen and phosphorus by bacteria contributed to the ultraviolet group having the greatest lipid content (48.19 %). Therefore, this work suggested using 15-min ultraviolet treatment for anaerobic digestate in large-scale microalgae cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Donghai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Elaouni A, El Ouardi M, BaQais A, Arab M, Saadi M, Ait Ahsaine H. Bismuth tungstate Bi 2WO 6: a review on structural, photophysical and photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17476-17494. [PMID: 37304811 PMCID: PMC10252501 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the recent trends in bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) research, covering its structural, electrical, photoluminescent, and photocatalytic properties. The structural characteristics of bismuth tungstate are explored in detail, including its different allotropic crystal structures with respect to its isotypic materials. The electrical properties of bismuth tungstate, such as its conductivity and electron mobility, are also discussed, along with its photoluminescent properties. The photocatalytic activity of bismuth tungstate is a particular focus, with recent advances in doping and co-doping strategies with metals, rare earth and other elements summarized. The limitations and challenges of using bismuth tungstate as a photocatalyst are also examined, such as its low quantum efficiency and susceptibility to photodegradation. Finally, recommendations for future research directions are provided, including the need for further studies on the underlying mechanisms of photocatalytic activity, the development of more efficient and stable bismuth tungstate-based photocatalysts, and the exploration of new applications in fields such as water treatment and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Elaouni
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
| | - M El Ouardi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
- Université de Toulon, AMU, CNRS, IM2NP CS 60584 Toulon Cedex 9 F-83041 France
| | - A BaQais
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University P. O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
| | - M Arab
- Université de Toulon, AMU, CNRS, IM2NP CS 60584 Toulon Cedex 9 F-83041 France
| | - M Saadi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
| | - H Ait Ahsaine
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat Morocco
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Ameen F, Dawoud T, Alabdullatif J, Arif I. CO 2 sequestration and biodiesel production from Volvox aureus a newly isolated green microalgal species from industrial wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115251. [PMID: 36657592 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, large-scale biofuel production is mainly dependent on third-generation feedstock, especially microalgae. Since most microalgae can sequester carbon dioxide and utilize it for the enhancement of their growth parameter. In the present study, CO2 sequestration and Biodiesel production from Volvox aureus a newly isolated green microalgal species from industrial wastewater. Volvox aureus was isolated from the wastewater sample collected from the sewage treatment plant. The isolated V.aureus was grown in the BBM culture containing excess nutrients along with Artificial CO2 supply to the bioreactor. The addition of an external carbon dioxide source enhanced the total lipid content by up to 27.95%. Further, the lipid was extracted using soxhlet extraction from the isolated microalgal biomass. The extracted lipid was converted into biodiesel using a base catalyst potassium hydroxide. The produced biodiesel was analyzed to test their fuel properties and compared with the diesel standard. This study approach investigated the potential of a future possible environmental pollution reduction and significant potential for a viable biofuel production from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turki Dawoud
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamelah Alabdullatif
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Arif
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Zagorskis A, Dauknys R, Pranskevičius M, Khliestova O. Research on Biogas Yield from Macroalgae with Inoculants at Different Organic Loading Rates in a Three-Stage Bioreactor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:969. [PMID: 36673724 PMCID: PMC9859355 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae can be a viable alternative to replace fossil fuels that have a negative impact on the environment. By mixing macroalgae with other substrates, higher quality biogas can be obtained. Such biogas is considered one of the most promising solutions for reducing climate change. In the work, new studies were conducted, during which biogas yield was investigated in a three-stage bioreactor (TSB) during the anaerobic digestion of Cladophora glomerata macroalgae with inoculants from cattle manure and sewage sludge at different organic loading rates (OLR). By choosing the optimal OLR in this way, the goal was to increase the energy potential of biomass. The research was performed at OLRs of 2.87, 4.06, and 8.13 Kg VS/m3 d. After conducting research, the highest biogas yield was determined when OLR was 2.87 Kg VS/m3 d. With this OLR, the average biogas yield was 439.0 ± 4.0 L/Kg VSadded, and the methane yield was 306.5 ± 9.2 L CH4/Kg VSadded. After increasing the OLR to 4.06 and 8.13 Kg VS/m3 d, the yield of biogas and methane decreased by 1.55 times. The higher yield was due to better decomposition of elements C, N, H, and S during the fermentation process when OLR was 2.87 Kg VS/m3 d. At different OLRs, the methane concentration remained high and varied from 68% to 80%. The highest biomass energy potential with a value of 3.05 kWh/Kg VSadded was determined when the OLR was 2.87 Kg VS/m3 d. This biomass energy potential was determined by the high yield of biogas and methane in TSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvydas Zagorskis
- Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Regimantas Dauknys
- Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Pranskevičius
- Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Olha Khliestova
- Department of Primary Science Institute of Modern Technologies, Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 87555 Mariupol, Ukraine
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Chen X, Yu G, Chen Y, Tang S, Su Y. Cow Dung-Based Biochar Materials Prepared via Mixed Base and Its Application in the Removal of Organic Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710094. [PMID: 36077497 PMCID: PMC9456264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow dung (CD) is a waste product of livestock production. Improper disposal of a large amount of CD will cause environmental pollution. In this work, three biochar materials based on CD (BMCD) were prepared by using three types of base, including KOH, NaOH, and mixed base (MB, a mixture of equal mass NaOH and KOH) as activators to investigate the different physicochemical properties of BMCDs (BMCD-K, BMCD-Na, and BMCD-MB). The objective was to verify the effectiveness of MB activation in the preparation of biochar materials. The results show that MB has an effect on the structural characteristics of BMCDs. In particular, the surface area and total pore volume, the specific surface area, and the total pore volume of BMCD-MB (4081.1 m2 g−1 and 3.0118 cm3 g−1) are significantly larger than those of BMCD-K (1784.6 m2 g−1 and 1.1142 cm3 g−1) and BMCD-Na (1446.1 m2 g−1 and 1.0788 cm3 g−1). While synthetic dye rhodamine B (RhB) and antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) were selected as organic pollutant models to explore the adsorption performances, the maximum adsorption capacities of BMCD-K, BMCD-NA and BMCD-MB were 951, 770, and 1241 mg g−1 for RhB, 975, 1051, and 1105 mg g−1 for TH, respectively, which were higher than those of most adsorbents. This study demonstrated that MB can be used as an effective activator for the preparation of biochar materials with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Gengxin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuanhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yingjie Su
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence:
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Ramaswamy J, Solaiappan V, Albasher G, Alamri O, Alsultan N, Sathiasivan K. Process optimization of struvite recovered from slaughterhouse wastewater and its fertilizing efficacy in amendment of biofertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113011. [PMID: 35288154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensive discharge of slaughterhouse waste into water bodies increases Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) in the wastewater and leads to various environmental problems. On the other hand, the increasing treatment effort after the extraction of these valuable nutrients in the commercial fertilizer reduces the dependence on scarce phosphate resources. The viable solution is to recover N, P as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) from nutrient rich waste water as a small scale treatment unit application. The main parameters that have a significant impact on the process, including pH, Mg: P ratio, and precipitation time, were investigated from slaughterhouse wastewater using a central composite design and the experimental data's were statistically analysed. The results indicated that pH and Mg/P ratio level had a significant impact and thus 85% struvite precipitation efficiency was achieved at 9.6 pH and 1.5 dose mol ratio (mol Mg per mol P), in an inexpensive, stirred tank batch reactor with a retention time of 70 min. The fertilization efficiency was tested on the growth of Solanum melongena L with the obtained struvite and the integration of struvite with the Azospirullum rhizobium and Bacillus megaterium. Treatment of struvite, struvite with Azospirillum rhizobium and Bacillus megaterium increased growth parameters by 10%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, over control. The assessment of growth factors showed the most amazing number of fruits, shoots, and root length in a standard ratio of 60:40 of struvite to bio-inoculants compared to sole struvite fertilizer. Findings of this study would be beneficial to determine the feasibility of slaughterhouse waste as a phosphorus source for struvite recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyalakshmi Ramaswamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of E & T, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishali Solaiappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of E & T, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gadah Albasher
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Alamri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alsultan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Kiruthika Sathiasivan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of E & T, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Comparative adsorptive behaviour of cow dung ash and starch as potential eco-friendly matrices for controlled organophosphorus pesticides delivery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11169. [PMID: 35778601 PMCID: PMC9249786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The work reported herein explores the viability of cow dung ash (CDA) as a matrix for controlled pesticide delivery, by comparing its adsorptive characteristics towards two organophosphorus pesticides with those of starch, conventionally utilized in designing controlled pesticide delivery systems. CDA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Data for pesticide adsorption on the surfaces correlate well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the former isotherm giving a slightly better fit (R2 ≥ 0.90) than the latter (R2 ≥ 0.81). Values of the adsorption parameters KL and RL indicate favourable pesticide adsorption on both surfaces. Desorption is the microscopic reverse of adsorption; both processes obey pseudo-second-order kinetics. The implication of this kinetic form is a mechanism in which adsorbate diffusion to the polymer surface and its transport into the polymer interior are important events. The isothermal and kinetic ratios, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{K_{L}^{CDA} }}{{K_{L}^{Starch} }} = 3.8$$\end{document}KLCDAKLStarch=3.8 and 4.0, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{k_{2}^{CDA} }}{{k_{2}^{Starch} }} = 1.3$$\end{document}k2CDAk2Starch=1.3 and 0.6, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{k_{ - 2}^{CDA} }}{{k_{ - 2}^{Starch} }} = 5.2$$\end{document}k-2CDAk-2Starch=5.2 and 1.0 at pH 7.0 and 27 °C, compare the adsorptive behaviour of diazinon and dichlorvos, respectively, on CDA and starch. These parameters are of the same order of magnitude, signalling that CDA is as potentially viable as starch for use as a matrix for pesticide-controlled delivery.
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Dayana Priyadharshini S, Suresh Babu P, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N. Phycoremediation of wastewater for pollutant removal: A green approach to environmental protection and long-term remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117989. [PMID: 34433126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface and water bodies in many parts of the world are affected due to eutrophication, contamination and depletion. The approach of wastewater treatment using algae for eliminating nutrients and other pollutants from domestic wastewater is growing interest among the researchers. However, sustainable treatment of the wastewater is considered to be important in establishing more effective nutrient and pollutant reduction using algal systems. In comparison to the conventional method of remediation, there are opportunities to commercially viable businesses interest with phycoremediation, thus by achieving cost reductions and renewable bioenergy options. Phycoremediation is an intriguing stage for treating wastewater since it provides tertiary bio-treatment while producing potentially valuable biomass that may be used for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the phycoremediation provides the ability to remove heavy metals as well as harmful organic substances, without producing secondary contamination. In this review, the role of microalgae in treating different wastewaters and the process parameters affecting the treatment and future scope of research have been discussed. Though several algae are employed for wastewater treatment, species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus are extensively utilized. Interestingly, there is a vast scope for employing algal species with high flocculation capacity and adsorption mechanisms for the elimination of microplastics. In addition, the algal biomass generated during phycoremediation has been found to possess high protein and lipid contents, promising their exploitation in biofuel, food and animal feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Suresh Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Moretta F, Rizzo E, Manenti F, Bozzano G. Enhancement of anaerobic digestion digital twin through aerobic simulation and kinetic optimization for co-digestion scenarios. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125845. [PMID: 34467892 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An upgraded digital twin of the Anaerobic Digestion Model 1 is proposed to enhance its industrial applicability and range of use. Through the optimization and generalization of kinetic coefficients toward co-digestion reactors simulation and insertion of new equations for the complete biokinetics modeling of H2S, the proposed model can predict more precisely the exiting biogas fractions comprehensive of H2S and O2 without any parametric adjustment. Moreover, it is proposed a new function representing the oxygen-methanogens. The model has been validated through the comparison with other literature models and with experimental data coming both from the literature and from an industrial plant. The comparisons show its flexibility and industrial applicability. Finally, an optimization of the methane content through oxygen rate adjustment is proposed, increasing CH4 content of 4%vol. The mathematical model has been built using Python™, which makes it easily spreadable and usable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Moretta
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ''Giulio Natta", Center for Sustainable Process Engineering Research (SuPER), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Rizzo
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ''Giulio Natta", Center for Sustainable Process Engineering Research (SuPER), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Flavio Manenti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ''Giulio Natta", Center for Sustainable Process Engineering Research (SuPER), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Bozzano
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ''Giulio Natta", Center for Sustainable Process Engineering Research (SuPER), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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