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Katoch A, Abbass M, Chen YW, Ho TPT, Fan CF, Cheng YH. Applying the total carbon-black carbon approach method to investigate the characteristics of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in ambient PM 2.5 in northern Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 936:173476. [PMID: 38788950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) comprises a diverse array of carbonaceous species, and the impact of carbonaceous aerosols (CA) extends to both long-term and short-term effects on human health and the environment. Understanding the distinctive composition of CA is crucial for gaining insights into the origins of airborne particulate matter. Due to their diverse physicochemical properties and intricate heterogeneous reactions, CA often exhibits temporal and spatial variations. Ground-based and highly time-resolved apportionment methods play a vital role in discerning CA emissions. This study utilized high-time resolution data of total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC) for CA apportionment in northern Taiwan. The advanced numerical model (TC-BC(λ)), coupled with continuous measurement data, facilitated CA allocation based on optical absorption characteristics, organic or elemental carbon composition, and the distinction between primary and secondary origins. Primary carbonaceous aerosols dominated the monitoring site, accounting for 67.5 % compared to the 32.5 % contribution from secondary forms of CA. The summer season exhibited a maximum increase in secondary organic aerosols (SOA) at 41.5 %. Diurnal variations for primary emissions, such as BCc and primary organic aerosols (POA), showed marked peaks for BCff and POAnon-abs during morning rush hours. In contrast, BCbb and POABrC displayed bimodal peaks with increased concentrations during evening hours. Conversely, SOA exhibited significantly different diurnal trends, with SOABrC peaking late at night due to aqueous phased reactions and a noontime peak of SOAnon-abs observed due to photo-oxidation processes. Furthermore, the study employed backward trajectory analysis and concentration-weighted trajectories (CWTs) to examine the long-range transport of CA, identifying potential sources, origins, and transport patterns of CA components to the receptor site in Taiwan during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Katoch
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Muneer Abbass
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Ho
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Fan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan.
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Wu CD, Zhu JJ, Hsu CY, Shie RH. Quantifying source contributions to ambient NH 3 using Geo-AI with time lag and parcel tracking functions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108520. [PMID: 38412565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ammonia (NH3) plays an important compound in forming particulate matters (PMs), and therefore, it is crucial to comprehend NH3's properties in order to better reduce PMs. However, it is not easy to achieve this goal due to the limited range/real-time NH3 data monitored by the air quality stations. While there were other studies to predict NH3 and its source apportionment, this manuscript provides a novel method (i.e., GEO-AI)) to look into NH3 predictions and their contribution sources. This study represents a pioneering effort in the application of a novel geospatial-artificial intelligence (Geo-AI) base model with parcel tracking functions. This innovative approach seamlessly integrates various machine learning algorithms and geographic predictor variables to estimate NH3 concentrations, marking the first instance of such a comprehensive methodology. The Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) was used to further analyze source contribution of NH3 with domain knowledge. From 2016 to 2018, Taichung's hourly average NH3 values were predicted with total variance up to 96%. SHAP values revealed that waterbody, traffic and agriculture emissions were the most significant factors to affect NH3 concentrations in Taichung among all the characteristics. Our methodology is a vital first step for shaping future policies and regulations and is adaptable to regions with limited monitoring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Chin-Yu Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ruei-Hao Shie
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, 321 Guangfu Road, East District, Hsinchu City 30011, Taiwan
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Fung PL, Savadkoohi M, Zaidan MA, Niemi JV, Timonen H, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X, Hussein T, Petäjä T. Constructing transferable and interpretable machine learning models for black carbon concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108449. [PMID: 38286044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has received increasing attention from researchers due to its adverse health effects. However, in-situ BC measurements are often not included as a regulated variable in air quality monitoring networks. Machine learning (ML) models have been studied extensively to serve as virtual sensors to complement the reference instruments. This study evaluates and compares three white-box (WB) and four black-box (BB) ML models to estimate BC concentrations, with the focus to show their transferability and interpretability. We train the models with the long-term air pollutant and weather measurements in Barcelona urban background site, and test them in other European urban and traffic sites. Despite the difference in geographical locations and measurement sites, BC correlates the strongest with particle number concentration of accumulation mode (PNacc, r = 0.73-0.85) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2, r = 0.68-0.85) and the weakest with meteorological parameters. Due to its similarity of correlation behaviour, the ML models trained in Barcelona performs prominently at the traffic site in Helsinki (R2 = 0.80-0.86; mean absolute error MAE = 3.90-4.73 %) and at the urban background site in Dresden (R2 = 0.79-0.84; MAE = 4.23-4.82 %). WB models appear to explain less variability of BC than BB models, long short-term memory (LSTM) model of which outperforms the rest of the models. In terms of interpretability, we adopt several methods for individual model to quantify and normalize the relative importance of each input feature. The overall static relative importance commonly used for WB models demonstrate varying results from the dynamic values utilized to show local contribution used for BB models. PNacc and NO2 on average have the strongest absolute static contribution; however, they simultaneously impact the estimation positively and negatively at different sites. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the possibility of these interpretable air pollutant ML models to be transfered across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain.
| | - Martha Arbayani Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki FI-00066, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
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Li Y, Sha Z, Tang A, Goulding K, Liu X. The application of machine learning to air pollution research: A bibliometric analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114911. [PMID: 37154080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is an advanced computer algorithm that simulates the human learning process to solve problems. With an explosion of monitoring data and the increasing demand for fast and accurate prediction, ML models have been rapidly developed and applied in air pollution research. In order to explore the status of ML applications in air pollution research, a bibliometric analysis was made based on 2962 articles published from 1990 to 2021. The number of publications increased sharply after 2017, comprising approximately 75% of the total. Institutions in China and United States contributed half of all publications with most research being conducted by individual groups rather than global collaborations. Cluster analysis revealed four main research topics for the application of ML: chemical characterization of pollutants, short-term forecasting, detection improvement and optimizing emission control. The rapid development of ML algorithms has increased the capability to explore the chemical characteristics of multiple pollutants, analyze chemical reactions and their driving factors, and simulate scenarios. Combined with multi-field data, ML models are a powerful tool for analyzing atmospheric chemical processes and evaluating the management of air quality and deserve greater attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhipeng Sha
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aohan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Li L, Liu M, Qi Y, Zhang G, Yu R. Spatiotemporal variations and relationships of absorbing aerosol-radiation-gross primary productivity over China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:169. [PMID: 36451005 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-load carbonaceous and dust aerosols can significantly reduce direct radiation (DIRR), which would affect photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, thereby further affecting the productivity of vegetation. Based on this, a variety of remote sensing data were used to study the spatiotemporal distributions and changing tendencies of the absorbing aerosols, CO, DIRR, and gross primary productivity (GPP) in China during 2005-2019; then, the relationships were analyzed between different types of absorbing aerosols and DIRR as well as GPP. The results showed that the annual mean absorbing aerosols index (AAI) in China during 2005-2019 was 0.39, with a slow growth rate of 0.02 year-1, and the emission of CO showed a decreasing trend with each passing year, especially in North China Plain and Sichuan Basin. Carbonaceous and dust aerosols were predominantly bounded by Hu line. The east of Hu line was the dominant area of carbonaceous aerosols, and the west of Hu line was the topographical region of dust aerosols. Near the Hu line was the dominant area of carbonaceous-dust aerosols. However, the Karamay-Urumqi-Hami area and Northeast China Plain were exceptional. During the vegetation growing season, different types of absorbing aerosols significantly negatively affected GPP. From a perspective of regional scale variation pattern, the negative effect of absorbing aerosols on vegetation productivity was the most significant in Northeast China; from the perspective of the effects of different vegetation types, the negative effect of absorbing aerosols on grasslands was greater than that of woodlands; from the perspective of the composition characteristics of aerosols, the negative effect of dust aerosols on GPP was greater than that of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Minxia Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yuhan Qi
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guojuan Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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Organic and Elemental Carbon in the Urban Background in an Eastern Mediterranean City. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is an important area for air pollution as it is the crossroads between three continents; therefore, the concentrations of atmospheric aerosol particles are influenced by emissions from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Here we concentrate on an eleven-month time series of the ambient concentration of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) between May 2018–March 2019 in Amman, Jordan. Such a dataset is unique in Jordan. The results show that the OC and EC annual mean concentrations in PM2.5 samples were 5.9 ± 2.8 µg m–3 and 1.7 ± 1.1 µg m–3, respectively. It was found that the majority of OC and EC concentrations were within the fine particle fraction (PM2.5). During sand and dust storm (SDS) episodes OC and EC concentrations were higher than the annual means; the mean values during these periods were about 9.6 ± 3.5 µg m–3 and 2.5 ± 1.2 µg m–3 in the PM2.5 samples. Based on this, the SDS episodes were identified to be responsible for an increased carbonaceous aerosol content as well as PM2.5 and PM10 content, which may have direct implications on human health. This study encourages us to perform more extensive measurements during a longer time period and to include an advanced chemical and physical characterization for urban aerosols in the urban atmosphere of Amman, which can be representative of other urban areas in the region.
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7
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Zhong S, Zhang K, Bagheri M, Burken JG, Gu A, Li B, Ma X, Marrone BL, Ren ZJ, Schrier J, Shi W, Tan H, Wang T, Wang X, Wong BM, Xiao X, Yu X, Zhu JJ, Zhang H. Machine Learning: New Ideas and Tools in Environmental Science and Engineering. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12741-12754. [PMID: 34403250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in both the quantity and complexity of data that are being generated daily in the field of environmental science and engineering (ESE) demands accompanied advancement in data analytics. Advanced data analysis approaches, such as machine learning (ML), have become indispensable tools for revealing hidden patterns or deducing correlations for which conventional analytical methods face limitations or challenges. However, ML concepts and practices have not been widely utilized by researchers in ESE. This feature explores the potential of ML to revolutionize data analysis and modeling in the ESE field, and covers the essential knowledge needed for such applications. First, we use five examples to illustrate how ML addresses complex ESE problems. We then summarize four major types of applications of ML in ESE: making predictions; extracting feature importance; detecting anomalies; and discovering new materials or chemicals. Next, we introduce the essential knowledge required and current shortcomings in ML applications in ESE, with a focus on three important but often overlooked components when applying ML: correct model development, proper model interpretation, and sound applicability analysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and future opportunities in the application of ML tools in ESE to highlight the potential of ML in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Majid Bagheri
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Joel G Burken
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - April Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Baikun Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Babetta L Marrone
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Joshua Schrier
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, The Bronx, New York 10458 United States
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Haoyue Tan
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Tianbao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bryan M Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521 United States
| | - Xusheng Xiao
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xiong Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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