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Mondellini S, Schwarzer M, Völkl M, Jasinski J, Jérôme V, Scheibel T, Laforsch C, Freitag R. Size dependent uptake and trophic transfer of polystyrene microplastics in unicellular freshwater eukaryotes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172470. [PMID: 38621530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) have become a well-known and widely investigated environmental pollutant. Despite the huge amount of new studies investigating the potential threat posed by MP, the possible uptake and trophic transfer in lower trophic levels of freshwater ecosystems remains understudied. This study aims to investigate the internalization and potential trophic transfer of fluorescent polystyrene (PS) beads (0.5 μm, 3.6 × 108 particles/mL; 6 μm, 2.1 × 105 particles/mL) and fragments (<30 μm, 5 × 103 particles/mL) in three unicellular eukaryotes. This study focuses on the size-dependent uptake of MP by two freshwater Ciliophora, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Paramecium caudatum and one Amoebozoa, Amoeba proteus, serving also as predator for experiments on potential trophic transfer. Size-dependent uptake of MP in all three unicellular eukaryotes was shown. P. caudatum is able to take up MP fragments up to 27.7 μm, while T. pyriformis ingests particles up to 10 μm. In A. proteus, small MP (PS0.5μm and PS6μm) were taken up via pinocytosis and were detected in the cytoplasm for up to 14 days after exposure. Large PS-MP (PS<30μm) were detected in A. proteus only after predation on MP-fed Ciliophora. These results indicate that A. proteus ingests larger MP via predation on Ciliophora (PS<30μm), which would not be taken up otherwise. This study shows trophic transfer of MP at the base of the aquatic food web and serves as basis to study the impact of MP in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mondellini
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Völkl
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Jasinski
- Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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2
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Ebbesen LG, Strange MV, Gunaalan K, Paulsen ML, Herrera A, Nielsen TG, Shashoua Y, Lindegren M, Almeda R. Do weathered microplastics impact the planktonic community? A mesocosm approach in the Baltic Sea. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121500. [PMID: 38554636 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants of increasing concern in aquatic systems. However, little is still known about the impacts of weathered MPs on plankton at the community level after long-term exposure. In this study, we investigated the effects of weathered MPs on the structure and dynamics of a Baltic Sea planktonic community during ca. 5 weeks of exposure using a mesocosm approach (2 m3) mimicking natural conditions. MPs were obtained from micronized commercial materials of polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyamide (nylon) previously weathered by thermal ageing and sunlight exposure. The planktonic community was exposed to 2 μg L-1 and 2 mg L-1 of MPs corresponding to measured particle concentrations (10-120 μm) of 680 MPs L-1 and 680 MPs mL-1, respectively. The abundance and composition of all size classes and groups of plankton and chlorophyll concentrations were periodically analyzed throughout the experiment. The population dynamics of the studied groups showed some variations between treatments, with negative and positive effects of MPs exhibited depending on the group and exposure time. The abundance of heterotrophic bacteria, pico- and nanophytoplankton, cryptophytes, and ciliates was lower in the treatment with the higher MP concentration than in the control at the last weeks of the exposure. The chlorophyll concentration and the abundances of heterotrophic nanoflagellates, Astromoeba, dinoflagellate, diatom, and metazooplankton were not negatively affected by the exposure to MPs and, in some cases, some groups showed even higher abundances in the MP treatments. Despite these tendencies, statistical analyses indicate that in most cases there were no statistically significant differences between treatments over the exposure period, even at very high exposure concentrations. Our results show that weathered MPs of the studied conventional plastic materials have minimal or negligible impact on planktonic communities after long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linea Gry Ebbesen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA) Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Markus Varlund Strange
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA) Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kuddithamby Gunaalan
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA) Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Alicia Herrera
- EOMAR, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA) Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Shashoua
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Martin Lindegren
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA) Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA) Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; EOMAR, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Jia R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li Z, Jiang Y. Physiological and transcriptomic responses of seawater halobios to micro/nano-scale polystyrene-cadmium exposure in a marine food web. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123843. [PMID: 38552770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) represent an emerging contaminant, posing a significant threat to oceanic halobios. While the adverse effects of joint pollutants on marine organisms are well-documented, the potential biological impacts on the food chain transmission resulting from combinations of MPs/NPs and heavy metals (HMs) remain largely unexplored. This study exposed the microbial loop to combined contaminants (MPs/NPs + HMs) for 48h, bacteria and contaminants are washed away before feeding to the traditional food chain, employing microscopic observation, biochemical detection, and transcriptome analysis to elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of the top predator. The findings revealed that MPs/NPs combined with Cd2+ could traverse both the microbial loop and classical food chain. Acute exposure significantly affected the carbon biomass of the top predator Tigriopus japonicus (75.8% lower). Elevated antioxidant enzyme activity led to lipid peroxidation, manifesting in increased malondialdehyde levels. Transcriptome sequencing showed substantial differential gene expression levels in T. japonicus under various treatments. The upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis and inflammatory responses, highlighting the impact of co-exposure on oxidative damage and necroptosis within cells. Notably, NPs-Cd exhibited stronger toxicity than MPs-Cd. NPs-Cd led to a greater decrease in the biomass of top predators, accompanied by lower activities of GSH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX, resulting in increased production of lipid peroxidation product MDA and higher oxidative stress levels. This investigation provides novel insights into the potential threats of MPs/NPs combined with Cd2+ on the microbial loop across traditional food chain, contributing to a more comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks associated with micro/nano-plastics and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruiqi Jia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaoji Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuwei Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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4
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Sun G, Jia R, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Ma R, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Liu M, Jiang Y. Mechanisms of the novel pesticide sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in the mitigation of protozoan ciliated pathogens during microalgal cultivation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116204. [PMID: 38430678 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Protozoan ciliates represent a common biological contaminant during microalgae cultivation, which will lead to a decline in microalgae productivity. This study investigated the effectiveness of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) in controlling ciliate populations within microalgae cultures. SDBS concentrations of 160 mg/L and 100 mg/L were found to effectively manage the representative species of ciliates contamination by Euplotes vannus and Uronema marinum during the cultivation of Synechococcus and Chlorella, and the growth vitality of microalgae has been restored. Additionally, SDBS at these concentrations reduced oxidative stress resistance and induced membrane damage to remove biological pollutants by modulating enzyme activity, affecting lipid, energy, amino acid metabolism pathways, and processes such as translation and protein folding. This research provides insights into the mechanisms through which SDBS effectively combats protozoan ciliates during the microalgal cultivation. This contributes to reduce biological pollution, ensure the overall productivity and healthy and sustainable management of microalgae ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojingwen Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruiqi Jia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhaoji Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhiyang Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingjian Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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5
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Jia R, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun G, Jiang Y. Toxic effects on ciliates under nano-/micro-plastics coexist with silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133058. [PMID: 38006860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the degradation of plastics, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have remained the focus of global attention. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could adversely affect marine organisms due to their broad application. So far, the combined effects of MPs/NPs (strong adsorbents) with AgNPs on marine organisms are scant. Thus, four sizes polystyrene beads (80 nm, 220 nm, 1.07 µm, and 2.14 µm) combined with AgNPs (30 nm) were assessed using ciliated protozoa Uronema marinum. Results showed that MPs/NPs dramatically decrease the abundance, biovolume, and carbon biomass of U. marinum. And, exposure could cause changes of antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant content on U. marinum. The combined toxicity of MPs/NPs with AgNPs to ciliates showed an enhanced effect compared to exposure alone. Additionally, the negative effects under exposure of NPs plus AgNPs were more significant than those of MPs plus AgNPs. Transcriptome sequencing showed that co-exposure could affect the energy metabolism and lipid metabolism of ciliates, even cause DNA and protein damage. Our study provided a novel insight and first-hand basic data for the understanding of combined toxicity of MPs /NPs with AgNPs on the basic trophic level ciliated protozoa in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Jia
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Gaojingwen Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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6
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Mishra M, Sudarsan D, Santos CAG, da Silva RM, Beja SK, Paul S, Bhanja P, Sethy M. Current patterns and trends of microplastic pollution in the marine environment: A bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:22925-22944. [PMID: 38416357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are pervasive in the natural environment and pose a growing concern for global health. Plastic waste in marine environments has emerged as a global issue, threatening not only marine biota but also human health due to its implications for the food chain. This study aims to discern the patterns and trends of research, specifically on Marine Microplastic Pollution (MMP), based on a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications from 2011 to 2022. The methodology utilized in this study comprises three stages: (a) creating a bibliographical dataset from Scopus by Elsevier and the Web of Science Core Collection by Clarivate Analytics, (b) analyzing current research (trends and patterns) using bibliometric analysis through Biblioshiny tool, and (c) examining themes and subthemes in MMP research (wastewater treatment, plastic ingestion, the Mediterranean Sea, microplastics pollution, microplastics in freshwater, microplastic ingestion, plastic pollution, and microplastic pollution in the marine environment). The findings reveal that during the studied period, the number of MMP publications amounted to 1377 articles, with an average citation per publication of 59.23 and a total citation count of 81,553. The most cited article was published in 2011, and since then, the number of publications on this topic has been increasing steadily. The author count stood at 5478, with 22 trending topics identified from the 1377 published titles. Between 2019 and 2022, the countries contributing most to the publication of MMP articles were China, the United States of America (USA), and the United Kingdom (UK). However, a noticeable shift in the origin of author countries was observed in the 2019-2022 timeframe, transitioning from a dominance by the USA and the UK to a predominance by China. In 2019, there was a substantial increase in the volume of publications addressing the topic of microplastics. The results show that the most prevalent themes and subthemes pertained to MMP in the Mediterranean Sea. The journals with the highest number of MMP articles published were the Marine Pollution Bulletin (253 articles) and Science of the Total Environment (190 articles). The analysis concludes that research on MMP remains prominent and appears to be increasing each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Mishra
- Department of Geography, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Nuapadhi, Balasore, 756089, Odisha, India
| | - Desul Sudarsan
- Department of Library and Information Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | | | - Santosh Kumar Beja
- Department of Environmental Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Suman Paul
- Department of Geography, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Nuapadhi, Balasore, 756089, Odisha, India
| | - Pragati Bhanja
- Department of Library and Information Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Murtyunjya Sethy
- Department of Library and Information Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India
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7
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Wang N, Wang Q, Song S, Sun Z, Zhao A, Ali A, Xu G, Zhong X, Wang F, Xu H. Microplastics drive community dynamics of periphytic protozoan fauna in marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:13327-13334. [PMID: 38244160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The pollution of microplastics (MPs) to the marine environment has become a widespread focus of attention. To assess MP-induced ecotoxicity on marine ecosystems, periphytic protozoan communities were used as test organisms and exposed to five concentrations of MPs: 0, 1, 5, 25, and 125 mg l-1. Protozoan samples were collected using microscope slides from coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, northern China. A total of 13 protozoan species were identified and represented different tolerance to MP-induced ecotoxicity. Inhibition effects of MPs on the test protozoan communities were clearly shown in terms of both the species richness and individual abundance and followed linear relationships to MP concentrations. The community patterns were driven by MPs and significantly shifted at concentrations over 5 mg l-1. Our findings demonstrated that MPs may induce the community-level ecotoxic response of periphytic protozoan fauna and followed significant community dynamics. Thus, it is suggested that periphytic protozoan fauna may be used as useful community-based test model organisms for evaluating MP-induced ecotoxicity in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Suihan Song
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhiyi Sun
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Awais Ali
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangjian Xu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhong
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Fayuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Henglong Xu
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Yazdanbakhsh A, Rafiee M, Mohammadi Z. Responses of activated sludge under a short-term exposure to facial scrub microbeads: implications from treatment performance and higher-life microbial population dynamics. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:3031-3046. [PMID: 37387428 PMCID: wst_2023_183 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were continuously operated with different concentrations of microbeads (MBs) (5,000-15,000 MBs/L) to investigate the stress-responses of activated sludge under the MB exposure. It was found that the overall treatment performance (organic removal) of SBRs was fairly affected by short-term exposure to low levels of MBs; however, it was adversely affected as the concentration of MBs increased. The average concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids and heterotrophic bacteria in the reactor fed with 15,000 MBs/L were 16 and 30% less than in the pristine control reactor, respectively. Batch experiments further demonstrated that fairly low concentrations of MBs favored the development of dense microbial structures. Further increasing the MB concentrations to 15,000 MBs/L, however, distinctly weakened the settling performance of sludge. Morphological observations revealed suppressed uniformity, strength, and integrity of flocs reactors with the addition of MBs. Microbial community analyses revealed that the abundance of protozoan species declined 37.5, 58, and 64%, respectively, when SBRs were exposed to 5,000; 10,000; and 15,000 MBs/L as compared with the control reactor. The present work provided new insight into the possible effects of MBs on the performances and operational parameters of activated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Yazdanbakhsh
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Qiao R, Mortimer M, Richter J, Rani-Borges B, Yu Z, Heinlaan M, Lin S, Ivask A. Hazard of polystyrene micro-and nanospheres to selected aquatic and terrestrial organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158560. [PMID: 36087672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastics contamination in the environment is a major concern. Risk assessment of micro- and nanoplastics (MPL and NPL) poses significant challenges due to MPL and NPL heterogeneity regarding compositional polymers, particle sizes and morphologies in the environment. Yet, there exists considerable toxicological literature on commercial polystyrene (PS) micro- and nanospheres. Although such particles do not directly represent the environmental MPL and NPL, their toxicity data should be used to advance the hazard assessment of plastics. Here, toxicity data of PS micro- and nanospheres for microorganisms, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, fish, and higher plants was collected and analyzed. The evaluation of 294 papers revealed that aquatic invertebrates were the most studied organisms, nanosized PS was studied more often than microsized PS, acute exposures prevailed over chronic exposures, the toxicity of PS suspension additives was rarely addressed, and ∼40 % of data indicated no organismal effects of PS. Toxicity mechanisms were mainly studied in fish and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, providing guidance for relevant studies in higher organisms. Future studies should focus on environmentally relevant plastics concentrations, wide range of organisms, co-exposures with other pollutants, and method development for plastics identification and quantification to fill the gap of bioaccumulation assessment of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Qiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jelizaveta Richter
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Bárbara Rani-Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Margit Heinlaan
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Angela Ivask
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
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10
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Wang YX, Liu MJ, Geng XH, Zhang Y, Jia RQ, Zhang YN, Wang XX, Jiang Y. The combined effects of microplastics and the heavy metal cadmium on the marine periphytic ciliate Euplotes vannus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119663. [PMID: 35738516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics could be grazed by marine organisms and possibly transferred to higher trophic levels along the microbial loop. Due to their size and capacity to concentrate heavy metals that trigger joint toxic effects, microplastics (MPs) have already become a severe threat to marine organisms. The detrimental effects of MPs on large marine organisms have been studied, but the combined toxicity of MPs and cadmium (Cd) on protozoan ciliates remains unclear. In the present study, we selected different diameters and concentrations of polystyrene microspheres (PS-MPs) and Cd2+ as model MPs and heavy metals to evaluate their single and combined effects on the periphytic marine ciliate Euplotes vannus in relation to carbon biomass and oxidative stress. The MPs were indeed ingested by Euplotes vannus and significantly reduced the abundance and carbon biomass of ciliate populations. Combined exposure to MPs and Cd2+ not only increased the bioaccumulation of Cd2+ in ciliates but also exacerbated the decrease in ciliate biomass by increasing oxidative stress and membrane damage. In comparison, the effects of nano-sized plastics (0.22 μm) were more harmful than those of micro-sized plastics (1.07 μm, 2.14 μm and 5.00 μm). A smaller size represents a higher potential for penetrating biological members and a stronger adsorption capacity for cadmium. These results provide new insight into the combined toxicity of microplastics and heavy metals on ciliated protozoa and lay a foundation for higher trophic levels and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ming-Jian Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xian-Hui Geng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rui-Qi Jia
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yi-Ning Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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11
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da Silva JVF, Lansac-Tôha FM, Segovia BT, Amadeo FE, Braghin LDSM, Velho LFM, Sarmento H, Bonecker CC. Experimental evaluation of microplastic consumption by using a size-fractionation approach in the planktonic communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153045. [PMID: 35033570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of plastic particles introduced into continental aquatic environments has drawn the attention of researchers around the globe. These particles can be assimilated by a wide range of aquatic organisms, from microorganisms to fish, causing detrimental effects on trophic webs. Using an experimental approach, we investigated the effect of microplastic particles of different sizes on the planktonic trophic chain by sampling natural plankton communities from a lake located in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Zooplankton samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment and after 36 h of incubation. Microplastic particles (MP) samples were taken every 12 h. The effect of MP particle consumption from the control and treatment groups indicates significant effects by all plankton size fractions (p < 0.05). We demonstrated that the presence of MP particles can significantly affect the trophic web, furthermore, we detected the effect of higher consumption effect of smaller size MP particles. This study suggest that the largest MP consumption effects come from the lower trophic levels of the trophic chain, such as protists. The competitive effect of large predators is a crucial factor in controlling the abundance of populations, and although they did not directly consume MP particles, they ingest them indirectly through prey capable of absorbing these compounds in the environment. Our findings warn that MP particles enter the food webs of tropical regions when exposed to these pollutants, and that the presence of these particles should not be neglected when studying freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor Fonseca da Silva
- Graduate Program of Compared Biology (PGB), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Miranda Lansac-Tôha
- Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Trevizan Segovia
- Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felipe Emiliano Amadeo
- Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Louizi de Souza Magalhães Braghin
- Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Machado Velho
- Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Graduate Program of Clean Technology, Cesumar University Center (UNICESUMAR), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Costa Bonecker
- Graduate Program of Compared Biology (PGB), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems (PEA), State University of Maringá (UEM), Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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12
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Alleviation of Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate Toxicity on the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis by Polystyrene Microplastics: Features and Molecular Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094934. [PMID: 35563328 PMCID: PMC9102492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) and organophosphorus esters (OPEs) coexist in the aquatic environment, posing a potential threat to organisms. Although toxicological studies have been conducted individually, the effects of combined exposure are unknown since MPs can interact with OPEs acting as carriers. In this study, we assessed the response of marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, to co-exposure to polystyrene MPs and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at different concentrations, including population growth, oxidative status, and transcriptomics. Results indicated that 0.1 μm and 1 μm MPs were accumulated in the digestive system, and, even at up to 2000 μg/L, they did not exert obvious damage to the stomach morphology, survival, and reproduction of B. plicatilis. The presence of 1 μm MPs reversed the low population growth rate and high oxidative stress induced by TCEP to the normal level. Some genes involved in metabolic detoxification and stress response were upregulated, such as ABC and Hsp. Subsequent validation showed that P-glycoprotein efflux ability was activated by combined exposure, indicating its important role in the reversal of population growth inhibition. Such results challenge the common perception that MPs aggravate the toxicity of coexisting pollutants and elucidate the molecular mechanism of the limited toxic effects induced by MPs and TCEP.
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13
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Bulannga RB, Schmidt S. Uptake and accumulation of microplastic particles by two freshwater ciliates isolated from a local river in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112123. [PMID: 34571033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are considered environmental pollutants of serious concern. In freshwater environments, they can affect aquatic biota and accumulate along the food web. Therefore, this study investigated the capacity of bacterivorous freshwater ciliates, essential members of the aquatic food chain, to ingest plain and fluorescently-labeled polystyrene microspheres. Two holotrich ciliates were isolated from a stream in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and identified as members of the genera Paramecium and Tetrahymena based on morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. While the larger bacterivorous ciliate Paramecium sp. strain RB1 ingested all three sizes of plain polystyrene microbeads tested (2,5,10 μm), the smaller sized Tetrahymena sp. strain RB2 only ingested microbeads of 2 and 5 μm. The two ciliates ingested polystyrene microbeads at rates ranging from 1650 to 3870 particles x ciliate-1 x hour-1 for all particle sizes ingested, matching rates determined for selected microbial prey (E. coli, S. cerevisiae) of similar size. The ability to ingest non-nutritious microplastic particles was confirmed for both ciliates using fluorescently-labeled microbeads as these were detected in food vacuoles by fluorescence microscopy. Therefore, ciliates such as Paramecium sp. strain RB1 and Tetrahymena sp. strain RB2 can contribute to the transfer and bioaccumulation of microplastics in freshwater food webs in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendani B Bulannga
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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14
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Yin L, Wen X, Huang D, Du C, Deng R, Zhou Z, Tao J, Li R, Zhou W, Wang Z, Chen H. Interactions between microplastics/nanoplastics and vascular plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117999. [PMID: 34500397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics are distributed in the environments universally. The interrelationship between vascular plants and micro/nanoplastics began to attract attention in recent years. Based on the relevant literatures collected from various databases, this review focuses on two topics: 1) the effect of vascular plants on the fate of micro/nanoplastics; 2) the effects of micro/nanoplastics on vascular plants. The review of the available studies reveals that vascular plants can act as sinks for microplastics and nanoplastics as their surfaces can adsorb these plastics; moreover, nanoplastics can be internalized by plants. Plastics on the surfaces and in the interiors of vascular plants can cause various phytotoxicity effects, including impacts on growth, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the results and mechanisms of phytotoxicity effects caused by microplastics or nanoplastics can be very different. However, knowledge gaps still exist in the relationships between micro/nanoplastics and vascular plants based on the analysis of available studies; thus, potential subjects for future studies were proposed, including the fates, analysis methods, influencing factors, mechanisms of phytotoxicity, and further influences of microplastics and nanoplastics in the vascular plant ecosystems. This study presents a review of micro/nanoplastics-vascular plant research and reaches a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshi Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
| | - Chunyan Du
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Rui Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Jiaxi Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Haojie Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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15
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Wang SC, Gao ZY, Liu FF, Chen SQ, Liu GZ. Effects of polystyrene and triphenyl phosphate on growth, photosynthesis and oxidative stress of Chaetoceros meülleri. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149180. [PMID: 34311354 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of microplastics to marine organisms has attracted much attention; however, studies of their effects on marine microalgae remain limited. Here, the effects of the single and combined toxicity of polystyrene (PS) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) on the cell growth, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress of Chaetoceros meülleri were investigated. PS inhibited growth of the algae cells and caused a dose-dependent effect on oxidative stress. The significantly high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced severe cell membrane damage, as confirmed by high fluorescence polarization. However, there was no obvious decrease in chlorophyll a content, and 80 mg/L of PS significantly promoted chlorophyll a synthesis. The TPhP also inhibited cell growth, except at low concentrations (0.2-0.8 mg/L), which stimulated algae growth over 48 h. Moreover, no obvious decrease in chlorophyll a and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII was found in the TPhP experimental groups except for 3.2 mg/L TPhP, where the rapid light curves showed a significantly reduced photosynthetic capacity of algae. In addition, TPhP caused high ROS levels at 96 h, resulting in cell membrane damage. Using the additive index and independent action methods, the combined toxic effects of PS and TPhP on the algae were evaluated as antagonistic; however, cell membrane damage caused by high ROS levels was still noticeable. This study has shown the potential toxicity of PS and TPhP to marine microalgae, and provided insights into the combined risk assessment of TPhP and microplastics in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chun Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yin Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Shi-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Guang-Zhou Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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16
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Geng X, Hu X, Zhang X, Xu H, Yang G, Pan K, Jiang Y. Potential to resist biological contamination in marine microalgae culture: Effect of extracellular substances of Nannochloropsis oceanica on population growth of Euplotes vannus and other protozoa. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112868. [PMID: 34418712 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The commercially important marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica is easily ingested by protozoan predators during large-scale cultivation. However, investigations into the effect of microalgae on the growth of protozoa are scant. A feeding experiment was conducted with Euplotes vannus grazing on different concentrations of N. oceanica. The ciliate population was significantly lower in the high concentration of algae than that in the low or medium algal concentration treatments. The density of ciliates cultured in algae filtrate media was significantly lower than that in lysate media and the blank control. Furthermore, the algal cell filtrate was added to three other protozoan populations, and they all gradually lost their ability to move and their body shape changed. This study investigated the interactions between N. oceanica and protozoan predators and provides insight on using microalgal extracellular substances to control biological contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Engineering, RIZHAO Polytechnic, Rizhao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianhui Geng
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- College of Marine Engineering, RIZHAO Polytechnic, Rizhao, China
| | - Xinming Zhang
- College of Marine Engineering, RIZHAO Polytechnic, Rizhao, China
| | - Henglong Xu
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanpin Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kehou Pan
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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