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Chen D, Gong K, Xu X, Huang C, Lei P. Enhancing the adsorption-photocatalytic efficiency of BiOBr for Congo red degradation by tuning the surface charge and bandgap via an Y 3+-I - co-doping strategy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17155-17170. [PMID: 38847473 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Metal-ion doping and halogen substitution have been largely applied to tune the bandgap of bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) to upgrade its photodegradation capacity. In this work, the adsorption capacity and photocatalytic behavior of solvothermally synthesized BiOBr photocatalysts can be optimized via the synergistic effect of Y3+- and I--doping. After an adsorption reaction in the dark and exposure for another 80 min to visible light, pure BiOBr can remove 46.5% of Congo red (CR) from water with an initial CR concentration of 50 mg L-1. Meanwhile, Bi0.8Y0.20OBr0.97I0.03, the co-doped catalyst, displays total degradation rates exceeding 98% and 92% with CR dosages of 50 and 100 mg L-1, respectively, demonstrating a doubled degradation capacity. With the co-doping solution, the negative charges on the catalysts reduce, more oxygen vacancies are generated, the bandgap remarkably narrows, and the photoabsorption range broadens for derivation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs. The mechanism for optimized photodegradation behavior and dramatically increased adsorption capacity are discussed based on analyses of the structural evolution, surface properties including the chemical state and surface charge, electrochemical performance and the yield/type of photogenerated species. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted to investigate the structural state, density of states (DOS) and electrostatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Keqian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mineral Materials and Applications, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Pengtao Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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2
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Yilmaz E, Yavuz E. Use of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in analytical sample preparation applications. Talanta 2024; 266:125086. [PMID: 37633038 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of graphene, nano-sized two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, NbS2, NbSe2, WS2, WSe2, TaS2 and TaSe2, which have been classified as next-generation nanomaterials resembling graphene (G) have complementary basic properties with those of graphene in terms of their practical applications. TMDs are attracting great attention due to their attractive physical, chemical and electronic properties. Despite being overshadowed by graphene in terms of frequency of use, TMDs have been used frequently in many areas in recent years instead of carbon-based materials such as graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanodiamonds (NDs). It is seen that the first and frequent uses of TMDs, which are classified as new generation materials, are in the fields of catalysis, electronic applications, hydrogen production processes and energy storage, but it has been used as an adsorbent in sample preparation techniques in recent years. Similar to graphene, layers of TMDs are held together by weak van der Waals interactions. The sandwiched layers of TMDs provide sufficient and effective interlayer spaces so that foreign molecules, ions and atoms can easily enter these spaces between the layers. Intermolecular interactions increase with the entry of different materials into these spaces, and thus, high activity, adsorption capacity and efficiency are obtained in adsorption-based analytical sample preparation methods. Although there are about 35 research articles using TMDs, which are classified as promising materials in analytical sample preparation techniques, no review studies have been found. This review, which was designed with this awareness, contains important informations on the properties of metal dichalcogenides, their production methods and their use in analytical sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Yilmaz
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; ERNAM-Erciyes University, Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; ChemicaMed Chemical Inc., Erciyes University Technology Development Zone, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Emre Yavuz
- Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Cayirli Vocational School, Department of Medical Services and Technicians, 24503, Erzincan, Turkey.
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3
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Kumari N, Samdarshi SK, Verma R, Gaurav K, Bhattacharyya AS, Mohanty K, Deshpande U. Superior functionality of niobium pentoxide nano-rod/tripod photocatalyst synthesized using polyethyleneimine as a soft template for the abatement of methylene blue under UV and visible irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:122458-122469. [PMID: 37973783 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) capping agent-cum-template-mediated synthesis of niobium oxide nanoparticles is reported to explore its impact on the resultant morphology, porosity, crystallinity, phase complexation, and thus on the photocatalytic activity. The resultant niobium oxides calcined at 800°C and 1000°C crystallized into highly ordered nano-rod/tripod nanostructure with inter-rod angle <120° having orthorhombic phase and heavily agglomerated rod-like nanostructures having monoclinic crystal phase, respectively. Contrary to the expectations, the nano-rod/tripods showed superior photocatalytic degradation kinetics and high adsorption of methylene blue dye in the hydrocolloid than formerly reported monoclinic nanoparticles. The best adsorption capability and photocatalytic activity are observed for the sample calcined at 800°C, resulting in a combined degradation efficiency of 98.8% of methylene blue dye. The adsorption characteristics, stability of the hydrocolloid system, the existence of oxygen vacancies, and the distinct morphology of the photocatalytic nano-rod/tripods are mainly responsible for this behavior. The process and the performance of unique nanostructure over others presents a superior alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Centre of Excellence in Green and Efficient Energy Technology, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Samdarshi
- Centre of Excellence in Green and Efficient Energy Technology, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India.
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India.
| | - Ranjana Verma
- Department of Physics, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Centre of Excellence in Green and Efficient Energy Technology, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India
| | - Arnab S Bhattacharyya
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India
- Department of Nanotechnology, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835205, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uday Deshpande
- University Grant Commission Department of Atomic Energy, Consortium for Scientific Research (UGC-DAE CSR), Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India
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Vyas Y, Chundawat P, Dharmendra D, Chaubisa P, Kumar M, Punjabi PB, Ameta C. Revolutionizing fuel production through biologically synthesized zero-dimensional nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4833-4851. [PMID: 37705808 PMCID: PMC10496885 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable management of wastewater and the production of clean fuel with a reduced carbon footprint require innovative methods, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and hydrogen generation. To achieve this, biosynthesized photocatalysts are necessary, with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) being a promising candidate for achieving this goal. In this study, CQDs were prepared from water caltrop peels and a composite of greenly synthesized CQDs with copper selenide (CuSe) was used for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and production of fuel. Thymol blue (TB) and Congo red (CR) were chosen as model dyes for degradation studies, with optimized reaction conditions being determined by varying the dose, pH, intensity, and concentration of dyes. The composite (CuSe@CQDs) showed a degradation rate of 99.4% and 97.8% for TB and CR, respectively, within 60 minutes, with a corresponding hydrogen production rate of 2360 and 1875 μmol g-1 h-1. The yield of hydrogen production using the composite was 35.7 and 29 times greater than that of CuSe alone for TB and CR, respectively. Spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis, FESEM, HRTEM, XPS, FTIR, BET, and TGA were used to characterize the composite, and the results revealed that the composite had superior degradation rates compared to CuSe alone, with the degradation rate being enhanced by about three times. GCMS analysis was used to investigate the intermediate and possible degradation pathways. Overall, this study highlights the potential of biosynthesized CQDs as effective photocatalysts for the sustainable management of wastewater and production of fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwari Vyas
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Priyanka Chundawat
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharmendra Dharmendra
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Purnima Chaubisa
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sahu Jain Degree College, Affiliated toM. J. P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly Najibabad Bijnor-246763 India
| | - Pinki B Punjabi
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Chetna Ameta
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
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Chaisorn W, Nuengmatcha P, Noypha A, Pimsen R, Porrawatkul P, Kuyyogsuy A, Thepchuay Y, Sricharoen P, Limchoowong N, Chanthai S, Nuengmatcha P. Adsorption-photocatalytic degradation abilities of γ-irradiated chitosan-ZnO-AgNP composite for organic dye removal and antibacterial activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96840-96859. [PMID: 37580477 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a γ-irradiated chitosan-ZnO-AgNPs (ICZA) composite by using a simple hydrogels method. We evaluated its adsorption/photocatalytic degradation abilities for the removal of an organic dye and its antibacterial activity. The XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, and FTIR techniques were used to characterize the obtained samples. Based on the adsorption and degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the dark and under UV light irradiation, the adsorption and the photocatalytic activity of the as-obtained samples were evaluated. The optimum conditions for synthesizing the composite were as follows: contact time of 210 min, a dosage of 2 g/L, MB concentration of 40 mg/L, and a solution pH of 8.0. The ICZA had a high adsorption capacity, which was suitable for removing MB from the aqueous solutions; it showed a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 92.59 mg/g. The fit of the adsorption isotherms with the Langmuir model was satisfactory. The photocatalytic degradation ability of the composite was also better than that of other catalysts in the presence of UV light, with an apparent rate constant (kapp) of 3.08 × 10-2. The synthesized ICZA also showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5 g/mL and 50 g/mL under light-incubation and dark-incubation conditions. Finally, we discussed the hypothesized mechanism of the adsorption/photocatalytic activity and antibacterial activity of the ICZA composite in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilaiwan Chaisorn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Nuengmatcha
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Amnuay Noypha
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Pimsen
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Paweena Porrawatkul
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Arnannit Kuyyogsuy
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Yanisa Thepchuay
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Phitchan Sricharoen
- Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Nakhon Nayok, Bangkok, 26120, Thailand
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok, 10170, Thailand
| | - Nunticha Limchoowong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Saksit Chanthai
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Prawit Nuengmatcha
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand.
- Department of Creative Innovation in Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand.
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6
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Yadav G, Mishra SR, Gadore V, Yadav N, Ahmaruzzaman M. A smart and sustainable pathway for abatement of single and binary mixtures of dyes through magnetically retrievable Ca 4Fe 9O 17 anchored on Biochar matrix. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12940. [PMID: 37558776 PMCID: PMC10412586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the author developed Ca4Fe9O17/biochar (CFB) via a green method through a facile co-precipitation procedure involving egg shells as calcium precursor and investigating its performance in single as well as binary solution of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). The CFB nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman, FTIR, BET, and VSM. ESR studies show the presence of hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide (O2·¯) radicals, which are primary radical species for pollutant degradation. The average crystalline size of CFB nanocomposites was found to be 32.992 nm using XRD, whereas TEM analysis indicates a particle diameter of 35-36 nm. The degradation efficacy of MB and RhB dyes was achieved at 99.2% and 98.6%, respectively, in a single solution, whereas 99.4% and 99.2%, respectively, in a binary solution within 36 min. Additionally, an iron cluster was formed during the degradation process of MB dye. The degradation of organic contaminants and generation of iron clusters from the degraded dye products were both expedited by the remarkable extension effect of the Ca4Fe9O17 in the CFB nanocomposites. The three processes were achieved using CFB nanocomposite: (1) the advanced oxidation process; (2) degradation of MB and RhB dye in single as well as binary solution with enhanced efficiency, (3) the production of the iron cluster from degraded products. Thus, these three steps constitute a smart and sustainable way that leads to an effective effluent water treatment system and the generation of iron clusters preventing secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
| | - Vishal Gadore
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India
| | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, 788010, India.
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7
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Jin Y, Wang J, Gao X, Ren F, Chen Z, Sun Z, Ren P. Spent Coffee Grounds Derived Carbon Loading C, N Doped TiO 2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5137. [PMID: 37512411 PMCID: PMC10385829 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an ideal photocatalyst candidate due to its high activity, low toxicity and cost, and high chemical stability. However, its practical application in photocatalysis is seriously hindered by the wide band gap energy of TiO2 and the prone recombination of electron-hole pairs. In this study, C, N doped TiO2 were supported on spent coffee grounds-derived carbon (ACG) via in situ formation, which was denoted as C, N-TiO2@ACG. The obtained C, N-TiO2@ACG exhibits increased light absorption efficiency with the band gap energy decreasing from 3.31 eV of TiO2 to 2.34 eV, a higher specific surface area of 145.8 m2/g, and reduced recombination rates attributed to the synergistic effect of a spent coffee grounds-derived carbon substrate and C, N doping. Consequently, the optimal 1:1 C, N-TiO2@ACG delivers considerable photocatalytic activity with degradation efficiencies for methylene blue (MB) reaching 96.9% within 45 min, as well as a high reaction rate of 0.06348 min-1, approximately 4.66 times that of TiO2 (0.01361 min-1). Furthermore, it also demonstrated greatly enhanced photocatalytic efficiency towards methyl orange (MO) in the presence of MB compared with a single MO solution. This work provides a feasible and universal strategy of synchronous introducing nonmetal doping and biomass-derived carbon substrates to promote the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 for the degradation of organic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Jin
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Fang Ren
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Zhengyan Chen
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Zhenfeng Sun
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Penggang Ren
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road No. 5, Xi'an 710048, China
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8
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Yin X, Ke T, Zhu H, Xu P, Wang H. Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Licorice Residue-Based Hydrogel Adsorbent. Gels 2023; 9:559. [PMID: 37504438 PMCID: PMC10379308 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of heavy metals through adsorption represents a highly promising method. This study focuses on the utilization of an abundant cellulose-rich solid waste, licorice residue (LR), as a natural material for hydrogel synthesis. To this end, LR-EPI hydrogels, namely, LR-EPI-5, LR-EPI-6 and LR-EPI-8, were developed by crosslinking LR with epichlorohydrin (EPI), specifically targeting the removal of Pb, Cu, and Cr from aqueous solutions. Thorough characterizations employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful crosslinking of LR-EPIs by EPI, resulting in the formation of porous and loosely structured hydrogels. Batch studies demonstrated the high efficacy of LR-EPI hydrogels in removing the three heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Notably, LR-EPI-8 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity, with maximum capacities of 591.8 mg/g, 458.3 mg/g, and 121.4 mg/g for Pb2+, Cr3+, and Cu2+, respectively. The adsorption processes for Pb2+ and Cu2+ were well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism of LR-EPI-8 onto heavy metal ions was found to involve a combination of ion-exchange and electrostatic interactions, as inferred from the results obtained through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR. This research establishes LR-EPI-8 as a promising adsorbent for the effective removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions, offering an eco-friendly approach for heavy metal removal and providing an environmentally sustainable method for the reutilization of Chinese herb residues. It contributes to the goal of "from waste, treats waste" while also addressing the broader need for heavy metal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Yin
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ting Ke
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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9
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Ma Z, Li X, Fan G, Deng L, He Y. Construction of 3D sheet-packed hierarchical MoS 2/BiOBr heterostructures with remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance for tetracycline and levofloxacin degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59737-59748. [PMID: 37016255 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, MoS2 nanosheets were prepared and deposited on BiOBr microflowers through deposition-hydrothermal strategy. MoS2 exhibited a string of nanosheets with wrinkled layer outlook, and MoS2/BiOBr composites displayed a micro-flower morphology with the diameter of 2-3 μm. Visible-light harvesting performance was significantly improved in the region of 400-600 nm for MoS2/BiOBr. The obtained MoS2/BiOBr samples exhibited tremendous enhanced catalytic activity, which could degrade 92.96% of tetracycline and 90.31% of levofloxacin within 70 min. The photo-generated holes and ⋅OH radicals played the dominant roles in the whole photocatalytic decomposition process. Based on the analysis of DRS, BET, PL, and electrochemical results, the remarkably improved photocatalytic performance may be ascribed to the synergistic effect of strong visible-light harvesting ability, enhanced BET surface area, and faster separation or transfer efficiency of photo-generated charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Lingjuan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Yangqing He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
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10
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Efficient ciprofloxacin removal over Z-scheme ZIF-67/V-BiOIO3 heterojunctions: Insight into synergistic effect between adsorption and photocatalysis. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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11
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Sobahi N, Imran M, Khan ME, Mohammad A, Alam MM, Yoon T, Mehedi IM, Hussain MA, Abdulaal MJ, Jiman AA. Electrochemical Sensing of H 2O 2 by Employing a Flexible Fe 3O 4/Graphene/Carbon Cloth as Working Electrode. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2770. [PMID: 37049064 PMCID: PMC10096334 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of Fe3O4/graphene (Fe3O4/Gr) nanocomposite for highly selective and highly sensitive peroxide sensor application. The nanocomposites were produced by a modified co-precipitation method. Further, structural, chemical, and morphological characterization of the Fe3O4/Gr was investigated by standard characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The average crystal size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was calculated as 14.5 nm. Moreover, nanocomposite (Fe3O4/Gr) was employed to fabricate the flexible electrode using polymeric carbon fiber cloth or carbon cloth (pCFC or CC) as support. The electrochemical performance of as-fabricated Fe3O4/Gr/CC was evaluated toward H2O2 with excellent electrocatalytic activity. It was found that Fe3O4/Gr/CC-based electrodes show a good linear range, high sensitivity, and a low detection limit for H2O2 detection. The linear range for the optimized sensor was found to be in the range of 10-110 μM and limit of detection was calculated as 4.79 μM with a sensitivity of 0.037 µA μM-1 cm-2. The cost-effective materials used in this work as compared to noble metals provide satisfactory results. As well as showing high stability, the proposed biosensor is also highly reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras Sobahi
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.)
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ehtisham Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology (CAIT), Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akbar Mohammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md. Mottahir Alam
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.)
| | - Taeho Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ibrahim M. Mehedi
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.)
- Center of Excellence in Intelligent Engineering Systems (CEIES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Hussain
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed J. Abdulaal
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.)
| | - Ahmad A. Jiman
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.)
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12
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Zheng S, Li X, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhao C, Hu X, Wu Y, He Y. One-step preparation of MoO x/ZnS/ZnO composite and its excellent performance in piezocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under ultrasonic vibration. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:1-13. [PMID: 36375896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper synthesized a new type of ternary piezoelectric catalyst MoOx/ZnS/ZnO (MZZ) by a one-step method. The catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) solution (10 µg/g, pH = 7.0) shows that the composite catalyst has excellent piezoelectric catalytic activity under ultrasonic vibration (40 kHz). The piezoelectric degradation rate of the optimal sample reached 0.054 min-1, which was about 2.5 times that of pure ZnO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technologies were used to analyze the structure, morphology, and interface charge transfer properties of the MZZ piezocatalysts. The results showed that the composite catalyst may have a core-shell structure. ZnS is coated on the surface of ZnO, while MoOx adheres to the surface of ZnS. This structure endowed MZZ larger specific surface area than ZnO, which benefits the RhB adsorption. More importantly, the formed heterojunction structure between ZnS and ZnO promotes the separation of positive and negative charges induced by the piezoelectric effect. MoOx species may act as a charge trap to further promote more carriers to participate in the reaction. In addition, MoOx may also be beneficial in adsorbing dyes. Active species capture experiments show that superoxide radicals and holes are the main active species in piezoelectric catalytic reactions on MZZ catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chunran Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Yiming He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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13
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Xia G, Xiao S, Su J, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhu X. A dual-functional catalyst: wood-templated BiVO 4-CdS for wood dye wastewater. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1823-1833. [PMID: 36712611 PMCID: PMC9832578 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06735h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A large quantity of wastewater is released from wood processing, posing a serious pollution problem to the natural environment. Photocatalysis has become a reliable method for effluent purification. In this paper, balsa-templated BiVO4-CdS (BBC) was synthesized by impregnation calcination and chemical deposition using wood residue as a template. Rhodamine B (RhB) is used as a wood colorant and is present in wood processing wastewater. The performance of BBC in photocatalytic degradation with simultaneous hydrogen production was identified using RhB as simulated wood dye wastewater and a sacrificial electron donor. Compared to the BiVO4-CdS without a template, the BBC exhibited higher photocatalytic degradation performance (98.32%), which was attributed to the laminar porous structure of the wood being replicated. Because of the existence of a porous structure, BBC has better adsorption properties, which accelerated photodegradation and the production process of H2. Furthermore, surface modification with CdS nanoparticles formed Z-scheme heterojunctions, which greatly inhibited the photogenerated electron-hole compounds. When RhB provided electrons to BiVO4 and CdS, it was also removed by the oxidation of h+ and ·OH, which were simultaneously generated by balsa-templated BiVO4-CdS. BBC produced hydrogen at a higher rate (61.2 μmol g-1 h-1), realizing dual-functional photocatalysis. Therefore, the results support further development of dual-functional catalysts by the use of wood residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Xia
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China
| | - Sichen Xiao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China
| | - Junjie Su
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of EducationHarbin 150040China
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14
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MoS2 and MoS2 Nanocomposites for Adsorption and Photodegradation of Water Pollutants: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206782. [PMID: 36296375 PMCID: PMC9610774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for fresh and conveniently treated water has become a major concern in recent years. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanomaterials are attracting attention in various fields, such as energy, hydrogen production, and water decontamination. This review provides an overview of the recent developments in MoS2-based nanomaterials for water treatment via adsorption and photodegradation. Primary attention is given to the structure, properties, and major methods for the synthesis and modification of MoS2, aiming for efficient water-contaminant removal. The combination of MoS2 with other components results in nanocomposites that can be separated easily or that present enhanced adsorptive and photocatalytic properties. The performance of these materials in the adsorption of heavy metal ions and organic contaminants, such as dyes and drugs, is reviewed. The review also summarizes current progress in the photocatalytic degradation of various water pollutants, using MoS2-based nanomaterials under UV-VIS light irradiation. MoS2-based materials showed good activity after several reuse cycles and in real water scenarios. Regarding the ecotoxicity of the MoS2, the number of studies is still limited, and more work is needed to effectively evaluate the risks of using this nanomaterial in water treatment.
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15
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MXene-derived C-doped TiO2/Ti3C2 heterojunction as a high-performance visible-light photocatalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Dadigala R, Bandi R, Alle M, Park CW, Han SY, Kwon GJ, Lee SH. Effective fabrication of cellulose nanofibrils supported Pd nanoparticles as a novel nanozyme with peroxidase and oxidase-like activities for efficient dye degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129165. [PMID: 35739705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanozyme-based dye degradation methods are promising for the remediation of water pollution. Though Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) are known to act as nanozymes, their dye degradation capability has not been investigated. Low nanozyme activities, easy aggregation, difficulties in recovery and reuse are the major challenges in achieving this. For the first time, cellulose nanofibrils-supported PdNPs (PdNPs/PCNF) as a novel nanozyme with good peroxidase and oxidase-mimicking activities and easy recyclability is explored for dye degradation. An efficient and rapid method of PdNPs/PCNF preparation was demonstrated by adjusting the pH and microwave irradiation. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed good kinetic parameters and specific activities of 415 and 277 U/g for peroxidase and oxidase, respectively. PdNPs/PCNF offered 99.64% degradation of methylene blue within 12 min (0.468 min-1) with 0.4 M H2O2 at pH 5.0. Mechanistic studies revealed the involvement of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Owing to the network-like structure of PCNF, films and foams were prepared, their dye degradation potentials were compared, and recyclability was tested. Successful degradation of mixed dye solutions and spiked real water samples was achieved and a continuous flow method was demonstrated using a foam-packed column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Dadigala
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajkumar Bandi
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhusudhan Alle
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Woo Park
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Institute of Inclusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Shaban Y, Alharbi NA. Sunlight-mediated photocatalytic removal of phenanthrene from wastewater using carbon-doped zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47818-47831. [PMID: 35190986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In an effort for efficient solar energy harvesting, carbon-doped zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles with intriguing properties were synthesized by sonicated sol-gel technique with the aid of activated charcoal. Compared to pure ZnO, the incorporation of carbon has drastically promoted the photocatalytic activity of C-ZnO towards the degradation of phenanthrene under illumination of both UV and sunlight. The characterization of the as-synthesized nanoparticles by scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-vis spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the carbon doping of C-ZnO. The highest degradation rate of phenanthrene was obtained at pH 7 and C-ZnO loading of 0.5 g L-1. Finally, the kinetic studies of the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene by using C-ZnO were well-fitted with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and followed the pseudo-first-order rate expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Shaban
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Qayet Bay, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nojoud A Alharbi
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Tang Z, Xu L, Shu K, Yang J, Tang H. Fabrication of TiO2 @MoS2 heterostructures with improved visible light photocatalytic activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Shawky A, Mohamed R, Alahmadi N, Zaki Z. Enhanced photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium ions over S-Scheme based 2D MoS2-supported TiO2 heterojunctions under visible light. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of WS2/TiO2 Nanofibers for Degradation of Phenol under Visible Light Irradiation. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary composite WS2/TiO2 nanofibers (WTN) were elaborated by electrospinning technique. The photocatalytic efficiency of the binary nanofibers was changed via different ratios between WS2 and TiO2. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the prepared nanofibers were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis/DRS), respectively. The prepared nanofibers showed a remarkable performance in photocatalytic efficiency of phenol compound degradation under visible light. WTN nanofibers showed superior photocatalytic activity (83%) and high stability of several cycles under visible light. Therefore, WS2/TiO2 nanofibers have great prospects for the treatment of wastewater from toxic organic contamination due to their excellent photocatalytic performance reusability and recyclability.
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21
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Janani B, Okla MK, Abdel-Maksoud MA, AbdElgawad H, Thomas AM, Raju LL, Al-Qahtani WH, Khan SS. CuO loaded ZnS nanoflower entrapped on PVA-chitosan matrix for boosted visible light photocatalysis for tetracycline degradation and anti-bacterial application. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114396. [PMID: 35026709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel photocatalyst CuO loaded ZnS nanoflower supported on carbon frame work PVA/Chitosan was synthesized by co-precipitation and ultrasonic assisted method. The co-existence of ZnS and CuO and its crystallinity in nanohybrid was verified by XRD, SAED and HR-TEM analysis. The availability of defects in ZnS was identified by EPR. FTIR and TGA verified the presence of PVA and Chitosan. Defects mediated ZnS-CuO/PVA/chitosan heterojunction promote synergistic charge separation with type II interface. Zn-vacancy facilitates two-photon excitation that improves visible-light harvesting. The photocatalytic activity of ZnS-CuO/PVA/Chitosan was 94.7% which is higher when compared to ZnS (40%) and CuO (60%). The photocatalytic mechanism was elucidated using scavenger test and both ·O2- and ·OH were found to play key role in tetracycline degradation. In addition, ZnS-CuO/PVA/Chitosan demonstrated efficient anti-microbial effect against the both gram strains on comparing with individual ZnS and CuO. Thus, the multifunctional ZnS-CuO/PVA/Chitosan is promising for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Janani
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Ajith M Thomas
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Lija L Raju
- Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Wahidah H Al-Qahtani
- Department of Food Sciences & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Sudheer Khan
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
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22
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Karaman C, Karaman O, Show PL, Karimi-Maleh H, Zare N. Congo red dye removal from aqueous environment by cationic surfactant modified-biomass derived carbon: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic modeling, and forecasting via artificial neural network approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133346. [PMID: 34929270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, it was aimed to optimize, model, and forecast the biosorption of Congo Red onto biomass-derived biosorbent. Therefore, the waste-orange-peels were processed to fabricate biomass-derived carbon, which was activated by ZnCl2 and modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The physicochemical properties of the biosorbents were explored by scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The effects of pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, and contact duration on the biosorption capacity were investigated and optimized by batch experimental process, followed by the kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of biosorption were modeled. Furthermore, various artificial neural network (ANN) architectures were applied to experimental data to optimize the ANN model. The kinetic modeling of the biosorption offered that biosorption was in accordance both with the pseudo-second-order and saturation-type kinetic model, and the monolayer biosorption capacity was calculated as 666.67 mg g-1 at 25 °C according to Langmuir isotherm model. According to equilibrium modeling, the Freundlich isotherm model was better fitted to the experimental data than the Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, the thermodynamic modeling revealed biosorption took place spontaneously as an exothermic process. The findings revealed that the best ANN architecture trained with trainlm as the backpropagation algorithm, with tansig-purelin transfer functions, and 14 neurons in the single hidden layer with the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9996) and the lowest mean-squared-error (MSE = 0.0002). The well-agreement between the experimental and ANN-forecasted data demonstrated that the optimized ANN model can predict the behavior of the anionic dye biosorption onto biomass-derived modified carbon materials under various operation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Karaman
- Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Electricity and Energy, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Onur Karaman
- Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 2028 Johannesburg, 17011, South Africa.
| | - Najmeh Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
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23
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Shaikh WA, Kumar A, Chakraborty S, Islam RU, Bhattacharya T, Biswas JK. Biochar-based nanocomposite from waste tea leaf for toxic dye removal: From facile fabrication to functional fitness. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132788. [PMID: 34742761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study utilized discarded tea leaf waste to produce 'Tea leaf biochar' (TLB) as the functional matrix for the fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite (nAg-TC), with colloidal deposition of silver nanoparticles (nAg) via modified chemical co-precipitation, for treatment of dye-laden wastewater. The chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and morphology of nAg-TC, and active surface functional groups involved in adsorption were identified using BET, FESEM-EDX, FTIR, TGA, XPS, and XRD. The nAg-TC matrix was found to be heterogeneous, mesoporous, thermostable, with rich in active surface functional groups (-OH, =NH, =CH, CC, CO, CN, and CC), and nAg as a dopant material. The dye adsorption results indicated the maximum removal efficiency (RhB = 95.89%, CR = 94.10%) at 300 K for rhodamine B (RhB) and Congo red (CR) concentrations of 25 mg L-1 and 22.5 mg L-1, respectively. The present investigation agreed with Freundlich isotherm (R2CR:0.991; R2RhB:0.993) and pseudo-second order kinetic (R2CR:0.999; R2RhB:0.999) model, indicating overall adsorption of RhB and CR through spontaneous and exothermic chemisorption on the heterogeneous surface of nAg-TC. The mechanism of RhB and CR adsorption was complex where nAg-TC, possessing the synergistic effects of TLB and nAg, showed surface complexation, electrostatic attraction, and H-bonding, leading to chemisorption. Study showed excellent reusability of spent nAg-TC, and commendable treatment efficiency for dye-laden real industrial effluents. The study exhibits substantial techno-economic feasibility of adsorbent and translates the principles of circular economy into synthesis of value-added products through sustainable management of biowaste and bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram Shaikh
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Sukalyan Chakraborty
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| | - Rafique Ul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India
| | - Tanushree Bhattacharya
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Environmicrobiology, Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Ecological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India; International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
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24
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Brinza L, Maftei AE, Tascu S, Brinza F, Neamtu M. Advanced removal of Reactive Yellow 84 azo dye using functionalised amorphous calcium carbonates as adsorbent. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3112. [PMID: 35210520 PMCID: PMC8873491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two environmentally friendly organics (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA and its easier biodegradabe isomer, ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinic acid, EDDS) were used to dope calcium carbonate (CC) nanoparticles intending to increase their adsorptive properties and evaluate adsorption performance (uptake capacity and removal efficiency) for the persistent Reactive Yellow 84 azo dye. Easily synthesized nanomaterials were fully characterized (morphology and size, mineralogy, organic content, surface area, pore size and hydrodynamic diameter). RY84 removal was performed using two consecutive processes: photodegradation after adsorption. The CC-EDTA particles were most efficient for dye removal as compared to the plain and CC-EDDS particles. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were considered for the CC-EDTA system. 99% removal occurred via adsorption on 1 g/L of adsorbent at 5 mg/L dye concentration and pH of 8 and it decreased to 48% at 60 mg/L. Maximum uptake capacity as described by Langmuir is 39.53 mg/g. As post-adsorption, under UVA irradiation, in the presence of 40 mmol/L H2O2, at dye concentration of 10 mg/L the highest degradation was 49.11%. Substantial decrease of adsorption (ca. 4 times) and photodegradation (ca. 5 times) efficiencies were observed in wastewater effluent as compared to distilled water. The results have important implications to wastewater treatments and appropriate decisions making for the choice of treatment process, process optimization and scaling up to pilot and industrial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Brinza
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11, Carol I Bvd Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Andreea Elena Maftei
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11, Carol I Bvd Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin Tascu
- Research Center on Advanced Materials and Technologies, Department of Exact and Natural Science, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Brinza
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Neamtu
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11, Carol I Bvd Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
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Singh VK, Jain P, Panda S, Kuila BK, Pitchaimuthu S, Das S. Sulfonic acid/sulfur trioxide (SO 3H/SO 3) functionalized two-dimensional MoS 2 nanosheets for high-performance photocatalysis of organic pollutants. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the enhanced photocatalytic activity of sulfonic acid/sulfur trioxide (SO3H/SO3) functionalized two-dimensional (2D)-MoS2 (SO3H/SO3-MoS2) nanosheets synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Singh
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Prachi Jain
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Subrata Panda
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Biplab Kumar Kuila
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Processing and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Santanu Das
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Siddique F, Mirzaei A, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Slocombe D, Al-Megren HA, Xiao T, Rafiq MA, Edwards PP. Sustainable chemical processing of flowing wastewater through microwave energy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132035. [PMID: 34474383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanostructured catalysts have emerged as potential candidates for efficient energy conversion and electrochemical energy storage devices. However, synthesis and design of nanomaterial plays a key role in its performance and efficiency. Herein, we describe a one-pot solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of α-Fe2O3 with glycine as a fuel, and a subsequent reduction step to produce iron-containing catalysts (i.e., Fe3O4, Fe-Fe3O4, and Fe0). The synthesized iron-based nanoparticles were investigated for methyl orange (MO) degradation through Microwave (MW) energy under continuous flow conditions. Fe-Fe3O4 showed higher MO degradation efficiency than α-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and Fe0 at low absorbed MW power (i.e. 5-80 W). The enhanced degradation efficiency is associated to the combination of higher availability of electron density and higher heating effect under MW energy. Investigation of dielectric properties showed relative dielectric loss of Fe3O4, Fe-Fe3O4, and Fe0 as 3847, 2010, and 1952, respectively. The calculated average local temperature by the comparative analysis of MW treatment with conventional thermal (CT) treatment showed a marked thermal effect of MW-initiated MO degradation. This work highlights the potential of microwave-driven water depollution under continuous-flow processing conditions and demonstrates the positive impact that earth-abundant Fe catalyst synthesized by green SCS method can have over the treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fizza Siddique
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Amir Mirzaei
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Cortes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Daniel Slocombe
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Hamid A Al-Megren
- Materials Division, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M A Rafiq
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
| | - Peter P Edwards
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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Pooresmaeil M, Namazi H. Chitosan coated Fe 3O 4@Cd-MOF microspheres as an effective adsorbent for the removal of the amoxicillin from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:108-117. [PMID: 34537293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, a new magnetic cadmium-based MOFs (Fe3O4@Cd-MOF) was successfully synthesized in a green way and then modified with chitosan (CS) in the microsphere form (Fe3O4@Cd-MOF@CS). The obtained materials were fully characterized by several techniques. In the following, the efficiency of Fe3O4@Cd-MOF@CS was explored for the removal of amoxicillin (AMX). The outcome of the adsorption study showed that the removal efficiency is affected by CS and reaches its optimum at pH 8 and contact time of 240 min. Under optimized conditions, over 75% of AMX was removed. The kinetic and the isotherm of the adsorption were fit with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm respectively. Eventually, the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained ~103.09 mg/g. Interestingly, these findings convince that the newly prepared Fe3O4@Cd-MOF@CS could be proposed as a promising magnetically separable adsorbent for antibiotic contaminants removal from the aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Pooresmaeil
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Namazi
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Dlamini ML, Bhaumik M, Pillay K, Maity A. Polyaniline nanofibers, a nanostructured conducting polymer for the remediation of Methyl orange dye from aqueous solutions in fixed-bed column studies. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08180. [PMID: 34765762 PMCID: PMC8570955 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline nanofibers (PANI NFs) were synthesized and employed as potential adsorbents in a continuous flow fixed-bed column adsorption study for an organic dye, Methyl Orange (MO) removal from water. These nanostructured adsorbents were characterized using ATR-FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, TGA, BET, XRD, XPS, and the Zeta-sizer. Morphological representations from SEM and TEM analyses showed that the fibers were nanosized with diameters lower than 80 nm and an interconnected network possessing a smooth surface. The SBET of the PANI NFs was found to be 35.80 m2/g. The impact of column design parameters for instance; influent concentration, flow rate, and bed mass was investigated using pH 4 influent MO solutions optimized through batch studies. The best influent concentration, bed length, and flow rate for this study were determined as 25 mg/L, 9 cm (6 g), and 3 mL/min, respectively. The column information was fitted in Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Bohart-Adams models. It appeared that the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models described the data satisfactorily. The PANI NFs were able to treat 29.16 L of 25 mg/L MO solution at 9 cm bed length. A sulfate peak in a de-convoluted sulfur spectrum using XPS verified the successful adsorption of Methyl Orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbongiseni Lungelo Dlamini
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, 2028, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Madhumita Bhaumik
- Department of Physics, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Kriveshini Pillay
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, 2028, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arjun Maity
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, 2028, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1-Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Biofabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles@graphene oxide nanocomposite using Annona muricata leaf extract and its antibacterial and photocatalytic activity. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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The upsurge of photocatalysts in antibiotic micropollutants treatment: Materials design, recovery, toxicity and bioanalysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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TiO2-Powdered Activated Carbon (TiO2/PAC) for Removal and Photocatalytic Properties of 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in Water. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is a common taste and odor compound caused by off-flavor secondary metabolites, which represents one of the greatest challenges for drinking water utilities worldwide. A TiO2-coated activated carbon (TiO2/PAC) has been synthesized using the sol-gel method. A new TiO2/PAC photocatalyst has been successfully employed in photodegradation of 2-MIB under UV light irradiation. In addition, the combined results of XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR and UV-Vis suggested that the nano-TiO2 had been successfully loaded on the surface of PAC. Experimental results of 2-MIB removal indicated that the adsorption capacities of PAC for 2-MIB were higher than that of TiO2/PAC. However, in the natural organic matter (NOM) bearing water, the removal efficiency of 2-MIB by TiO2/PAC and PAC were 97.8% and 65.4%, respectively, under UV light irradiation. Moreover, it was shown that the presence of NOMs had a distinct effect on the removal of MIB by TiO2/PAC and PAC. In addition, a simplified equivalent background compound (SEBC) model could not only be used to describe the competitive adsorption of MIB and NOM, but also represent the photocatalytic process. In comparison to other related studies, there are a few novel composite photocatalysts that could efficiently and rapidly remove MIB by the combination of adsorption and photocatalysis.
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