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Li S, Li Z, Wu M, Zhou Y, Tang W, Zhong H. Mercury transformations in algae, plants, and animals: The occurrence, mechanisms, and gaps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168690. [PMID: 38000748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant showing potent toxicity to living organisms. The transformations of Hg are critical to global Hg cycling and Hg exposure risks, considering Hg mobilities and toxicities vary depending on Hg speciation. Though currently well understood in ambient environments, Hg transformations are inadequately explored in non-microbial organisms. The primary drivers of in vivo Hg transformations are far from clear, and the impacts of these processes on global Hg cycling and Hg associated health risks are not well understood. This hinders a comprehensive understanding of global Hg cycling and the effective mitigation of Hg exposure risks. Here, we focused on Hg transformations in non-microbial organisms, particularly algae, plants, and animals. The process of Hg oxidation/reduction and methylation/demethylation in organisms were reviewed since these processes are the key transformations between the dominant Hg species, i.e., elemental Hg (Hg0), divalent inorganic Hg (IHgII), and methylmercury (MeHg). By summarizing the current knowledge of Hg transformations in organisms, we proposed the potential yet overlooked drivers of these processes, along with potential challenges that hinder a full understanding of in vivo Hg transformations. Knowledge summarized in this review would help achieve a comprehensive understanding of the fate and toxicity of Hg in organisms, providing a basis for predicting Hg cycles and mitigating human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouying Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengjie Wu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenli Tang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Sarmiento DJ, Majestic BJ. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals from the Irradiation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37316958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) provide a complex matrix for environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) to stabilize in particulate matter, allowing them to be transported over long distances in the atmosphere while participating in light-driven reactions and causing various cardiopulmonary diseases. In this study, four PAHs ranging from three to five rings (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[e]pyrene) were investigated for EPFR formation upon photochemical and aqueous-phase aging. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, it was found that approximately 1015 to 1016 spins g-1 of EPFRs were formed from the PAH upon aging. EPR analysis also revealed that carbon-centered and monooxygen-centered radicals were predominantly formed by irradiation. However, oxidation and fused-ring matrices have added complexity to the chemical environment of these carbon-centered radicals, as observed by their g-values. This study showed that atmospheric aging results not only in the transformation of PAH-derived EPFR but also in an increase in EPFR concentrations of up to 1017 spins g-1. Therefore, because of their stability and photosensitivity, PAH-derived EPFRs have a major impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree J Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Brian J Majestic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
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Li J, Yin H, Luo H, Li Y, Rong X, Dang Z. Effective degradation of 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl by Fe 3C@Fe-800 activated peroxymonosulfate: Superoxide radical and singlet oxygen-dominated advanced oxidation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138164. [PMID: 36804632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation through •OH and SO4•- radical oxidation process was the effective technology in the last decades; however, there were few research focusing on removing PCBs by O2•- and 1O2 induced by PMS activation. In this work, 90.86% of 2,4,4-trichlorodiphenyl (PCB 28) was degraded by 0.3 g/L Fe3C@Fe-800 activated 0.5 mM PMS system under the synergistic action of O2•- and 1O2. The structures of Fe3C@Fe-800 were identified by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements and quenching tests verified that O2•- and 1O2 were the primary reactive species in Fe3C@Fe-800/PMS/PCB 28 ternary reaction system. Density functional theory (DFT), Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and chronoamperometry test revealed that electron-deficient Fe atoms on Fe3C were the main active sites in Fe3C@Fe-800 for PMS activation to generate 1O2. Unlike the reported •OH and SO4•- mediated degradation induced by the iron-based catalyst, both O2•- and 1O2 contributed to PCB 28 degradation: nucleophilic dichlorination reaction by O2•- and then ring-open oxidation process by 1O2. Fe3C@Fe-800/PMS system had excellent catalytic performance under different reaction conditions and possessed desirable inorganic salt and natural organic matter resistance. This work elucidated the important role of Fe3C in PMS activation to generate O2•- and 1O2 for PCB 28 decontamination by nonradical way and provided a clue to design rationally catalysts in polychlorinated biphenyl pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Haoyu Luo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xufa Rong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Li L, Jin H, Luo N, Niu H, Cai Y, Cao D, Zhang S. Sulfurized nano zero-valent iron prepared via different methods: Effect of stability and types of surface corrosion products on removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114864. [PMID: 37011511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sulfurization improves the stability and activity of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI). The sulfurized nZVI (S-nZVI) were prepared with ball milling, vacuum chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and liquid-phase reduction techniques and the corresponding products were the mixture of FeS2 and nZVI (nZVI/FeS2), well-defined core-shell structure (FeSx@Fe) or seriously oxidized (S-nZVI(aq)), respectively. All these materials were applied to eliminate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) from water. The removal of TCP was irrelevant with the structure of S-nZVI. Both nZVI/FeS2 and FeSx@Fe showed remarkable performance for the degradation of TCP. S-nZVI(aq) possessed poor mineralization efficiency to TCP due to its bad crystallinity degree and severe leaching of Fe ions, which retarded the affinity of TCP. Desorption and quenching experiments suggested that TCP removal by nZVI and S-nZVI was based on surface adsorption and subsequent direct reduction by Fe0, oxidation by in-situ produced ROS and polymerization on the surface of these materials. In the reaction process, the corrosion products of these materials transformed into crystalline Fe3O4 and α/β-FeOOH, which enhanced the stability of nZVI and S-nZVI materials and was conductive to the electron transferring from Fe0 to TCP and strong affinity of TCP onto Fe or FeSx phases. All these were contributed to high performance of nZVI and sulfurized nZVI in removal and minerazilation of TCP in continuous recycle test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huiwen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063210, China
| | - Na Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongyun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shengxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264025, China.
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Santhan A, Hwa KY, Ganguly A. Self-assembled nanorods with reduced graphene oxide as efficient nano-catalyst for dual modality sensing of hazardous phenolic compound. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135715. [PMID: 35843434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The modern development in the agricultural production has huge influential factors being highly beneficial and also includes some health hazards. Under the class of chlorophenols, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is a widely used chemical which remains as a major pollutant in the environment. The detection of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was initiated as a controlling measure to decrease the seriousness prevailing in the ecosystem. The electrochemical and UV-vis absorption sensing platform are simple and low-cost detection techniques with precise and sensitive analysis. Cadmium tin oxide integrated with the reduced graphene oxide was employed as a nanohybrid for the construction of the working electrode. The structural and morphological analysis confirmed the high degree of crystallinity of the nanocomposite with nanorod formation. The high surface area, with high charge carrier mobility, and increased electrical conductivity of the material boosted the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol detection. The active surface area was calculated to be 0.068 cm-1, 0.089 cm-1, 0.118 cm-1 and 0.146 cm-1 for all the modified electrodes. The resistance of the electrodes was about 91.4 Ω, 72.9 Ω, 48.8 Ω and 41.6 Ω. The linear range of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was 0.019 μM-0.299 μM and 1.299 μM-1678.97 μM in electrochemical sensing and 10.99 μM-24.84 μM in UV detection. The obtained limit of detection with the formulation 3σ/SD was about 3.05 nM and 80 nM with sensitivity about 14.01 μA μM-1 cm-2. The real sample detection in environmental real samples showed good recovery results. The specific selectivity, good repeatability, reproducibility and stability analysis proves the good sensing parameters. Thus, the fabricated electrode is highly sufficient of sensing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. These excellent features of the material can be applied for several other applications which will provide good performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindan Santhan
- Graduate Institute of Energy and Optoelectronic Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yuan Hwa
- Graduate Institute of Energy and Optoelectronic Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Biomedical Industry, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Anindita Ganguly
- Graduate Institute of Energy and Optoelectronic Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen L, Yin W, Shao H, Tu M, Ren Y, Mao C, Huo Z, Xu G. The performance and pathway of benzothiazole degradation by electron beam irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134964. [PMID: 35609661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTH) is a typical refractory heterocyclic compound that can be used as a photosensitive material in organic synthesis and conditional plant resource research. The extensive use of BTH has led to high BTH concentrations in natural environment, such as in tap water and urine, which tend to inhibit animal hormone synthesis and induce genotoxicity. Traditional wastewater treatment processes cannot effectively remove BTH. Therefore, we aimed to use the electron beam method, an emerging method for pollutant degradation, to degrade BTH in water. Experiments showed that BTH can be effectively degraded (up to 90%) when the electron beam reaches 5 kGy and irradiation conformed perfectly to the pseudo first-order kinetics model. Experimental results showed that acidic conditions are more favorable for electron beam degradation of BTH, while the degradation of most other inorganic ions is inhibited (except SO42-). Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) was confirmed to play a major role in degradation by the experiment, and the mineralization rate was greatly increased by the addition of H2O2 and K2S2O8. In addition, our experimental and theoretical calculations showed that the degradation of BTH occurred mainly through the opening of the benzene ring. Theoretical calculations showed that the toxicity of BTH decreased significantly after electron beam degradation, making it an effective way to degrade BTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Wentao Yin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Mengxin Tu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yingfei Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Chengkai Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Zhuhao Huo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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Zhu M, Lu J, Dong L, Hu S, Peng S, Zhu C. Photochemical transformations of 2, 6-dichlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol with superoxide ions in the atmospheric aqueous phase. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pavanello A, Miranda MA, Marin ML. Organic photoredox catalysts for wastewater remediation: Beyond the established advanced oxidation processes. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Balaji R, Maheshwaran S, Chen SM, Tamilalagan E, Chandrasekar N, Ethiraj S, Samuel MS. Fabricating BiOI nanostructures armed catalytic strips for selective electrochemical and SERS detection of pesticide in polluted water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 296:118754. [PMID: 34973381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a dual mode catalytic strip equipped with 2D BiOI nanostructures and deployed for dual mode detection sensing of hazardous trichlorophenol (TCP). Synthesized BiOI nanostructures are investigated for its crystal architecture, morphology and chemical composition. The BiOI are loaded onto the catalytic strips with the assistance of gravity offered drying process. The BiOI nanostructures offers a very less charge transfer resistance indicating its superior catalytic properties upon the electrochemical impedance studies. It reflected on providing an excellent limit of detection (LOD) and linear sensing range for TCP in electrochemical mode. For SERS, a thin plasmonic Au layer is sputter coated on BiOI equipped catalytic strips (Au@BiOI) for the TCP detection. An impressive enhancement factor of 107 is obtained for SERS detection of TCP with good LOD of 10-10 M. Fabricated dual mode BiOI based strips are thoroughly examined for operational stability and performance in real time conditions. The fabricated high performance dual mode platform for the detection of hazardous pesticides appears to be a promising prospect for the on-the-spot investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Balaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Selvarasu Maheshwaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Elayappan Tamilalagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Narendhar Chandrasekar
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvarajan Ethiraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Melvin S Samuel
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Yin W, Shao H, Huo Z, Wang S, Zou Q, Xu G. Degradation of anticorrosive agent benzotriazole by electron beam irradiation: Mechanisms, degradation pathway and toxicological analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132133. [PMID: 34826893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BTA), which is extensively served as household and engineering agent, is one of the emerging and persistent contaminants. Despite the spirit to remove BTA is willing, the traditional wastewater treatments are weak. Therefore, the degradation of BTA via electron beam was systematically explored in this study. It turned out that after 5.0 kGy irradiation, even 87.5 mg L-1 BTA could be completely removed, and the irradiation conformed perfectly to the pseudo first-order kinetics model. The effects of solution pH, inorganic anions (CO32-, HCO3-, NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, SO32-, Cl-), and gas atmosphere were all explored. And results indicated that oxidative hydroxyl radicals played critical role in BTA irradiation. Additionally, presence of H2O2 and K2S2O8 promoted significantly not only degradation extent but also mineralization efficiency of BTA due to they both augmented the generation of oxidative free radicals. Moreover, by combining theoretical calculations with experimental results, it could be inferred that degradation of BTA was mainly carried out by the benzene ring-opening. Further toxicity evaluation proved that as irradiation proceeded, the toxicity alleviated. Taken together, there were various indications that BTA could be effectively eliminated by electron beam irradiation in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Zhuhao Huo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Qi Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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