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Zhang P, Yang Y, Duan X, Wang S. Oxidative polymerization versus degradation of organic pollutants in heterogeneous catalytic persulfate chemistry. Water Res 2024; 255:121485. [PMID: 38522399 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic polymerization pathways in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have recently drawn much attention for organic pollutant elimination owing to the rapid removal kinetics, high selectivity, and recovery of organic carbon from wastewater. This work presents a review on the polymerization regimes in AOPs and their applications in wastewater decontamination. The review mainly highlights three critical issues in polymerization reactions induced by persulfate activation (Poly-PS-AOPs), including heterogeneous catalysts, persulfate activation pathways, and properties of organic substrates. The dominant influencing factors on the selection of catalysts, activation regimes of reactive oxygen species, and polymerization processes of organic substrates are discussed in detail. Moreover, we systematically demonstrate the merits and challenges of Poly-PS-AOPs upon pollutant degradation and polymer synthesis. We particularly highlight that Poly-PS-AOPs technology could be promising in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heterocyclic organics and the synthesis of polymers and polymer-functionalized materials for advanced environmental and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Bae S, Masud MAA, Annamalai S, Shin WS. The inherent nature of N/P heteroatoms in Sargassum fusiforme seaweed biochar enhanced the nonradical activation of peroxymonosulfate for acetaminophen degradation in aquatic environments. Chemosphere 2024; 356:141877. [PMID: 38579948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the catalytic activity of biochar materials derived from algal biomass Sargassum fusiforme (S. fusiforme) for groundwater remediation. A facile single-step pyrolysis process was used to prepare S. fusiforme biochar (SFBCX), where x denotes pyrolysis temperatures (600 °C-900 °C). The surface characterization revealed that SFBC800 possesses intrinsic N and P heteroatoms. The optimum experimental condition for acetaminophen (AAP) degradation (>98.70%) was achieved in 60 min using 1.0 mM peroxymonosulfate (PMS), 100 mg L-1 SFBC800, and pH 5.8 (unadjusted). Moreover, the degradation rate constant (k) was evaluated by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The maximum degradation (>98.70%) of AAP was achieved within 60 min of oxidation. Subsequently, the k value was calculated to be 6.7 × 10-2 min-1. The scavenger tests showed that radical and nonradical processes are involved in the SFBC800/PMS system. Moreover, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the SFBC800/PMS system was confirmed using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Intriguingly, both radical (O2•-, •OH, and SO4•-) and nonradical (1O2) ROS were formed in the SFBC800/PMS system. In addition, electrochemical studies were conducted to verify the electron transfer process of the nonradical mechanism in the SFBC800/PMS system. The scavenger and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy showed that singlet oxygen (1O2) is the predominant component in AAP degradation. Under optimal condition, the SFBC800/PMS system reached ∼81% mineralization of AAP within 5 min and continued to ∼85% achieved over 60 min of oxidation. Coexisting ions and different aqueous matrices were investigated to examine the feasibility of the catalyst system, and the SFBC800/PMS system was found to be effective in the remediation of AAP-contaminated groundwater, river water, and effluent water obtained from wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, the SFBC800-activated PMS system demonstrated reusability. Our findings indicate that the SFBC800 catalyst has excellent catalytic activity for AAP degradation in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Bae
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abdullah Al Masud
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sivasankar Annamalai
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Won Sik Shin
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Lu L, Tang D, Luo Z, Mo H, Sun Y, Hu J, Sun J. Water hyacinth derived hierarchical porous biochar absorbent: Ideal peroxydisulfate activator for efficient phenol degradation via an electron-transfer pathway. Environ Res 2024; 242:117773. [PMID: 38029829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a facile hydrothermal pretreatment and molten salt activation route was presented for preparing a self-doped porous biochar (HMBC) from a nitrogenous biomass precursor of water hyacinth. With an ultrahigh specific surface area (2240 m2 g-1), well-developed hierarchical porous structure, created internal structural defects and doped surface functionalities, HMBC exhibited an excellent adsorption performance and catalytic activity for phenol removal via peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. Specifically, the porous structure promoted the adsorption of PDS on HMBC, forming a highly active HMBC/PDS* complex and thereby increasing the oxidation potential of the system. Meanwhile, the carbon defective structure, graphitic N and CO groups enhanced the electron transfer process, favoring the HMBC/PDS system to catalyze phenol oxidation via an electron transfer dominated pathway. Thus, the system degraded phenol effectively with an ultralow activation energy of 4.9 kJ mol-1 and a remarkable oxidant utilization efficiency of 8.2 mol mol-oxidant-1 h-1 g-1. More importantly, the system exhibited excellent resistance to water quality and good adaptability for decontaminating different organic pollutants with satisfactory mineralization efficiency. This study offers valuable insights into the rational designing of a low-cost biochar catalyst for efficient PDS activation towards organic wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Diyong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Zhipeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Huangkaiyue Mo
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yimeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Experimental Teaching and Laboratory Management Center, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Cai S, Wang T, Wu C, Tang W, Chen J. Efficient degradation of norfloxacin using a novel biochar-supported CuO/Fe 3O 4 combined with peroxydisulfate: Insights into enhanced contribution of nonradical pathway. Chemosphere 2023; 329:138589. [PMID: 37023897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonradical persulfate oxidation techniques have evolved as a new contaminated water treatment approach due to its great tolerance to water matrixes. The catalysts of CuO-based composites have received much attention in that aside from SO4•-/•OH radicals, the nonradicals of singlet oxygen (1O2) can be also generated during persulfate activation via CuO. However, the issues regarding particles aggregation and metal leaching from the catalysts during the decontamination process remain to be addressed, which could have a remarkable impact on the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Accordingly in the present study, a novel biochar-supported bimetallic Fe3O4-CuO catalyst (CuFeBC) was facilely developed to activate peroxodisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) in aqueous solution. The results showed CuFeBC has a superior stability against metal ions Cu/Fe leaching, and NOR (30 mg L-1) was degraded at 94.5% within 180 min in the presence of CuFeBC (0.5 g L-1) and PDS (6 mM) in pH 8.5. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species and electron spin resonance analysis revealed that 1O2 dominated the degradation of NOR. Compared with pristine CuO-Fe3O4, the interaction between biochar substrate and metal particles could significantly enhance the contribution of the nonradical pathway to NOR degradation from 49.6% to 84.7%. Biochar substrate could efficiently reduce the leaching of metal species from the catalyst, thereby maintaining excellent catalytic activity and lasting reusability of the catalyst. These findings could enlighten new insights into fine-tuning radical/nonradical processes from CuO-based catalysts for the efficient remediation of organic contaminants in polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Tongshuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China; China Household Elect Appliance Res Inst CHEARDI, Beijing, 100053, PR China
| | - Congyi Wu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Wang C, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Dong CL, Huang YC, Guo P, Cai R, Haigh SJ, Yang X, Sun Y, Yang D. Low-coordinated Co-N 3 sites induce peroxymonosulfate activation for norfloxacin degradation via high-valent cobalt-oxo species and electron transfer. J Hazard Mater 2023; 455:131622. [PMID: 37196442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The identification of reactive species in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation triggered by carbon-based single atom catalysts is the key to reveal the pollutant degradation mechanism. Herein, carbon-based single atom catalyst with low-coordinated Co-N3 sites (CoSA-N3-C) was synthesized to active PMS for norfloxacin (NOR) degradation. The CoSA-N3-C/PMS system exhibited consistent high performance for oxidizing NOR over a wide pH range (3.0-11.0). The system also achieved complete NOR degradation in different water matrixes, high cycle stability and excellent degradation performance for other pollutants. Theoretical calculations confirmed that the catalytic activity was derived from the favorable electron density of low-coordinated Co-N3 configuration, which was more conductive to PMS activation than other configurations. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, in-situ Raman analysis, solvent exchange (H2O to D2O), salt bridge and quenching experiments concluded that high-valent cobalt(IV)-oxo species (56.75%) and electron transfer (41.22%) contributed dominantly to NOR degradation. Moreover, 1O2 was generated in the activation process while not involved in pollutant degradation. This research demonstrates the specific contributions of nonradicals in PMS activation over Co-N3 sites for pollutant degradation. It also offers updated perceptions for rational design of carbon-based single atom catalysts with appropriate coordination structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Hu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yonghao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Research Center for X-ray Science, Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 151 Yingzhuan Road, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Huang
- Research Center for X-ray Science, Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 151 Yingzhuan Road, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Peng Guo
- Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials Research Center, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Rongsheng Cai
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Analytical and Testing Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Dongjiang Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Bio-based Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Li J, Yin H, Luo H, Li Y, Rong X, Dang Z. Effective degradation of 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl by Fe 3C@Fe-800 activated peroxymonosulfate: Superoxide radical and singlet oxygen-dominated advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere 2023; 322:138164. [PMID: 36804632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation through •OH and SO4•- radical oxidation process was the effective technology in the last decades; however, there were few research focusing on removing PCBs by O2•- and 1O2 induced by PMS activation. In this work, 90.86% of 2,4,4-trichlorodiphenyl (PCB 28) was degraded by 0.3 g/L Fe3C@Fe-800 activated 0.5 mM PMS system under the synergistic action of O2•- and 1O2. The structures of Fe3C@Fe-800 were identified by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements and quenching tests verified that O2•- and 1O2 were the primary reactive species in Fe3C@Fe-800/PMS/PCB 28 ternary reaction system. Density functional theory (DFT), Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and chronoamperometry test revealed that electron-deficient Fe atoms on Fe3C were the main active sites in Fe3C@Fe-800 for PMS activation to generate 1O2. Unlike the reported •OH and SO4•- mediated degradation induced by the iron-based catalyst, both O2•- and 1O2 contributed to PCB 28 degradation: nucleophilic dichlorination reaction by O2•- and then ring-open oxidation process by 1O2. Fe3C@Fe-800/PMS system had excellent catalytic performance under different reaction conditions and possessed desirable inorganic salt and natural organic matter resistance. This work elucidated the important role of Fe3C in PMS activation to generate O2•- and 1O2 for PCB 28 decontamination by nonradical way and provided a clue to design rationally catalysts in polychlorinated biphenyl pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Haoyu Luo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xufa Rong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Wu Y, Tan X, Zhao J, Ma J. α-Fe 2O 3 mediated periodate activation for selective degradation of phenolic compounds via electron transfer pathway under visible irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2023; 454:131506. [PMID: 37146324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodate (PI)-photoactivated advanced oxidation process (AOP) has recently received increasing attention for the removal of micropollutants from water. However, periodate is mainly driven by high-energy ultraviolet light (UV) in most cases, and few studies have extended it to the visible range. Herein, we proposed a new PI visible light activation system employing α-Fe2O3 as catalyst. It is completely different from traditional PI-AOP based on hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and iodine radical (•IO3). The vis-α-Fe2O3/PI system can selectively degrade the phenolic compounds via non-radical pathway under the visible range. Notably, the designed system not only shows a well pH tolerance and environmental stability, but also exhibits a strong substrate-dependent reactivity. Both quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments demonstrate that photogenerated holes are the main active species in this system. Moreover, a series of photoelectrochemical experiments reveal that PI can effectively inhibit the carrier recombination on the α-Fe2O3 surface, thereby improving the utilization of photogenerated charges and increasing the number of photogenerated holes, which effectively reacts with 4-CP through electron transfer way. In a word, this work proposes a cost-effective, green and mild mean to activate PI, and provides a facile way to solve the fatal shortcomings (i.e., inappropriate band edge position, rapid charge recombination and short hole diffusion length) of traditional iron oxide semiconductor photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Tan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiayang Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiahai Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Liu L, Wang A, Hu J, Hou H, Liang S, Yang J. Peroxymonosulfate activated by natural porphyrin derivatives for rapid degradation of organic pollutants via singlet oxygen and high-valent iron-oxo species. Chemosphere 2023; 331:138783. [PMID: 37119928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by sodium ferric chlorophyllin (SFC), a natural porphyrin derivative extracted from chlorophyll-rich substances, was systematically investigated for facile degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). SFC/PMS is capable of degrading 97.5% of BPA in the first 10 min with the initial BPA concentration of 20 mg/L and pH = 3, whereas conventional Fe2+/PMS could only remove 22.6% of BPA under identical conditions. It demonstrates a prominent flexibility to a broad pH range of 3-11 with complete pollutant degradation. A remarkable tolerance toward concomitant high concentration of inorganic anions (100 mM) was also observed, among which (bi)carbonates can even accelerate the degradation. The nonradical oxidation species, including high-valent iron-oxo porphyrin species and 1O2, are identified as dominant species. Particularly, the generation and participation of 1O2 in the reaction is evidenced by experimental and theoretical methods, which is vastly different from the previous study. The specific activation mechanism is unveiled by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The results shed light on effective PMS activation by iron (III) porphyrin and the proposed natural porphyrin derivative would be a promising candidate for efficient abatement of recalcitrant pollutants toward complicated aqueous media in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China.
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
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Guo L, Zhao L, Tang Y, Zhou J, Shi B. Chrome shaving-derived biochar as efficient persulfate activator: Ti-induced charge distribution modulation for 1O 2 dominated nonradical process. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160838. [PMID: 36521598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Efficient degradation of organic contaminants by oxidative radicals remains a challenge due to invalid consumption of radicals and easy generation of secondary halogenated pollutants. In this work, an efficient and recyclable bimetallic biochar (Cr-Ti/BC) was developed through peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation via nonradical pathway for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. The Cr-Ti/BC exhibited excellent catalytic activity for 99.9 % of SMX removal with a high kobs of 0.13 min-1, and negligible inhibitory effects were observed under various pH condition. The activation mechanisms were (i) metastable reactive intermediates (Cr-Ti/BC-PDS) formation via an interaction between Cr-Ti/BC and PDS on the active defective sites (e.g., OH/COC, COOH, CO, nitric oxides, graphitic N, and pyridinic N), and (ii) 1O2 generation through electron transfer between Cr-Ti/BC-PDS intermediates and dissolved oxygen. The high reusability and strong stability of Cr-Ti/BC also verified the outstanding advantage of the Cr-Ti/BC during practical application. This study not only is the first study the catalytic performance of Cr and Ti co-doped biochar for PDS activation, but also successfully provides a promising strategy to induce a nonradical pathway for PDS activation, which is of great significance for the subsequent method design, and thus paving the path for exploiting advanced oxidation systems in practical application for organic contaminant removal toward polluted site remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Liming Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yuling Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Bi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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10
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Tian X, Liu S, Zhang B, Wang S, Dong S, Liu Y, Feng L, Zhang L. Carbonized polyaniline-activated peracetic acid advanced oxidation process for organic removal: Efficiency and mechanisms. Environ Res 2023; 219:115035. [PMID: 36513128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based upon peracetic acid (PAA) with high efficiency for degrading aqueous organic contaminants have attracted extensive attention. Herein, a novel metal-free N-doped carbonaceous catalyst, namely, carbonized polyaniline (CPANI), was applied to activate PAA to degrade phenolic and pharmaceutical pollutants. The results showed that the CPANI/PAA system could effectively degrade 10 μM phenol in 60 min with low concentrations of PAA (0.1 mM) and catalyst (25 mg L-1). This system also performed well within a wide pH range of 5-9 and displayed high tolerance to Cl-, HCO3- and humic acid. The nonradical pathway [singlet oxygen (1O2)] was found to be the dominant pathway for degrading organic contaminants in the CPNAI/PAA system. Systematic characterization revealed that the graphitic N, pyridinic N, carbonyl groups (CO) and defects played the role of active sites on CPANI during the activation of PAA. The catalytic capacity of spent CPANI could be conveniently recovered by thermal treatment. The findings will be helpful for the application of metal-free carbonaceous catalyst/PAA processes in decontaminating water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Beining Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunqi Dong
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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11
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Sun Z, Zhang X, Yang Z, Ma X, Mei R, Zhang X, Tan Y, Liang J, Li C. Efficient peroxymonosulfate activation of immobilized Fe-N-C catalyst on ceramsite for the continuous flow removal of phenol. Chemosphere 2022; 307:136149. [PMID: 36029862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, developing environmentally friendly catalysts with both low cost and high efficiency was still a challenge in actual organic wastewater purification. Herein, the Fe-N-C catalyst was successfully immobilized on solid waste derived ceramsite for efficient degradation of phenol under continuous flow conditions by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). After the introduction of ceramsite, the microstructure of Fe-N-C catalyst was changed from granular structure to worm-like structure, promoting the dispersion of the nanoscale catalyst and providing more reactive sites. Therefore, the phenol removal rate and mineralization rate of the obtained 0.5FNNC within 30 min were up to 96.79% and 71.79%, respectively. In addition, the degradation rate of the optimal composite (0.5FNNC)/PMS system was about 4.06 times higher than that of bare Fe-N-C/PMS system. Intriguingly, the Fe ion leaching from 0.5FNNC during the degradation reaction was significantly lower than bare Fe-N-C owing to the strong catalyst-support chemical bonding. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance, quenching experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and electrochemical analysis, it was indicated that the non-radical processes (1O2 and high valent iron-oxo species) should be responsible for the phenol degradation. Meanwhile, the possible phenol degradation pathways were proposed, and the intermediates were evaluated for ecotoxicity by ECOSAR. Finally, a preliminary economic analysis of this process was carried out. Overall, this work would provide a new strategy for the construction of ceramsite based multi-pore composite catalysts and the large-scale application of persulfate oxidation technology in organic wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Xinchao Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zhongqing Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China; Gansu Construction Investment (Holdings) Group Corporation Mining Co. Ltd, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xin Ma
- Water Conservancy Science Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Ruifeng Mei
- Water Conservancy Science Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ye Tan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jialin Liang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Chunquan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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12
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Wang J, Zhao Y, Li C, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Tan X, Liu S, Wang S, Duan X. Peroxymonosulfate oxidation via paralleled nonradical pathways over iron and nitrogen doped porous carbons. Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155670. [PMID: 35523353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous iron/nitrogen-doped carbons (Fe-N-PC) were developed for the oxidation of ibuprofen (IBP) with peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The incorporation of trace-level iron and nitrogen dopants promoted the catalytic performance remarkably, leading to 4.8, 16.4 and 22.9-fold enhancement over N-doped carbon (N-PC), porous carbon (PC), and Fe-doped carbon (Fe-PC), respectively. Fe(III) was anchored in nitrogen-coordinated pots (Fe-Nx) in the sp2-hybridized carbon network, and graphitic-N could synergistically boost the catalysis. Notably, methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) transformation, quenching tests, in situ electrochemical analysis and Raman spectroscopy verified high-valent iron-oxo species and direct electron transfer pathway accounted for pollutant oxidation. The relationship between the kinetic constants (lnkobs) and the oxidation peak potential (Eop) of pollutants was established with good correlation, manifesting particular selectivity toward oxidizing electron-rich pollutants and great immunity to background inorganic ions and natural organic matters (NOMs) for real wastewater treatment. The deactivation mechanisms of Fe-N-PC were revealed via surface oxidation and dopant refabrication. This work delicates to deepen the understanding of the nonradical mechanisms and structure-oriented PMS activation by engineered carbonaceous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chunting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoyao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Shaomin Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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13
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Wang Y, Song Y, Li N, Liu W, Yan B, Yu Y, Liang L, Chen G, Hou L, Wang S. Tunable active sites on biogas digestate derived biochar for sulfanilamide degradation by peroxymonosulfate activation. J Hazard Mater 2022; 421:126794. [PMID: 34365236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of digestate into biochar-based catalysts is an effective strategy for disposal and resource utilization. The active sites on biochar correlated with reactive species formation in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system directly. Clarifying the structure-performance relationship of digestate derived biochar in PMS system was essential for decomposition of contaminants. Herein, dairy manure digestate derived biochar (DMDB) was prepared for PMS activation and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. The higher pyrolysis temperature could promote effective sites generation. Especially, the DMDB-800 catalyst exhibited excellent performance for PMS activation, achieving 90.2% degradation of SMX within 60 min. Based on the correlation analysis between log (k) values and active sites, defects, graphite N and CO were identified as dominant sites for PMS activation. The 1O2 oxidation and surface electron transfer were critical routes for SMX degradation. Besides, the degradation pathways of SMX were proposed according to DFT calculations and intermediates determination. The cleavage of the sulfonamide bond, hydroxylation of the benzene ring and oxidation of the amino group mainly occurred during SMX degradation. Overall, this study provides deep insights into the enhanced mechanism of tunable active sites on DMDBs for PMS activation, boosting the application of digestate biochar for water treatment in advanced oxidation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingjin Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lan Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Li'an Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an 710025, Shanxi, China
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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14
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Lin H, Tang X, Wang J, Zeng Q, Chen H, Ren W, Sun J, Zhang H. Enhanced visible-light photocatalysis of clofibric acid using graphitic carbon nitride modified by cerium oxide nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 2021; 405:124204. [PMID: 33131938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the emerging pharmaceutical micropollutants have become an environmental concern. Herein, we report an efficient elimination of clofibric acid (CA) using visible light-driven g-C3N4/CeO2 prepared by hydrothermal method. Among the catalysts with different compound ratios, g-C3N4/CeO2-3 (1.2 g g-C3N4 with 3 mmol Ce(NO3)3∙6H2O) exhibited the best photocatalytic performance. The effect of catalyst dosage was investigated and the optimal value was determined as 0.5 g L-1. The effect of initial pH (pH0) showed CA elimination decreased with increasing pH0. The underlying mechanism for CA oxidation was proposed based on synthetical analysis of photoluminescence emission spectra, transient photocurrent responses, electron paramagnetic resonance, chemical quenching experiments and band edge potential of g-C3N4 and CeO2. Photogenerated hole was primarily responsible for CA elimination while singlet oxygen played an auxiliary role. The products of CA oxidation were detected using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method and a possible pathway was put forward. Various organics were used as target contaminants to assess photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/CeO2 heterojunction under acidic and alkaline pH conditions. The analysis of relationship between the oxidation peak potential (EOP) and the reaction rate constant indicated that photocatalysis using as prepared g-C3N4/CeO2-3 heterojunction is apt to oxidize contaminants with electron withdrawing group under acid condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qingyuan Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hanxiao Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Hubei Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Chen F, Liu LL, Chen JJ, Li WW, Chen YP, Zhang YJ, Wu JH, Mei SC, Yang Q, Yu HQ. Efficient decontamination of organic pollutants under high salinity conditions by a nonradical peroxymonosulfate activation system. Water Res 2021; 191:116799. [PMID: 33453457 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment have recently attracted widespread interests. However, the degradation of organic pollutants via traditional radical-dominated pathway is severely limited by the side reactions between radicals and the co-existing inorganic anions, especially under high salinity conditions. Herein, an efficient Fe/O co-doped g-C3N4nanosheet catalyst was synthesized to dominantly activate PMS through a dual non-radical pathway with the singlet oxygen and high-valent iron-oxo species (Fe(V)=O). The rapid degradation of model pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) was achieved by dosing PMS (1 mM), catalyst (0.1 g/L) in a simulated high-salt wastewater (≥200 mM) of the developed Fe/O-doped g-C3N4+PMS system with a reaction rate constant of 1204-fold higher than that in g-C3N4+PMS system. The O and Fe co-dopants could reconfigurate the electronic structure of pristine g-C3N4 to produce more non-radical active species. The formed Fe(V)=O played a main role in the BPA degradation by promoting electron transfer from BPA molecule to the "metastable PMS/catalyst complex", which was verified by electrochemical tests and density functional theory calculations. The auxiliary transient productions of ·OH+SO4·- species were also favorable for the pollutant degradation. Excellent reusability in a wide pH range confirmed the practical application prospects of the Fe/O-doped g-C3N4+PMS system. The successive addition of PMS with a low dosage into the system rich in pollutants was confirmed to favor the PMS utilization. Our work unveils the potential applications of a non-radical dominated process for the decontamination of organic pollutants in saline water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lian-Lian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie-Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Hang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shu-Chuan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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16
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Kan Q, Lu K, Dong S, Shen D, Huang Q, Tong Y, Wu W, Gao S, Mao L. Transformation and removal of imidacloprid mediated by silver ferrite nanoparticle facilitated peroxymonosulfate activation in water: Reaction rates, products, and pathways. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115438. [PMID: 32866873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most extensively used chlorinated organic pesticides and its widespread occurrence makes it attract increased public concern and scientific interest. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation has been widely studied for the elimination of organic pollutants from water. But few studies are focused on their heterogeneous catalytic performance towards imidacloprid especially with the presence of silver ferrite nanoparticles (nAgFeO2)-based catalysts. Herein, the catalyst, nAgFeO2, was prepared via a co-precipitation method, and further applied to activate PMS for the removal of imidacloprid (IMI). Our results demonstrated that the prepared nAgFeO2 significantly promoted the activation of PMS for removing IMI, and the removal of IMI followed a pseudo first-order kinetics model with the corresponding nAgFeO2 dosage. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching tests revealed the singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated nonradical pathway, instead of hydroxyl radical (•OH) or sulfate radical (SO4•-), played the dominant role in the degradation of IMI. Eight products were identified and the degradation pathways of IMI were proposed. It is postulated that the primary site at the C-1 position of IMI was more easily attacked by the •OH yielding (6-chloropyridin-3-yl) methanol). While the site at the amidine nitrogen (2) of IMI was more likely attacked by the 1O2, and then reacted with •OH to produce 5-hydroxy imidacloprid. Overall, this study provides insights into the mechanisms of nonradical oxidation processes based on PMS for the elimination of pesticides from water, broadening the application of silver ferrite nanoparticles in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shipeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Danlei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Yang Tong
- High Tech Research and Development Center, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Dragonfly Agri (Jiangsu) Research Corp. LTD, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Yu Y, Tan P, Huang X, Tao J, Liu Y, Zeng RJ, Chen M, Zhou S. Homogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate using a low-dosage cross-bridged cyclam manganese(II) complex for organic pollutant degradation via a nonradical pathway. J Hazard Mater 2020; 394:122560. [PMID: 32220704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high dosage of catalyst requirement and weak anti-interference ability limit current heterogeneous manganese (Mn) catalyst/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) systems to remediate the organic polluted wastewater in complicated environment. Inspired by the concept of atom economy, herein, a homogenous manganese complex bearing a cross-bridged cyclam ligand Mn(cbc)Cl2 (MnL, L = cbc = 4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane)) is capable of activating PMS for reactive brilliant red K-2BP (RBR K-2BP) degradation. The dosage of MnL for PMS activation was low, in a range of 0.38∼3.8 mg/L. The quenching experiments demonstrated that the degradation was a nonradical-controlled process. Using methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) as a probe, the dominated degradation process of substrate was via an oxygen transfer pathway. Moreover, a high-valent Mn-oxo [(O)MnVLCl2]+ was directly detected using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This system showed excellent anti-interference ability to both anions and humic acid, a typical natural organic matter. The atom economy, represented by an index ((mg pollutant)/h/(g catalyst)), showed that MnL 22737 in PMS activation was much higher than those of Mn-based heterogeneous catalytic systems 67∼960 and was only behind that of iron-tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand Fe-TAML 59139. This work provides insights into designing an atom-economic Mn-based PMS activator for efficient treatments for organic pollutants in a complicated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Power China Water Environment Governance, Shenzhen, 518102, China
| | - Xinjue Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Junjie Tao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Man Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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18
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Shahzad A, Ali J, Ifthikar J, Aregay GG, Zhu J, Chen Z, Chen Z. Non-radical PMS activation by the nanohybrid material with periodic confinement of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Cu hydroxides. J Hazard Mater 2020; 392:122316. [PMID: 32097854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy was applied by periodic stacking of active sites of Cu and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the form of Cu-rGO LDH nanohybrid material. The experimental results revealed that newly prepared Cu-rGO LDH nanohybrid material was extremely reactive in PMS activation as evident from the degradation rate of 0.115 min-1, much higher than Mn-rGO LDH (0.071 min-1), Zn-rGO LDH (0.023 min-1) or other benchmarked material used during the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). This excellent activity of Cu-rGO LDH nanohybrid was attributed to the better PMS utilization efficiency as compared to the other catalysts. Additionally, the characterization techniques disclosed that the layer by layer arrangement of active sites in the Cu-rGO LDH catalyst promotes interfacial electron mobility owing to the synergistic association between Cu in LDH and interlayered rGO. Based on the in-situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and chemical scavengers, singlet oxygen (1O2) was unveiled as dominant reactive species for pollutant removal, resulting from the recombination of superoxides (O2-) or reduction of active Cu centers. We believe that this novel Cu-rGO LDH/PMS system will open up a new avenue to design efficient metal-carbon nanohybrid catalysts for the degradation of emerging aquatic pollutants in a real application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Shahzad
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jawad Ali
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jerosha Ifthikar
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Gebremedhin G Aregay
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhulei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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19
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Li H, Tian J, Xiao F, Huang R, Gao S, Cui F, Wang S, Duan X. Structure-dependent catalysis of cuprous oxides in peroxymonosulfate activation via nonradical pathway with a high oxidation capacity. J Hazard Mater 2020; 385:121518. [PMID: 31704121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research interests have been recently thrust into the nonradical reactions in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), whilst the underlying mechanism of the nonradical pathway remains ambiguous especially in metal-based AOPs systems. In this study, we investigated the reactivity of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to decompose diverse organic contaminants. Cu2O exhibited a strong catalytic dependence on the crystal morphology, and cubic Cu2O was more reactive than the octahedral and rhombic dodecahedral structures for catalytic degradation of bisphenol A with PMS. Chemical quenching tests, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), solvent exchange and selective oxidation experiment were corporately conducted to illustrate that Cu2O-catalyzed PMS did not produce free radicals or singlet oxygen. In contrast, a surface-confined metastable intermediate would be formed via outer-sphere interactions between PMS and Cu2O, which directly attacked the organic substrate. Such a reaction pathway is intrinsically distinct from the electron-shuttling regime in carbon (or noble metal)/persulfate systems via the conductive surface of the catalyst, and the outer-sphere interactions let the activated PMS demonstrate a higher oxidizing capacity toward organic contaminants. Therefore, this study dedicates to providing new insights into the copper-catalyzed AOPs and vital supplementary to the ongoing dialogue of the nonradical catalysis in persulfate-based oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, PR China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
| | - Feng Xiao
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, PR China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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20
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Zheng W, Xiao X, Chen B. A nonradical reaction-dominated phenol degradation with peroxydisulfate catalyzed by nitrogen-doped graphene. Sci Total Environ 2019; 667:287-296. [PMID: 30833234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen doping is a common approach for functionalization of graphene to generate active sites for catalytic reactions. However, the effect of nitrogen content and species within nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) on catalytic phenol oxidation remains largely unaddressed, especially for the peroxidisulfate (PDS) system. In this work, graphene (G), NH3•H2O-reduced graphene (NG-NH3), and N2H4-reduced graphene (NG-N2H4) with different nitrogen contents were synthesized, and their catalytic abilities in inducing PDS was evaluated. The degradation results indicated that nitrogen doping improved the catalytic ability of G and NG-NH3 shows a higher catalytic ability than NG-N2H4, even though they have similar nitrogen contents. Based on the XPS spectra, among all the doped nitrogen species, the graphitic N made the greatest contribution to the catalytic activity. The scavenger and electron paramagnetic resonance results imply a major contribution of a nonradical mechanism in the NG-PDS-phenol reaction system. Finally, the hydroquinone and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were identified as two intermediate products during the degradation. The decrease in total organic carbon concentration (TOC) after reaction confirmed that phenol was mineralized partially in CO2. These findings will guide the applications of NG as a catalyst and enrich our understanding of the PDS-phenol reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollutant Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollutant Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollutant Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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21
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Li H, Shan C, Li W, Pan B. Peroxymonosulfate activation by iron(III)-tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand for degradation of organic pollutants via high-valent iron-oxo complex. Water Res 2018; 147:233-241. [PMID: 30312796 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we proposed a new catalytic oxidation system, i.e., iron(III)-tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand (FeIII-TAML) mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), for highly efficient organic degradation using p-chlorophenol (4-CP) as a model one. PMS/FeIII-TAML is capable of degrading 4-CP completely in 9 min at the initial 4-CP of 50 μM and pH = 7, whereas the recently explored system, H2O2/FeIII-TAML, could only result in ∼22% 4-CP removal in 20 min under otherwise identical conditions. More attractively, inorganic anions (i.e., Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and HCO3-) exhibited insignificant effect on 4-CP degradation, and the negative effect of natural organic matters (NOM) on the degradation of 4-CP in PMS/FeIII-TAML is much weaker than the sulfate radical-based oxidation process (PMS/Co2+). Combined with in-situ XANES spectra, UV-visible spectra, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, and radical quenching experiments, high-valent iron-oxo complex (FeIV(O)TAML) instead of singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2•-), sulfate radicals (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was the key active species responsible for 4-CP degradation. The formation rate (kI) and consumption rate (kII) of the FeIV(O)TAML in PMS/FeIII-TAML were pH-dependent in the range of 6.0-11.5. As expected, increasing the FeIII-TAML and PMS dosage resulted in a higher steady-state concentration of FeIV(O)TAML and enhanced the 4-CP degradation accordingly. In addition, the oxidation capacity of PMS was almost totally utilized in PMS/FeIII-TAML for 4-CP oxidation due to the two-electron abstraction from 4-CP by one PMS. We believe this study will shed new light on effective PMS activation by Fe-ligand complexes to efficiently degrade organic contaminants via nonradical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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