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Zheng W, Lan S, Zhang W, Nie B, Zhu K, Ye X, Hou Z, Chen S. Polysaccharide structure evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum from different regions in China based on an innovative extraction strategy. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122079. [PMID: 38616076 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The polysaccharides and triterpenes are important functional components of Ganoderma lucidum, but traditional preparation process of G. lucidum functional components can only realize the preparation of single functional component, which has poor targeting and low efficiency. In this study, the existence state of the functional components of G. lucidum was revealed. Then, the single step extraction process for functional components was established, and the precise structure evaluation of polysaccharide and triterpenes was conducted based on the process. The results showed that preparation time required for this strategy is only one-sixth of the traditional one, and 50 % of raw materials can be saved. Structural analysis of the functional components revealed that triterpenes were mainly Ganoderic acid and Lucidenic acid, and the polysaccharide structure was mainly 1,3-glucan and 1,3,6-glucan. The establishment of single step extraction strategy and the evaluation of the fine structure of functional components improved the efficiency of preparation and result determination, and provided an important basis for the development and utilization of green and low-carbon G. lucidum and even edible fungi resources and human nutritional dietary improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Suqing Lan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bingqian Nie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 315100, China; Longquan Industrial Innovation Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Longquan 323700, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 315100, China; Longquan Industrial Innovation Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Longquan 323700, China.
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2
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Kachrimanidou V, Papadaki A, Papapostolou H, Alexandri M, Gonou-Zagou Z, Kopsahelis N. Ganoderma lucidum Mycelia Mass and Bioactive Compounds Production through Grape Pomace and Cheese Whey Valorization. Molecules 2023; 28:6331. [PMID: 37687160 PMCID: PMC10489755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous compounds obtained from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum have evidenced renowned bioactive characteristics. Controlled fermentation to generate fungal mycelia confers several advantages, specifically when the valorization of agro-industrial streams as fermentation feedstocks is included. Submerged fermentation of a newly isolated Greek strain of G. lucidum was performed using conventional synthetic media and, also, grape pomace extract (GPE) and cheese whey permeate (CWP) under static and shaking conditions. Under shaking conditions, maximum biomass with GPE and supplementation with organic nitrogen reached 17.8 g/L. The addition of an elicitor in CWP resulted in a significant improvement in biomass production that exceeded synthetic media. Overall, agitation demonstrated a positive impact on biomass productivity and, therefore, on process optimization. Crude intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides were extracted and evaluated regarding antioxidant activity and polysaccharide and protein content. FTIR analysis confirmed the preliminary chemical characterization of the crude extracts. This study introduces the design of a bioprocessing scenario to utilize food industry by-products as onset feedstocks for fungal bioconversions to obtain potential bioactive molecules within the concept of bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kachrimanidou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Harris Papapostolou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Alexandri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Zacharoula Gonou-Zagou
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kopsahelis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
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Raethong N, Thananusak R, Cheawchanlertfa P, Prabhakaran P, Rattanaporn K, Laoteng K, Koffas M, Vongsangnak W. Functional genomics and systems biology of Cordyceps species for biotechnological applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102939. [PMID: 37075529 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of Cordyceps species for the manufacture of natural products has been established; however, the tremendous advances observed in recent years in genetic engineering and molecular biology have revolutionized the optimization of Cordyceps as cell factories and drastically expanded the biotechnological potential of these fungi. Here, we present a review of systems and synthetic biology studies of Cordyceps and their implications for fungal biology and industrial applications. We summarize the current status of synthetic biology for enhancing targeted metabolites in Cordyceps species, such as cordycepin, adenosine, polysaccharide, and pentostatin. Progress in the systems and synthetic biology of Cordyceps provides a strategy for comprehensively comprehensive controlling efficient cell factories of natural bioproducts and novel synthetic biology toolbox for targeted engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachon Raethong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pattsarun Cheawchanlertfa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pranesha Prabhakaran
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Rattanaporn
- Fermentation Technology Research Center (FTRC), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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A Modular Chain Bioreactor Design for Fungal Productions. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040179. [DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic bag bioreactors are single-use bioreactors, frequently used in solid culture fermentation. This study developed plastic bag bioreactors with more effective aeration conditions and particular connection elements that yield sensors, environmental control, and modular connectivity. This bioreactor system integrates the bags in a chain that circulates air and moisture through filtered connections. Within the present scope, this study also aimed to reveal that cultures in different plastic bags can be produced without affecting each other. In this direction, biomass production in the modular chain bioreactor (MCB) system developed in this study was compared to traditional bag systems. In addition, contamination experiments were carried out between the bags in the system, and it was observed that the filters in the developed system did not affect the microorganisms in different bags.
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Cör Andrejč D, Knez Ž, Knez Marevci M. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and nevro-protective activity of Ganoderma lucidum: An overview. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:934982. [PMID: 35935849 PMCID: PMC9353308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a very medicinal mushroom that has been utilized in Oriental medicine for many years. It has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic properties, and has been used for many years as a health promoter. It contains various biologically active compounds that improve the immune system and have antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. Active compounds include triterpenoids and polysaccharides, as well as proteins, lipids, phenolics, sterols, etc. In the following review, we summarize briefly their biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory activity. Although Ganoderma has a number of medicinal effects that have been confirmed by the in vitro and in vivo studies summarised in this review, there are some limitations. Clinical trials face mainly a lack of pure constituents. Accurate identification of the compounds obtained is also problematic. In addition, most of the included studies were small, and there were concerns about the methodological quality of each study. Studies have shown that Ganoderma has valuable potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer. In any case, G. lucidum cannot be used as first-line therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia.,Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
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Wang L, Ding X, Huang Q, Hu B, Liang L, Wang Q. Gllac7 Is Induced by Agricultural and Forestry Residues and Exhibits Allelic Expression Bias in Ganoderma lucidum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:890686. [PMID: 35847055 PMCID: PMC9279560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has a wide carbon spectrum, while the expression profile of key genes relevant to carbon metabolism on different carbon sources has been seldom studied. Here, the transcriptomes of G. lucidum mycelia cultured on each of 19 carbon sources were conducted. In comparison with glucose, 16 to 1,006 genes were upregulated and 7 to 1,865 genes were downregulated. Significant gene expression dynamics and induced activity were observed in laccase genes when using agricultural and forestry residues (AFRs) as solo carbon sources. Furthermore, study of laccase gene family in two haploids of G. lucidum GL0102 was conducted. Totally, 15 and 16 laccase genes were identified in GL0102_53 and GL0102_8, respectively, among which 15 pairs were allelic genes. Gene structures were conserved between allelic laccase genes, while sequence variations (most were SNPs) existed. Nine laccase genes rarely expressed on all the tested carbon sources, while the other seven genes showed high expression level on AFRs, especially Gllac2 and Gllac7, which showed 5- to 1,149-fold and 4- to 94-fold upregulation in mycelia cultured for 5 days, respectively. The expression of H53lac7 was consistently higher than that of H8lac7_1 on all the carbon sources except XM, exhibiting a case of allelic expression bias. A total of 47 SNPs and 3 insertions/deletions were observed between promoters of H53lac7 and H8lac7_1, which lead to differences in predicted binding sites of zinc fingers. These results provide scientific data for understanding the gene expression profile and regulatory role on different carbon sources and may support further functional research of laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Bijla L, Aissa R, Laknifli A, Bouyahya A, Harhar H, Gharby S. Spent coffee grounds: A sustainable approach toward novel perspectives of valorization. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14190. [PMID: 35553079 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular and preferred drinks in the world, being consumed for its refreshing and energizing properties. As a result, the consumption of coffee generates millions of tons of waste, in particular, spent coffee grounds (SCG). On the contrary, food waste recovery is an incredibly sustainable and convenient solution to the growing need for materials, fuels, and chemicals. SCG has been developed as a precious resource of several high value-added products (oil, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, sterols….). Thus, a transformative pathway to a circular economy that involves the valorization of coffee wastes and by-products is currently attracting the attention of researchers worldwide. The potential growth of scientific papers and publications promotes a comprehensive review to determine the research hotspots, knowledge structure, and to consider future avenues and challenges. Therefore, in this paper, we conducted a systematic review based on 275 indexed papers on the composition and valorization of SCG as a prospective environmental source. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: SCG can be applied in agro-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Bijla
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment Team, LBME, Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Rabha Aissa
- Bioprocesses and Environment Team, LASIME, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Laknifli
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment Team, LBME, Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratoire de Materiaux, Nanotechnologie et Environnement LMNE, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Mohammed V de rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Harhar
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Said Gharby
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment Team, LBME, Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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Edible Mushrooms for Sustainable and Healthy Human Food: Nutritional and Medicinal Attributes. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14094941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Global food production faces many challenges, including climate change, a water crisis, land degradation, and desertification. These challenges require research into non-traditional sources of human foods. Edible mushrooms are considered an important next-generation healthy food source. Edible mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components (alkaloids, lactones, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, sterols, and terpenoids). Several bioactive ingredients can be extracted from edible mushrooms and incorporated into health-promoting supplements. It has been suggested that several human diseases can be treated with extracts from edible mushrooms, as these extracts have biological effects including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immune-potentiating, and hypo-cholesterolemic influences. The current study focuses on sustainable approaches for handling edible mushrooms and their secondary metabolites, including biofortification. Comparisons between edible and poisonous mushrooms, as well as the common species of edible mushrooms and their different bioactive ingredients, are crucial. Nutritional values and the health benefits of edible mushrooms, as well as different biomedical applications, have been also emphasized. Further research is needed to explore the economic sustainability of different medicinal mushroom bioactive compound extracts and their potential applications against emerging diseases such as COVID-19. New approaches such as nano-biofortification are also needed to supply edible mushrooms with essential nutrients and/or to increase their bioactive ingredients.
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Green Biotechnology of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.): A Sustainable Strategy for Myco-Remediation and Bio-Fermentation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of biotechnology presents us with a great chance to use many organisms, such as mushrooms, to find suitable solutions for issues that include the accumulation of agro-wastes in the environment. The green biotechnology of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.) includes the myco-remediation of polluted soil and water as well as bio-fermentation. The circular economy approach could be effectively achieved by using oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.), of which the substrate of their cultivation is considered as a vital source for producing biofertilizers, animal feeds, bioenergy, and bio-remediators. Spent mushroom substrate is also considered a crucial source for many applications, including the production of enzymes (e.g., manganese peroxidase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase) and bioethanol. The sustainable management of agro-industrial wastes (e.g., plant-based foods, animal-based foods, and non-food industries) could reduce, reuse and recycle using oyster mushrooms. This review aims to focus on the biotechnological applications of the oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus L.) concerning the field of the myco-remediation of pollutants and the bio-fermentation of agro-industrial wastes as a sustainable approach to environmental protection. This study can open new windows onto the green synthesis of metal-nanoparticles, such as nano-silver, nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO. More investigations are needed concerning the new biotechnological approaches.
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López‐Hortas L, Flórez‐Fernández N, Torres MD, Domínguez H. Update on potential of edible mushrooms: high‐value compounds, extraction strategies and bioactive properties. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López‐Hortas
- CINBIO Chemical Engineering Department University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) Polytechnic Building, As Lagoas Ourense 32004 Spain
| | - Noelia Flórez‐Fernández
- CINBIO Chemical Engineering Department University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) Polytechnic Building, As Lagoas Ourense 32004 Spain
| | - María D. Torres
- CINBIO Chemical Engineering Department University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) Polytechnic Building, As Lagoas Ourense 32004 Spain
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO Chemical Engineering Department University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) Polytechnic Building, As Lagoas Ourense 32004 Spain
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