1
|
Pisithkul T, Pisithkul T, Lao-Araya M. Impact of Air Pollution and Allergic Status on Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students in Northern Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:452. [PMID: 38673363 PMCID: PMC11050436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global awareness of ambient air pollution has heightened due to its detrimental impact on health, particularly in regions with elevated PM2.5 levels. Chiang Mai has emerged as an area experiencing the highest PM2.5 levels in Thailand. OBJECTIVES to examine the prevalence of respiratory allergies and assess the impact of air pollution on the health-related quality of life (QoL) among university students in Chiang Mai. METHODS Chiang Mai University (CMU) and Maejo University (MJU) students were recruited. The Global Asthma Network (GAN) questionnaire screened for respiratory allergies (RAs). The disease-specific QoL questionnaire (Rcq-36) was administered twice during low-PM2.5 and high-PM2.5 seasons to evaluate air pollution's impact on health-related QoL. Those showing potential RAs underwent a skin prick test (SPT) to investigate allergic sensitization. RESULTS Out of 406 participants, 131 (32%) reported respiratory allergies. Among those undergoing SPT, a high rate (82.54%) had positive results. Across both universities, students reported significantly lower QoL in multiple domains, particularly respiratory, eye, sleep, and emotional well-being, during the high-PM2.5 season. This aligned with their poorer self-reported health on a visual analog scale (VAS; p-value < 0.01). PM2.5 levels significantly impacted social functioning for CMU students (p-value = 0.001) and role limitations for MJU students (p-value < 0.001). Notably, participants without respiratory allergies (non-RAs) were more significantly affected by PM2.5 than RA participants in almost all parameters, despite experiencing fewer baseline symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory allergies, particularly allergic rhinitis, are prevalent among university students in Chiang Mai. This study underscores the substantial negative impact of ambient air pollution on QoL for both allergic and non-allergic students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tipanan Pisithkul
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Tippapha Pisithkul
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand;
| | - Mongkol Lao-Araya
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yen PH, Yuan CS, Soong KY, Jeng MS, Cheng WH. Identification of potential source regions and long-range transport routes/channels of marine PM 2.5 at remote sites in East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170110. [PMID: 38232833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Long-range transport (LRT) of air masses in East Asia and their impacts on marine PM2.5 were explored. Situated in the leeward region of East Asia, Taiwan Island marked by its elevated Central Mountain Range (CMR) separates air masses into two distinct air currents. This study aims to investigate the transport of PM2.5 from the north to the leeward region. Six transport routes (A-F) were identified and further classified them into three main channels (i.e. East, West, and South Channels) based on their transport routes and potential sources. Green Island (Site GR) and Hengchun Peninsula (Site HC) exhibited similarities in their transport routes, with Central China, North China, and Korean Peninsula being the major source regions of PM2.5, particularly during the Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Dongsha Island (Site DS) was influenced by both Central China and coastal regions of East China, indicating Asian continental outflow (ACO) as the major source of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of PM2.5 resolved that soil dust, sea salts, biomass burning, ship emissions, and secondary aerosols were the major sources. Northerly Channels (i.e. East and West Channels) were primarily influenced by ship emissions and secondary aerosols, while South Channel was dominated by oceanic spray and soil dust. The results of W-PSCF and W-CWT analysis indicated that three remote sites experienced significant contributions from Central China in the highest PM2.5 concentration range (75-100%). In contrast, PM2.5 in the 0-25% and 25-50% ranges primarily originated from the open seas, with ship emissions being the prominent source. It suggested that northern regions with heavy industrialization and urbanization have impacts on high PM2.5 concentrations, while open seas are the main sources of low PM2.5 concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Hsi Cheng
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, College of Maritime, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kraisitnitikul P, Thepnuan D, Chansuebsri S, Yabueng N, Wiriya W, Saksakulkrai S, Shi Z, Chantara S. Contrasting compositions of PM 2.5 in Northern Thailand during La Niña (2017) and El Niño (2019) years. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:585-599. [PMID: 37778829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
There have been a very limited number of systematic studies on PM2.5 compositions and their source contribution in Southeast Asia. This study aims to explore the characteristics of PM2.5 composition collected in Chiang Mai (Thailand) during La Niña and El Niño years and to apportion their sources during smoke haze and non-haze periods. The average PM2.5 concentration of smoke haze episode in 2019 (El Niño) was much higher than in 2017 (La Niña). The ratios of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC), as well as K (biomass burning (BB) tracer) to PM2.5, were higher during smoke haze episodes in 2019 than in 2017 indicating a significant influence from BB. The ratios of secondary organic carbon (SOC) levels to primary organic carbon (POC) levels during smoke haze episodes were higher than those in non-haze period, which indicated greater SOC contributions or more photo-oxidation of precursors in haze episodes with high ambient temperatures. However, the ratios of soil markers (Ca and Mg) during non-haze period were high implying that soil source contributed more to PM2.5 concentrations when there less BB occurred. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model revealed that the source of BB, characterized by high K fractions, was the largest contributor during smoke haze episodes accounting for 50% (2017) and 79% (2019). Climate conditions influence meteorological patterns, particularly during incidences of extreme weather such as droughts, which affect the scale and frequency of open burning and thus air pollution levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavidarin Kraisitnitikul
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Thepnuan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand.
| | - Sarana Chansuebsri
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuttipon Yabueng
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wan Wiriya
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Supattarachai Saksakulkrai
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao K, Wang Q, Lu S, Lin Y, Enyoh CE, Chowdhury T, Rabin MH, Islam MR, Guo Y, Wang W. Pollution levels and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals of size-segregated particulate matter in rural residential areas of high lung cancer incidence in Fuyuan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2869-2889. [PMID: 36088450 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The highest incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer in rural area of Fuyuan has been a research hotspot, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. Therefore, atmospheric particulate matters (APMs) samples were collected between 18 February and 01 March 2017, exploring water-soluble potentially toxic metals (WSPTMs) and water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIIs) levels, size distribution, sources, acidity and alkalinity, and potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, hoping to provide scientific basic data to solve this problem. In our study, the average ratio of nitrate ion (NO3-)/sulfate ion (SO42-) within PM1.1, PM1.1-2.0, PM2.0-3.3, PM3.3-7.0, and PM>7.0 were 0.22, 0.18, 0.15, 0.34 and 0.36, respectively, that revealed that combustion sources contributed to PM were more significant. The anions in equilibrium (ANE) / cations in equilibrium (CAE) < 1 for all samples within PM1.1, PM2.0-3.3, PM3.3-7.0 indicate that the APMs were alkaline, but PM1.1-2.0 particulate matter shows weak acidity. SO42- prefers to combine with NH4+ to form (NH4)2SO4, which hinders the formation of NH4NO3, the remaining SO42- and NO3- to neutralize the K+, KNO3 was formed at all particulate, however, K2SO4 can only be formed in PM<3.3. Arsenic (As) and Selenium (Se) were identified as the most enriched WSPTMs in all PM sizes, predominantly from anthropogenic emissions, were suggested that coal combustion is a significant source of PM-bound WSPTMs. Total WSPTMs exhibited high total carcinogenic risks (TCR) values (9.98 × 10-6, 1.06 × 10-5, and 1.19 × 10-5 for girls, boys and adults, respectively) in the smaller particles (< 1.1 μm). Se was considered as the major contributor (63.60%) to carcinogenic risk (CR) in PM2.0 and had an inverse relationship with PM size that should be of prime concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai city, 200-444, China
| | - Yichun Lin
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Christian Ebere Enyoh
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tanzin Chowdhury
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mominul Haque Rabin
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Md Rezwanul Islam
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yue Guo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Weiqian Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yen PH, Yuan CS, Lee GW, Ceng JH, Huang ZY, Chiang KC, Du IC, Tseng YL, Soong KY, Jeng MS. Chemical characteristics and spatiotemporal variation of marine fine particles for clustered channels of air masses transporting toward remote background sites in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121870. [PMID: 37225076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, and source apportionment of marine fine particles (PM2.5) for clustered transport channels/routes of air masses moving toward three remote sites in East Asia. Six transport routes in three channels were clustered based on backward trajectory simulation (BTS) in the order of: West Channel > East Channel > South Channel. Air masses transported toward Dongsha Island (DS) came mainly from the West Channel, while those transported toward Green Island (GR) and Kenting Peninsula (KT) came mostly from the East Channel. High PM2.5 commonly occurred from late fall to early spring during the periods of Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Marine PM2.5 was dominated by water-soluble ions (WSIs) which were predominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs). Although the metallic content of PM2.5 was predominated by crustal elements (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Al), enrichment factor clearly showed that trace metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) came mainly from anthropogenic sources. Organic carbon (OC) was superior to elemental carbon (EC), while OC/EC and SOC/OC ratios in winter and spring were higher than those in other two seasons. Similar trends were observed for levoglucosan and organic acids. The mass ratio of malonic acid and succinic acid (M/S) was commonly higher than unity, showing the influences of biomass burning (BB) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) on marine PM2.5. We resolved that the main sources of PM2.5 were sea salts, fugitive dust, boiler combustion, and SIAs. Boiler combustion and fishing boat emissions at DS had higher contribution than those at GR and KT. The highest/lowest contribution ratios of cross-boundary transport (CBT) were 84.9/29.6% in winter and summer, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Aeroaol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Gia-Wei Lee
- Departmnt of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hao Ceng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zi-You Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Du
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Esquivel-Hernández G, Matiatos I, Sánchez-Murillo R, Vystavna Y, Balestrini R, Wells NS, Monteiro LR, Chantara S, Walters W, Wassenaar LI. Nitrate isotopes ( δ15N, δ18O) in precipitation: best practices from an international coordinated research project. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2023; 59:127-141. [PMID: 36812294 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2023.2177649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and oxygen (15N/14N and 18O/16O) of nitrate (NO3-) are excellent tracers for developing systematic understanding of sources, conversions, and deposition of reactive atmospheric nitrogen (Nr) in the environment. Despite recent analytical advances, standardized sampling of NO3-) isotopes in precipitation is still lacking. To advance atmospheric studies on Nr species, we propose best-practice guidelines for accurate and precise sampling and analysis of NO3- isotopes in precipitation based on the experience obtained from an international research project coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The precipitation sampling and preservation strategies yielded a good agreement between the NO3- concentrations measured at the laboratories of 16 countries and at the IAEA. Compared to conventional methods (e.g., bacterial denitrification), we confirmed the accurate performance of the lower cost Ti(III) reduction method for isotope analyses (15N and 18O) of NO3- in precipitation samples. These isotopic data depict different origins and oxidation pathways of inorganic nitrogen. This work emphasized the capability of NO3- isotopes to assess the origin and atmospheric oxidation of Nr and outlined a pathway to improve laboratory capability and expertise at a global scale. The incorporation of other isotopes like 17O in Nr is recommended in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germain Esquivel-Hernández
- Stable Isotopes Research Group and Water Resources Management Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Yuliya Vystavna
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Naomi S Wells
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucilena R Monteiro
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wendell Walters
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leonard I Wassenaar
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
- WasserCluster Lunz, Lunz am See, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song W, Zhang YL, Zhang Y, Cao F, Rauber M, Salazar G, Kawichai S, Prapamontol T, Szidat S. Is biomass burning always a dominant contributor of fine aerosols in upper northern Thailand? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107466. [PMID: 35986983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is an important contributor to the air pollution in Southeast Asia (SEA), but the emission sources remain great uncertainty. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from an urban (Chiang Mai University, CMU) and a rural (Nong Tao village, NT) site in Chiang Mai, Thailand from February to April (high BB season, HBB) and from June to September (low BB season, LBB) in 2018. Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols was carried out by Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method incorporating the radiocarbon (14C) and organic markers (e.g., dehydrated sugars, aromatic acids, etc.). Thereby, carbonaceous aerosols were divided into the fossil-derived elemental carbon (ECf), BB-derived EC (ECbb), fossil-derived primary and secondary organic carbon (POCf, SOCf), BB-derived OC (OCbb) and the remaining OC (OCnf, other). The fractions of ECbb generally prevailed over ECf throughout the year. OCbb was the dominant contributor to total carbon with a clear seasonal trend (65.5 ± 5.8 % at CMU and 79.9 ± 7.6 % at NT in HBB, and 39.1 ± 7.9 % and 42.8 ± 4.6 % in LBB). The distribution of POCf showed a spatial difference with a higher contribution at CMU, while SOCf displayed a temporal variation with a greater fraction in LBB. OCnf, other was originated from biogenic secondary aerosols, cooking emissions and bioaerosols as resolved by the principal component analysis with multiple liner regression model. The OCnf, other contributed within a narrow range of 6.6 %-14.4 %, despite 34.9 ± 7.9 % at NT in LBB. Our results highlight the dominance of BB-derived fractions in carbonaceous aerosols in HBB, and call the attention to the higher production of SOC in LBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuai Song
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Martin Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Gary Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sawaeng Kawichai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|