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Holzner A, Mohd Rameli NIA, Ruppert N, Widdig A. Agricultural habitat use affects infant survivorship in an endangered macaque species. Curr Biol 2024; 34:410-416.e4. [PMID: 38194972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Infant survival is a major determinant of individual fitness and constitutes a crucial factor in shaping species' ability to maintain viable populations in changing environments.1 Early adverse conditions, such as maternal loss, social isolation, and ecological hazards, have been associated with reduced rates of infant survivorship in wild primates.2,3,4 Agricultural landscapes increasingly replacing natural forest habitats may additionally threaten the survival of infants through exposure to novel predators,5 human-wildlife conflicts,6,7 or the use of harmful chemicals.8,9 Here, we investigated potential links between agricultural habitat use and high infant mortality in wild southern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) inhabiting a mosaic landscape of rainforest and oil palm plantation in Peninsular Malaysia. Longitudinal data revealed that 57% of all infants born during the study period (2014-2023) died before the age of 1 year, far exceeding mortality rates reported for other wild primates.10,11,12,13,14 Importantly, prolonged time spent in the plantation during infancy decreased the likelihood of infant survival by 3-fold, likely caused by increased exposure to the threats inherent to this environment. Further, mortality risk was elevated for infants born to primiparous mothers and predicted by prolonged maternal interbirth intervals, suggesting potential long-term effects attributed to the uptake and/or accumulation of pesticides in mothers' bodies.15,16,17 Indeed, existing literature reports that pesticides may cross the placental barrier, thus impacting fetal development during pregnancy.18,19,20 Our findings emphasize the importance of minimizing anthropogenic threats to wildlife in agricultural landscapes by establishing environmentally friendly cultivation practices that can sustain wildlife populations in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Holzner
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Iza Adrina Mohd Rameli
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Malaysian Primatological Society, Kulim 09000 Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Nadine Ruppert
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Malaysian Primatological Society, Kulim 09000 Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Anja Widdig
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Dong S, Han J, Sun XY, Zhang B, Wang W. A novel 2D g-C 3N 4 material applied for Paraquat adsorbing and detoxifying in vitro and in vivo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115594. [PMID: 37856982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In the environmental safety area, the widespread use of the herbicide Paraquat (PQ) poses a great threat to hydrobionts and mammals. Due to the lack of specific antidote, it may lead to irreversible pulmonary fibrosis with a mortality rate of 60%. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective and specific PQ antidote. The g-C3N4 (HPCN) with excellent surface physicochemical properties was prepared by a two-step calcination method using urea and dicyandiamide as raw materials, showing a significant photocatalyst against environmental PQ pollution. The SEM results showed that HPCN possesses a porous layered structure. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy indicated that the conjugated aromatic rings were orderly stacked, forming a 2D layered structure of g-C3N4. The HPCN had a larger specific surface area (56.84 m2 g-1) and pore volume (0.2718 cm3 g-1), which enhanced its adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity. HPCN exhibited an effective adsorption rate of 38.25% for PQ in water under light. Compared with the PQ group (54.8%), the cell viability of the HPCN group (91.4%) significantly increased by 36.6%, and the SEM observation revealed the restoration of normal cell morphology. The HPCN effectively reduced PQ content in zebrafish and mice in vivo, resulting in an approximately 70% increase in survival rate. The UV-Vis results indicated that the adsorption rate of HPCN for PQ in zebrafish was 43.5%. The enhanced catalytic performance of HPCN provides a promising solution for the detoxification of PQ and of other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shandong 257061, PR China; Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, PR China.
| | - Jun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
| | - Xi-Yin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shandong 257061, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
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Ait Lhaj Z, Ibork H, El Idrissi S, Ait Lhaj F, Sobeh M, Mohamed WMY, Alamy M, Taghzouti K, Abboussi O. Bioactive strawberry fruit ( Arbutus unedo L.) extract remedies paraquat-induced neurotoxicity in the offspring prenatally exposed rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1244603. [PMID: 37901424 PMCID: PMC10600521 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1244603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4-4'-bipyridinium dichloride) exposure is well-established as a neurotoxic agent capable of causing neurological deficits in offspring. This study aimed to investigate therapeutic effects of Arbutus unedo L. aqueous extract (AU) against paraquat (PQ) exposure. Methods For that the phytoconstituents of AU was determined by LC/MS, and then its antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays. The assessment included its impact on cell viability and mitochondrial metabolism using N27 dopaminergic cells. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of prenatal PQ exposure on motor coordination, dopamine levels, trace element levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in rat progeny. Results The phytochemical profile of AU extract revealed the presence of 35 compounds, primarily phenolic and organic acids, and flavonoids. This accounted for its strong in vitro antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, surpassing the activities of vitamin C. Our findings demonstrated that AU effectively inhibited PQ-induced loss of N27 rat dopaminergic neural cells and significantly enhanced their mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, daily post-treatment with AU during the 21 days of the rat's pregnancy alleviated PQ-induced motor deficits and akinesia in rat progeny. These effects inhibited dopamine depletion and reduced iron levels in the striatal tissues. The observed outcomes appeared to be mediated by the robust antioxidant activity of AU, effectively counteracting the PQ-induced decrease in TAC in the blood plasma of rat progeny. These effects could be attributed to the bioactive compounds present in AU, including phenolic acids such as gallic acid and flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin, apigenin, glucuronide, and kaempferol, all known for their potent antioxidant capacity. Discussion In conclusion, this preclinical study provided the first evidence of the therapeutic potential of AU extract against PQ-induced neurotoxicity. These findings emphasize the need for further exploration of the clinical applicability of AU in mitigating neurotoxin-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Ait Lhaj
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hind Ibork
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara El Idrissi
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Farida Ait Lhaj
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBiosciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Wael M. Y. Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Meryem Alamy
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Taghzouti
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Oualid Abboussi
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Cresto N, Forner-Piquer I, Baig A, Chatterjee M, Perroy J, Goracci J, Marchi N. Pesticides at brain borders: Impact on the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and neurological risk trajectories. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138251. [PMID: 36878369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are omnipresent, and they pose significant environmental and health risks. Translational studies indicate that acute exposure to high pesticide levels is detrimental, and prolonged contact with low concentrations of pesticides, as single and cocktail, could represent a risk factor for multi-organ pathophysiology, including the brain. Within this research template, we focus on pesticides' impact on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation, physical and immunological borders for the homeostatic control of the central nervous system (CNS) neuronal networks. We examine the evidence supporting a link between pre- and postnatal pesticide exposure, neuroinflammatory responses, and time-depend vulnerability footprints in the brain. Because of the pathological influence of BBB damage and inflammation on neuronal transmission from early development, varying exposures to pesticides could represent a danger, perhaps accelerating adverse neurological trajectories during aging. Refining our understanding of how pesticides influence brain barriers and borders could enable the implementation of pesticide-specific regulatory measures directly relevant to environmental neuroethics, the exposome, and one-health frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Cresto
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Asma Baig
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mousumi Chatterjee
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Perroy
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicola Marchi
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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Jiménez-Salvador I, Meade P, Iglesias E, Bayona-Bafaluy P, Ruiz-Pesini E. Developmental origins of Parkinson disease: Improving the rodent models. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101880. [PMID: 36773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pesticides are inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction adversely affects neurogenesis and often accompanies Parkinson disease. Since brain development occurs mainly in the prenatal period, early exposure to pesticides could alter the development of the nervous system and increase the risk of Parkinson disease. Different rodent models have been used to confirm this hypothesis. However, more precise considerations of the selected strain, the xenobiotic, its mode of administration, and the timing of animal analysis, are necessary to resemble the model to the human clinical condition and obtain more reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez-Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Meade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Yue Z, Zhou R, Li Q, Ouyang S, Liu L, Zhou Q. Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by CdSe Nanorods and the Therapy with Modified Procyanidinere. TOXICS 2022; 10:673. [PMID: 36355964 PMCID: PMC9693992 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The CdSe nanorod as a one-dimensional nanostructure has an excellent performance in many fields, such as healthcare, new energy, and environmental protection. Thus, it is crucial to investigate its potential adverse health effects prior to their wide exposure. The lung tissue would be the main target organ after CdSe nanorods enter living systems. Here, we showed that pulmonary instillation of CdSe nanorods could decrease the vitality of T-SOD and T-AOC in lung tissues of a rat, increase MDA and hydroxyproline levels and lipid peroxidation products, induce mitochondrial cristae breakage and vacuolization, cause inflammatory responses, and finally induce pulmonary fibrosis. The oral administration of modified procyanidinere could significantly increase the content of antioxidant enzymes, scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and have protective effects on CdSe nanorods-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The benefit is not only in the early inflammatory stage but also in the later stages of the CdSe nanorods-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkai Yue
- Laboratory of Environmental Protection in Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China, Tianjin 300456, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruiren Zhou
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA
| | - Qingzhao Li
- Preventive Medicine Department and Department of Biological Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shaohu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Colnot E, Cardoit L, Cabirol MJ, Roudier L, Delville MH, Fayoux A, Thoby-Brisson M, Juvin L, Morin D. Chronic maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles alters breathing in newborn offspring. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:57. [PMID: 35982496 PMCID: PMC9386967 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last two decades, nanotechnologies and the use of nanoparticles represent one of the greatest technological advances in many fields of human activity. Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are one of the nanomaterials most frequently found in everyday consumer products. But, due in particular to their extremely small size, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are prone to cross biological barriers and potentially lead to adverse health effects. The presence of TiO2 NPs found in human placentae and in the infant meconium has indicated unequivocally the capacity for a materno-fetal transfer of this nanomaterial. Although chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs during pregnancy is known to induce offspring cognitive deficits associated with neurotoxicity, the impact of a gestational exposure on a vital motor function such as respiration, whose functional emergence occurs during fetal development, remains unknown. Results Using in vivo whole-body plethysmographic recordings from neonatal mice, we show that a chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs during pregnancy alters the respiratory activity of offspring, characterized by an abnormally elevated rate of breathing. Correspondingly, using ex vivo electrophysiological recordings performed on isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations of newborn mice and medullary slice preparations containing specific nuclei controlling breathing frequency, we show that the spontaneously generated respiratory-related rhythm is significantly and abnormally accelerated in animals prenatally exposed to TiO2 NPs. Moreover, such a chronic prenatal exposure was found to impair the capacity of respiratory neural circuitry to effectively adjust breathing rates in response to excitatory environmental stimuli such as an increase in ambient temperature. Conclusions Our findings thus demonstrate that a maternal exposure to TiO2 NPs during pregnancy affects the normal development and operation of the respiratory centers in progeny. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00497-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Colnot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Cardoit
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lydia Roudier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33608, Pessac, France
| | | | - Anne Fayoux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Laurent Juvin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Morin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Univ. Bordeaux, Department of Health, Safety and Environment, Bordeaux Institute of Technology, F-33175, Gradignan, France.
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Kelkawi AHA, Hashemzadeh H, Pashandi Z, Tiraihi T, Naderi-Manesh H. Differentiation of PC12 cell line into neuron by Valproic acid encapsulated in the stabilized core-shell liposome-chitosan Nano carriers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:252-260. [PMID: 35537586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) usage in high dose is teratogen with low bioavailability. Hence to improve its efficacy and reduce its side effect it was encapsulated by the Nano liposomes and stabilized by the chitosan at different concentrations. The cellular uptake, biocompatibility, loading and encapsulation efficiency of the six-different formulations (1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 of chitosan-phospholipids: VPA), PC12 differentiation to neuron cells assays (gene-expression level by qRT-PCR) were conducted for the efficacy assessment of the Nano carriers. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) results revealed that the encapsulation of the VPA corresponds to the phospholipids dose, where 2:1 formulations showed higher encapsulating rate (64.5% for non-coated and 80% for coated by chitosan). The time monitored released of VPA also showed that the chitosan could enhance its controlled release too. The cellular uptake exhibited similar uptake behavior for both the coated and the non-coated Nano carriers and cytoplasmic distribution. We witnessed no toxicity effects, at different concentrations, for both formulations. Moreover, the results indicated that the gene expression level of SOX2, NeuroD1, and Neurofilament 200 increased from 1 to 5 folds for different genes. The qRT-PCR data were confirmed by the immunofluorescence antibodies staining, where Neurofilament 68 and SOX2 cell markers were modulated during differentiation of PC12 cells. Finally, our findings suggest promising potential for the Lip-VPA-Chit Nano carrier in inducing the differentiation of PC12 into neuron for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hamad Abd Kelkawi
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Biology Department, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Hadi Hashemzadeh
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaiddodine Pashandi
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taki Tiraihi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Biophysics Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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