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Lee SJ, Ju JT, Lee JJ, Song CK, Shin SA, Jung HJ, Shin HJ, Choi SD. Mapping nationwide concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in ambient PM 2.5 in South Korea using machine learning with ground observation data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171884. [PMID: 38527532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant in Northeast Asia, with frequent high PM episodes. To investigate the nationwide spatial distribution maps of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosols in South Korea, prediction models for mapping SO42- and NO3- concentrations in PM2.5 were developed using machine learning with ground-based observation data. Specifically, the random forest algorithm was used in this study to predict the SO42- and NO3- concentrations at 548 air quality monitoring stations located within the representative radii of eight intensive air quality monitoring stations. The average concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, and NO3- across the entire nation were 17.2 ± 2.8, 3.0 ± 0.6, and 3.4 ± 1.2 μg/m3, respectively. The spatial distributions of SO42- and NO3- concentrations in 2021 revealed elevated concentrations in both the western and central regions of South Korea. This result suggests that SO42- concentrations were primarily influenced by industrial activities rather than vehicle emissions, whereas NO3- concentrations were more associated with vehicle emissions. During a high PM2.5 event (November 19-21, 2021), the concentration of SO42- was primarily influenced by SOX emissions from China, while the concentration of NO3- was affected by NOX emissions from both China and Korea. The methodology developed in this study can be used to explore the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 with high spatiotemporal resolution. It can also provide valuable insights for the nationwide mitigation of secondary PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Ju
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jae Lee
- Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Song
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Shin
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Jung
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Chen HW, Chen CY, Lin GY. Impact assessment of spatial-temporal distribution of riverine dust on air quality using remote sensing data and numerical modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16048-16065. [PMID: 38308783 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Soil erosion is a severe problem in Taiwan due to the steep terrain, fragile geology, and extreme climatic events resulting from global warming. Due to the rapidly changing hydrological conditions affecting the locations and the amount of transported sand and fine particles, timely impact evaluation and riverine dust control are difficult, particularly when resources are limited. To comprehend the impact of desertification in estuarine areas on the variation of air pollutant concentrations, this study utilized remote sensing technology coupled with an air pollutant dispersion model to determine the unit contribution of potential pollution sources and quantify the effect of riverine dust on air quality. The images of the downstream area of the Beinan River basin captured by Formosat-2 in May 2006 were used to analyze land use and land cover (LULC) composition. Subsequently, the diffusion model ISCST-3 based on Gaussian distribution was utilized to simulate the transport of PM across the study area. Finally, a mixed-integer programming model was developed to optimize resource allocation for dust control. Results reveal that sand deposition in specific river sections significantly influences regional air quality, owing to the unique local topography and wind field conditions. The present optimal plan model for regional air quality control further showed that after implementing engineering measures including water cover, revegetation, armouring cover, and revegetation, total PM concentrations would be reduced by 51%. The contribution equivalent calculation, using the air pollution diffusion model, was effectively integrated into the optimization model to formulate a plan for reducing riverine dust with limited resources based on air quality requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Wen Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tung-Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Chen
- Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tung-Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Mohammadi F, Teiri H, Hajizadeh Y, Abdolahnejad A, Ebrahimi A. Prediction of atmospheric PM 2.5 level by machine learning techniques in Isfahan, Iran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2109. [PMID: 38267539 PMCID: PMC10808097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With increasing levels of air pollution, air quality prediction has attracted more attention. Mathematical models are being developed by researchers to achieve precise predictions. Monitoring and prediction of atmospheric PM2.5 levels, as a predominant pollutant, is essential in emission mitigation programs. In this study, meteorological datasets from 9 years in Isfahan city, a large metropolis of Iran, were applied to predict the PM2.5 levels, using four machine learning algorithms including Artificial Neural |Networks (ANNs), K-Nearest-Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector |Machines (SVMs) and ensembles of classification trees Random Forest (RF). The data from 7 air quality monitoring stations located in Isfahan City were taken into consideration. The Confusion Matrix and Cross-Entropy Loss were used to analyze the performance of classification models. Several parameters, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, F1 score, precision, and the area under the curve (AUC), are computed to assess model performance. Finally, by introducing the predicted data for 2020 into ArcGIS software and using the IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) method, interpolation was conducted for the area of Isfahan city and the pollution map was illustrated for each month of the year. The results showed that, based on the accuracy percentage, the ANN model has a better performance (90.1%) in predicting PM2.5 grades compared to the other models for the applied meteorological dataset, followed by RF (86.1%), SVM (84.6%) and KNN (82.2%) models, respectively. Therefore, ANN modelling provides a feasible procedure for the managerial planning of air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Teiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Yaghoub Hajizadeh
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Afshin Ebrahimi
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Liu S, Luo Q, Feng M, Zhou L, Qiu Y, Li C, Song D, Tan Q, Yang F. Enhanced nitrate contribution to light extinction during haze pollution in Chengdu: Insights based on an improved multiple linear regression model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121309. [PMID: 36822310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 has decreased in Chengdu, China; however, atmospheric visibility has not improved accordingly. Low-visibility events occurred even when the PM2.5 mass concentrations were below the national ambient air quality secondary standard (daily mean concentration, 75 μg/m3). In this study, the non-linear relationship between PM2.5 and visibility was analyzed under different NO3- mass fractions in PM2.5 based on 2-year field observation data. The results indicated that NO3- formation contributed to particulate pollution events and reduced atmospheric visibility. Multiple linear regression was used to propose a localized reconstruction equation for the light-scattering coefficient. According to the maximum likelihood estimation method and log-transformed residuals, the mass scattering coefficients (MSEs) of organic matter (OM), NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4 in Chengdu were 7.42, 3.83, and 3.80, respectively. OM and NH4NO3 contributed to more than 50% of the light-extinction coefficient (bext). NH4NO3 was the main pollutant causing the substantial increase in bext. Chengdu has a high relative humidity (annual mean 70%), and under such conditions, the contribution of NH4NO3 to bext was considerably enhanced through hygroscopic growth and heterogeneous reactions. This study estimated the localized MSEs of OM, NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4 in Chengdu and emphasized that effective control measures to reduce nitrate and its precursors could simultaneously ameliorate air quality and visibility in humid regions with poor atmospheric visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404020, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644000, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Yang Qiu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, 644000, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404020, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Lin GY, Chen WY, Chieh SH, Yang YT. Chang impact analysis of level 3 COVID-19 alert on air pollution indicators using artificial neural network. ECOL INFORM 2022; 69:101674. [PMID: 36568861 PMCID: PMC9760264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mean monthly and diurnal variations in fine particulate matters (PM2.5), nitrate, sulfate, and gaseous precursors were investigated during the Level 3 COVID-19 alert from May 19 to July 27 in 2021. For comparison, the historical data during the identical period in 2019 and 2020 were also provided to determine the effect of the Level 3 COVID-19 alert on aerosols and gaseous pollutants concentrations in Taichung City. A machine learning model using the artificial neural network technique coupled with a kinetic model was applied to predict NOx, O3, nitrate (NO3 -), and sulfate (SO4 2-) to investigate potential emission sources and chemical reaction mechanism. D during the Level 3 COVID-19 alert, a decrease in NOx concentration due to a decrease in traffic flow under the NOx-saturated regime was observed to enhance the secondary NO3 - and O3 formation. The present models were shown to predict 80.1, 77.0, 72.6, and 67.2% concentrations of NOx, O3, NO3 -, and SO4 2-, respectively, which could help decision-makers for pollutant emissions reduction policies development and air pollution control strategies. It is recommended that more long-term datasets, including water soluble inorganic salts (WIS), precursors including OH radicals, NH3, HNO3, and H2SO4, be provided by regulatory air quality monitoring stations to further improve the prediction model accuracy.
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Qiu Y, Wu Z, Man R, Liu Y, Shang D, Tang L, Chen S, Guo S, Dao X, Wang S, Tang G, Hu M. Historically understanding the spatial distributions of particle surface area concentrations over China estimated using a non-parametric machine learning method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153849. [PMID: 35176389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A non-parametric ensemble model was proposed to estimate the long-term (2015-2019) particle surface area concentrations (SA) over China for the first time on basis of a vilification dataset of measured particle number size distribution. This ensemble model showed excellent cross-validation R2 value (CV R2 = 0.83) as well as a relatively low root-mean-square error (RMSE = 195.0 μm2/cm3). No matter in which year, considerable spatial heterogeneity of SA was found over China with higher SA in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Middle Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR). From 2015 to 2019, SA significantly decreased in representative city clusters. The reduction rates were 140.1 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in BTH, 110.7 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in Pearl River Delta (PRD), 105.2 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in YRD, and 92.4 μm2·cm-3·a-1 in Sichuan Basin (SCB), respectively. Even though such quick reduction, high SA (ranged from ~800 μm2/cm3 to ~1750 μm2/cm3) during the heavy pollution period (PM2.5 > 75 μg/m3) still existed in the above-mentioned city clusters and may provide rich reaction vessels for multiphase chemistry. A dichotomy of enhanced annual 4th maximum daily 8-h average O3 concentrations (4MDA8 O3) and decreased SA during summertime was found in Shanghai, a representative city of YRD. In Chengdu (SCB), increased 4MDA8 O3 concentration was associated with a synchronous increase of SA from 2017 to 2019. Differently, 4MDA8 O3 concentrations enhanced in Beijing (BTH) and Guangzhou (PRD), while not significant for SA before 2018. This work will greatly deepen our understanding of the historical variation and spatial distributions of SA over China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ruiqi Man
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuechen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lizi Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Dao
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), Beijing 100871, China
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