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Li J, Liu T, Wang J, Wang G, Chen X, Zhang X, Xia Q, Li N. Polystyrene may alter the cooperation mechanism of gut microbiota and immune system through co-exposure with DCBQ. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139814. [PMID: 37586486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of Polystyrene (PS) may be higher through co-exposure with other pollutants. Human can simultaneously face the challenges from the various pollutants. Nevertheless, little research has been done on the combined effects of PS and 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone (DCBQ) disinfection byproduct. Considering the potential risk of PS and DCBQ, we aimed to illustrate the effects of PS in combination with DCBQ on the immune responses of mice. We found that cotreatment of DCBQ and PS may inhibit the activity of spleen CD4+ T cells and interfere with the normal function of the immune system. Further research found that DCBQ + PS resulted in increasing amount of the inflammatory cells in intestine via histopathological evaluation. The reason might be that DCBQ + PS has changed the composition of intestinal flora, abnormally activated intestinal macrophage, and inhibited the expression of immune-related genes, thus leading to intestinal immune disorders and triggering intestinal inflammation. In summary, PS may alter the cooperation mechanism of gut microbiota and immune system through co-exposure with DCBQ. Current results suggested that more attention should be paid to the combined toxic effects of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Gaihua Wang
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.
| | - Na Li
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.
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Yin J, Li D, Zheng T, Hu B, Wang P. Gastrointestinal Degradation and Toxicity of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water Using In Vitro Models and the Roles of Gut Microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16219-16231. [PMID: 37847491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water are mainly exposed to the human body after oral ingestion and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. The role of gastrointestinal degradation in the toxic effects of DBPs still needs further investigation. In this study, the degradation of five categories of DBPs (22 DBPs) in the stomach and small intestine was investigated based on a semicontinuous steady-state gastrointestinal simulation system, and 22 DBPs can be divided into three groups based on their residual proportions. The degradation of chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and tetrabromopyrrole (FBPy) was further analyzed based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem inoculating the gut microbiota, and approximately 60% of CAN, 45% of DBAA, and 80% of FBPy were degraded in the stomach and small intestine, followed by the complete degradation of remaining DBPs in the colon. Meanwhile, gastrointestinal degradation can reduce oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis induced by DBPs in DLD-1 cells, but the toxicity of DBPs did not disappear with the complete degradation of DBPs, possibly because of their interferences on gut microbiota. This study provides new insights into investigating the gastrointestinal toxic effects and mechanisms of DBPs through oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Dingxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tianming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
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Liu T, Wang J, Dang X, Wan S, Luo X, Tang W, Du H, Jin M, Li J, Li J. Investigation of the nephrotoxicity of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone disinfection by-product in mice through a 28-day toxicity test. Toxicology 2023; 487:153459. [PMID: 36787874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) has become an emerging water disinfection by-product and widely distributed in disinfected water. Although kidney is a potential target of DCBQ, a systematic study of the in vivo nephrotoxicity of DCBQ is rare. In this study, a 28-day oral toxicity test was used to assess the nephrotoxic effects of DCBQ on mice. And the potential mechanisms of nephrotoxicity induced by DCBQ were explored through inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and gut microbiota. The results showed that the kidney indexes of mice were not altered in DCBQ-exposed group in comparison with the control group. The histopathological investigation revealed that DCBQ caused swollen of renal tube, destruction of the renal structure, and infiltration of inflammatory cell in kidney. DCBQ has induced oxidative damage in kidney, as the observation of the increase of the renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Also, DCBQ has triggered the inflammatory response in kidney through the increased expression of IL-1β, NF-κB and iNOS. Moreover, DCBQ has activated the apoptosis pathway, as indicated by the increased mRNA expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. We eventually found an association between gut microbiota and nephrotoxic variables, demonstrating the importance of gut-kidney axis in DCBQ toxicity. Our results suggested that exposure to DCBQ in disinfected water might be a risk factor for kidney and provided novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of DCBQ-induced kidney injury, contributing to better interpretation of the health impact of the environmentally emerging contaminant DCBQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyue Dang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Siyu Wan
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xi Luo
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wen Tang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Haiying Du
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Minghua Jin
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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Dong M, Ding Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, Hong H, Sun H, Huang X, Yu X, Chen Q. Molecular insights of 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone-induced cytotoxicity in zebrafish embryo: Activation of ROS-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:694-700. [PMID: 36454668 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), as an emerging disinfection by-product, has been frequently detected in waters, posing potential health risk on public health. Although some studies have pointed out that 2,6-DCBQ exposure can induce cytotoxicity, limited information is available for underlying mechanism for 2,6-DCBQ-induced cytotoxicity. To explore this mechanism, we assessed the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), acridine orange (AO) staining, and the mRNA transcriptions of genes (Chk2, Cdk2, Ccna, Ccnb and Ccne) involved in cell-cycle and genes (p53, bax, bcl-2 and caspase 3) involved in apoptosis in zebrafish embryo, after exposed to different concentrations (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 μg/L) of 2,6-DCBQ for 72 h. Our results indicated that 2,6-DCBQ exposure induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis, and disturbed the mRNA transcription of genes related to cell cycle and apoptosis in zebrafish embryo. Moreover, we also found that 30 ~ 60 μg/L 2,6-DCBQ is the important transition from cell-cycle arrest to cell apoptosis. These results provided novel insight into 2,6-DCBQ-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Dong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yan Ding
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Jinhua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
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