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Mahajan R, Sharma G, Chadha P, Saini HS. Evaluating efficacy of Pseudomonas sp. EN-4 to lower the toxic potential of 4-bromophenol and assessing its competency in simulated microcosm. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123990. [PMID: 38631447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
An indigenous bacterium Pseudomonas sp. EN-4 had been reported earlier for its ability to co-metabolise 4-bromophenol (4-BP), in presence of phenol (100 mg/L) as co-substrate. The present study was undertaken to validate the efficacy of biotransformation by comparing the toxicity profiles of untreated and EN-4 transformed samples of 4-BP, using both plant and animal model. The toxicity studies in Allium cepa (A. cepa) indicated to lowering of mitotic index (MI) from 12.77% (water) to 3.33% in A. cepa bulbs exposed to 4-BP + phenol, which reflects the cytotoxic nature of these compounds. However, the MI value significantly improves to 11.36% in its biologically treated counterpart, indicating normal cell growth. This was further supported by significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root cells exposed to biologically treated samples of 4-BP as compared to untreated controls. The oxidative stress assessed by comparing the activity profiles of different marker enzymes showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were reduced by 56%, 72%, and 37% respectively, in EN-4 transformed samples of 4-BP + phenol compared to its untreated counterpart. Similar trends were evident in the comet assay of fish (Channa punctatus) blood cells exposed to untreated and biologically treated samples of 4-BP. The comparative studies showed significant reduction in tail length (72.70%) and % tail intensity (56.15%) in fish blood cells exposed to EN-4 treated 4-BP + phenol, compared to its untreated counterpart. The soil microcosm studies validated the competency of the EN-4 cells to establish and transform 4-BP in soil polluted with 4-BP (20 mg/kg) and 4-BP + phenol (20 + 100 mg/kg). The isolate EN-4 achieved 98.08% transformation of 4-BP in non-sterile microcosm supplemented with phenol, indicating to potential of EN-4 cells to establish along with indigenous microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
| | - Geetika Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
| | - Harvinder Singh Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
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Ahmad N, Rasheed S, Mohyuddin A, Fatima B, Nabeel MI, Riaz MT, Najam-Ul-Haq M, Hussain D. 2D MXenes and their composites; design, synthesis, and environmental sensing applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141280. [PMID: 38278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Novel 2D layered MXene materials were first reported in 2011 at Drexel University. MXenes are widely used in multidisciplinary applications due to their anomalous electrical conductivity, high surface area, and chemical, mechanical, and physical properties. This review summarises MXene synthesis and applications in environmental sensing. The first section describes different methods for MXene synthesis, including fluorinated and non-fluorinated methods. MXene's layered structure, surface terminal groups, and the space between layers significantly impact its properties. Different methods to separate different MXene layers are also discussed using various intercalation reagents and commercially synthesized MXene without compromising the environment. This review also explains the effect of MXene's surface functionalization on its characteristics. The second section of the review describes gas and pesticide sensing applications of Mxenes and its composites. Its good conductivity, surface functionalization with negatively charged groups, intrinsic chemical nature, and good mechanical stability make it a prominent material for room temperature sensing of environmental samples, such as polar and nonpolar gases, volatile organic compounds, and pesticides. This review will enhance the young scientists' knowledge of MXene-based materials and stimulate their diversity and hybrid conformation in environmental sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Ahmad
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sufian Rasheed
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abrar Mohyuddin
- Department of Chemistry, The Emerson University Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Batool Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram Nabeel
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Riaz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Najam-Ul-Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Zhu D, Ge C, Sun Y, Yu H, Wang J, Sun H. Identification of organic pollutants and heavy metals in natural rubber wastewater and evaluation its phytotoxicity and cytogenotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140503. [PMID: 37939923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The natural rubber industry consumes large volumes of water and annually releases wastewater with rich organic and inorganic loads. This wastewater is allowed for soil irrigation in developing countries. However, the pollutant composition in wastewater and its environmental effects remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to assess the wastewater's physicochemical parameters, toxic organic pollutants, heavy metals, and phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic. The result revealed that values of comprehensive wastewater parameters were recorded as chemical oxygen demand (187432.1 mg/L), pH (4.23), total nitrogen (1157.1 mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (1113.0 mg/L), total phosphorus (1181.2 mg/L), Zn (593.3 mg/L), Cr (0.6127 mg/L), and Ni (0.2986 mg/L). The organic compounds detected by LC-MS were salbostatin, sirolimus, Gibberellin A34-catabolite, 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol, and methyldiphenylsilane. The toxicity of the identified toxic chemicals and heavy metals was confirmed by onion and mung bean phytotoxicity characterization tests. The wastewater affected the germination of mung bean seeds, reduced or inhibited the growth of onions, and induced various chromosomal aberrations in root apical meristems. Our study shows that the treatment of natural rubber wastewater needs to be improved, and the feasibility of irrigating soil with wastewater needs to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Huamei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Alias C, Piovani G, Benassi L, Abbà A, Sorlini S, Gelatti U, Zerbini I, Feretti D. Evaluation of Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Concrete Cast with Steel Slags Using Higher Terrestrial Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2193-2200. [PMID: 37401854 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of concrete mixtures containing steel slag (SS) as a partial replacement of natural aggregates (NA) on the terrestrial ecosystem was assessed using a battery of plant-based bioassays. Leaching tests were conducted on four concrete mixtures and one mixture containing only NA (reference concrete). Leachates were tested for phytotoxicity using seeds of Lepidium sativum, Cucumis sativus, and Allium cepa. Emerging seedlings of L. sativum and A. cepa were used to assess DNA damage (comet test). The genotoxicity of the leachates was also analyzed with bulbs of A. cepa using the comet and chromosome aberration tests. None of the samples caused phytotoxic effects. On the contrary, almost all the samples supported the seedlings; and two leachates, one from the SS-containing concrete and the other from the reference concrete, promoted the growth of C. sativus and A. cepa. The DNA damage of L. sativum and A. cepa seedlings was significantly increased only by the reference concrete sample. In contrast, the DNA damage in A. cepa bulbs was significantly enhanced by the reference concrete but also by that of a concrete sample with SS. Furthermore, all leachates caused an increase in chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa bulbs. Despite some genotoxic effects of the concrete on plant cells, the partial replacement of SS does not seem to make the concrete more hazardous than the reference concrete, suggesting the potential use of SS as a reliable recycled material. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2193-2200. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Alias
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piovani
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Benassi
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbà
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sorlini
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Alias C, Zerbini I, Abbà A, Benassi L, Gelatti U, Sorlini S, Piovani G, Feretti D. Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Industrial Waste and Construction Materials: Comparison Between Leachates from Granular Steel Slags and Steel Slags-Containing Concrete Through a Plant-Based Approach. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:3. [PMID: 37341817 PMCID: PMC10284975 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Steel slags, the main waste product from the steel industry, may have several reuse possibilities. Among others, building applications represent a crucial field. However, the potential impact of harmful substances on the environment should be assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxicity of steel slags (SS) and concrete mixtures cast with a partial replacement of SS (CSS). Leaching tests were carried out on four SS and four CSS according to EN 12457-2 and UNI EN 15863, respectively. Each leachate was assayed using root elongation tests on 30 seeds of Allium cepa, Cucumis sativus, and Lepidium sativum, respectively, and on 12 bulbs of A. cepa. The latter also allowed the analysis of other macroscopic parameters of toxicity (turgidity, consistency, colour change and root tip shape) and the evaluation of the mitotic index on 20,000 root tip cells per sample. None of the samples induced phytotoxic effects on the organisms tested: all samples supported seedlings emergence, verified by root elongation comparable to, or even greater than, that of the negative controls, and did not affect cell division, as evidenced by mitotic index values. The absence of phytotoxicity demonstrated by the leachates allows SS and SS-derived concrete to be considered as reliable materials suitable for use in civil constructions or in other engineering applications, with economic and environmental advantages, such as the reduction of the final disposal in landfills as well as the consumption of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Alias
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbà
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Benassi
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sorlini
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piovani
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Acar A, Singh D. Monitoring genotoxic, biochemical and morphotoxic potential of penoxsulam and the protective role of European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6787. [PMID: 37101000 PMCID: PMC10133280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at exploring to explore the penoxsulam toxicity and protective effects of blueberry extract in roots of Allium cepa L. The effective concentration (EC50) of penoxsulam was determined at 20 µg/L by the root growth inhibition test as the concentration reducing the root length by 50%. The bulbs of A. cepa L. were treated with tap water, blueberry extracts (25 and 50 mg/L), penoxsulam (20 µg/L) and combination of blueberry extracts (25 and 50 mg/L) with penoxsulam (20 µg/L) for 96 h. The results revealed that penoxsulam exposure inhibited cell division, rooting percentage, growth rate, root length and weight gain in the roots of A. cepa L. In addition, it induced chromosomal anomalies such as sticky chromosome, fragment, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, vagrant chromosome and c-mitosis and DNA strand breaks. Further, penoxsulam treatment enhanced malondialdehyde content and SOD, CAT and GR antioxidant enzyme activities. Molecular docking results supported the up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme SOD, CAT and GR. Against all these toxicity, blueberry extracts reduced penoxsulam toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest amount of recovery for cytological, morphological and oxidative stress parameters was observed when using blueberry extract at a concentration of 50 mg/L. In addition, blueberry extracts application showed a positive correlation with weight gain, root length, mitotic index and rooting percentage whereas a negative correlation with micronucleus formation, DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, antioxidant enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation indicating its protecting effects. As a result, it has been seen that the blueberry extract can tolerate all these toxic effects of penoxsulam depending on the concentration, and it has been understood that it is a good protective natural product against such chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Acar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Divya Singh
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India
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Anusha P, Ragavendran C, Kamaraj C, Sangeetha K, Thesai AS, Natarajan D, Malafaia G. Eco-friendly bioremediation of pollutants from contaminated sewage wastewater using special reference bacterial strain of Bacillus cereus SDN1 and their genotoxicological assessment in Allium cepa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160935. [PMID: 36527898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the Bacillus cereus SDN1 native bacterium's ability to clean up contaminated or polluted water. The isolated bacterium was identified by its morphological and biochemical characteristics, which were then confirmed at the genus level. Furthermore, the isolated B. cereus (NCBI accession No: MW828583) was identified genomically by PCR amplifying 16 s rDNA using a universal primer. The phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA sequence was analyzed to determine the taxonomic and evolutionary profile of the isolate of the previously identified Bacillus sp. Besides, B. cereus and the bacterial consortium were treated using sewage wastewater. After 15 days of treatment, the following pollutants or chemicals were reduced: total hardness particles removal varied from 63.33 % to 67.55 %, calcium removal varied from 90 % to 93.33 %, and total nitrate decreased range from 37.77 % to 22.22 %, respectively. Electrical conductivity ranged from 1809 mS/cm to 2500 mS/cm, and pH values ranged from 6.5 to 8.95. The outcome of in-situ remediation results suggested that B. cereus has a noticeable remediation efficiency to the suspended particles. A root tip test was also used to investigate the genotoxicity of treated and untreated sewage-contaminated waters on onion (Allium cepa) root cells. The highest chromosomal aberrations and mitotic inhibition were found in roots exposed to contaminated sewage water, and their results displayed chromosome abnormalities, including disorganized, sticky chain, disturbed metaphase, chromosomal displacement in anaphase, abnormal telophase, spindle disturbances, and binucleate cells observed in A. cepa exposed to untreated contaminated water. The study can thus be applied as a biomarker to detect the genotoxic impacts of sewage water pollution on biota. Furthermore, based on an identified bacterial consortium, this work offers a low-cost and eco-favorable method for treating household effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponniah Anusha
- Department of Science and Humanities, Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology, Tholurpatti, Trichy 621 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, India.
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kanagaraj Sangeetha
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Devarajan Natarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil..
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Kou Y, Jiang J, Yang B, Sun H, Wang L, Wang Q, El-Din MG, Shi Q, Chen C. Transformation of dissolved organic matter at a full-scale petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117021. [PMID: 36542886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in petrochemical wastewater (PCW) treatment has rarely been studied. In this work, low- and high-salinity PCW were collected from a treatment plant and the transformations of DOM at molecular level along the treatment processes of both PCW were comparatively investigated. By using Orbitrap MS, the polar DOM constituents were categorized into five molecular classes namely saturated compounds, aliphatics, highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds (Huph), polyphenols and condensed polycyclic aromatics (Cpla). Aliphatics (58.62%) with low molecular weight (150-250 Da) and O/C (0-0.2) were dominant in raw low-salinity PCW; while Huph (65.03%) with O/C at 0.2-0.8 were rich in raw high-salinity PCW. After full-scale treatment, differentiated DOM constituents in both raw PCWs were transformed into aliphatics and Huph with O/C at 0.3-0.5. Anoxic/Oxic treatment of low-salinity system (L-A/O) removed a high fraction of aliphatics (53.05%); while Huph with low O/C (0.1-0.3) (65.68%) in the effluent of L-A/O were further mineralized by ozonation of low-salinity system (L-ozonation). In comparison, anoxic/oxic treatment of high-salinity system (H-A/O) mainly removed unsaturated Huph (34.10%) and aliphatics (30.86%). This resulted in a decrease of dissolved organic carbon as indicated via Spearman correlation. Different from L-ozonation, ozonation of high-salinity system (H-ozonation) degraded aliphatics (26.09%) and Huph (41.85%) with a relatively high O/C (0.2-1.2). After L-A/O and L-ozonation treatments, remaining saturated compounds that were originated from raw low-salinity PCW, were removed by subsequent biological aerated filter. Comparatively, after H-A/O and H-ozonation treatments, residual Huph and aliphatics which were mainly bio-derivates and ozonated intermediates, were further removed by air flotation filter. Hence, DOM transformation of different PCWs along similar treatments varied significantly. This study provides in-depth insights on DOM transformation along a full-scale PCW treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Juntao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Baiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - He Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Leqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
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