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Balakrishnan A, Vijaya Suryaa K, Chinthala M, Kumar A. Mechanistic insights of PO 43- functionalized carbon nitride homojunction hydrogels in photocatalytic-self-Fenton-peroxymonosulfate system for tetracycline degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:366-382. [PMID: 38718590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, metal-free PO43- enriched g-C3N4/g-C3N4 (PGCN) homojunction alginate 3D beads were developed for in-situ H2O2 production under visible light. Later, the photocatalytic-self-Fenton system was integrated with peroxymonosulfate for tetracycline degradation. Initially, the PO43- enriched g-C3N4 (PCN) and a homojunction composed of PCN and g-C3N4 (GCN) were prepared via the wet-impregnation method. Later, PGCN homojunction was formulated into 3D alginate beads through the blend-crosslinking method. The comprehensive characterization of the homojunction beads affirmed the closer contact between the semiconductors, alteration of the bandgap, faster channelization of electron-hole pairs, and improved separation of charge carriers that attributed to higher catalytic efficacy. The PGCN beads exhibited a maximum H2O2 production of 535 ± 12 µM under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The homojunction hydrogels displayed 99 ± 0.25 % tetracycline degradation in 20 min in the photocatalytic-self-Fenton-PMS system. The experimental studies also claimed a maximum chemical oxygen demand removal of 81 ± 3.6 % in 20 min with maximum reusability of beads up to 20 cycles. The Z-scheme electron migration mechanism is proposed based on the results aided by scavenger and electron spin resonance analysis. Overall, the as-synthesized alginate-supported homojunction-based photocatalytic-self-Fenton-peroxymonosulfate system is highly versatile and reusable for energy and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
| | - K Vijaya Suryaa
- Environmental Pollution Abatement Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Environmental Pollution Abatement Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
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2
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Li H, He R, Liu N, Feng L, Chen S, Wang H, Lv C, Chen X, Liu G, Zhao G. ZnO/g-C 3N 4 photocatalyst activated by low-pressure ultraviolet for restoring the SWASV signals: A fast pretreatment method for electrochemically detecting Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ in soil extracts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 354:124183. [PMID: 38772513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) significantly impacts the detection accuracy of Cd2+ and Pb2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) due to the complexation of SOM to heavy metal ions (HMIs), thereby attenuating SWASV signals. This study explored an effective pretreatment method that combined low-pressure ultraviolet (LPUV) photolysis with the ZnO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst, activating the photocatalyst to generate highly oxidative •OH radicals and O2•- radicals, which effectively disrupted this complexation, consequently restoring the electroactivity of HMIs and achieving high-fidelity SWASV signals. The parameters of the LPUV-ZnO/g-C3N4 photocatalytic system were meticulously optimized, including the pH of photolysis, duration of photolysis, g-C3N4 mass fraction, and concentration of the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the ZnO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst was thoroughly characterized, with an in-depth investigation on the synergistic interaction between ZnO and g-C3N4 and the mechanisms contributing to the restoration of SWASV signals. This synergistic interaction effectively separated charge carriers and reduced charge transfer resistance, enabling photogenerated electrons (e-) from the conduction band of g-C3N4 to be quickly transferred to the conduction band of ZnO, preventing the recombination of e- and hole (h+) and generating more radicals to disrupt complexation and restore the SWASV signals. Finally, the analysis of HMIs in real soil extracts using the proposed pretreatment method demonstrated high detection accuracy of 94.9% for Cd2+ and 99.8% for Pb2+, which validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Renjie He
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Liya Feng
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Shaowen Chen
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Guo Zhao
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China.
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3
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Song C, Shi Y, Li M, He Y, Xiong X, Deng H, Xia D. Prediction of g-C 3N 4-based photocatalysts in tetracycline degradation based on machine learning. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142632. [PMID: 38897319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the effects of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts on experimental parameters during tetracycline (TC) degradation can be helpful in discovering the optimal parameter combinations to improve the degradation efficiencies in general. Machine learning methods can avoid the problems of high cost, time-consuming and possible instrumental errors in experimental methods, which have been proven to be an effective alternative for evaluating the entire experimental process. Eight typical machine learning models were explored for their effectiveness in predicting the TC degradation efficiencies of g-C3N4 based photocatalysts. XGBoost (XGB) was the most reliable model with R2, RMSE and MAE values of 0.985, 4.167 and 2.900, respectively. In addition, XGB's feature importance and SHAP method were used to rank the importance of features to provide interpretability to the results. This study provided a new idea for developing g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for TC degradation and intelligent algorithms for predicting the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Song
- Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China.
| | - Yintao Shi
- Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China; School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China; Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Centre of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Xiong
- School of Computing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Deng
- Hubei Provincial Spatial Planning Research Institute, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Xia
- Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China.
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Sahoo S, Mahamallik P, Das R, Panigrahi S. A critical review on non-metal doped g-C 3N 4 based photocatalyst for organic pollutant remediation with sustainability assessment by life cycle analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119390. [PMID: 38879105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is recognized to be one of the most promising ways to address energy and environmental issues by utilizing visible light. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), with a moderate band gap (∼2.7 eV) has been the flashpoint in environmental photocatalysis as it can work better under visible light, can be synthesized by a facile synthesis process using low-cost materials, thermally and chemically stable. Still the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 is not satisfactory because of certain limitations such as insufficient visible light absorption capacity, low electron-hole separation efficiency, high recombination rate, poor surface area. Introduction of doping, band structure engineering, defecting and designing of heterojunction, composites etc. were investigated to amplify its applications. Among all these modifications, elemental doping is a suitable and successful alternative for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity by changing the optical and electronic properties. This review emphasizes on advancement and trends of elemental doping and its application on photocatalytic organic pollutant remediation in aqueous medium. The fundamental photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous photocatalysis and specifically g-C3N4-based photocatalysis have been discussed. The benfits of non-metal doping, enhanced photocatalytic performance by doping element, mechanism invloved in doping, advantages of co-doping has been explained. Mono, bi, and tri non-metal doped g-C3N4 and their application for the removal of organic pollutants from water medium by visible light photocatalysis has been summerized. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of photocatalytic system has been highlighted. Future research should focus on the large-scale application of the photocatalysis process considering the economic aspects. A rigorous life cycle assessment for deploying the non-metal doped g-C3N4-based photocatalysis technology for successful commercial application is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhalaxmi Sahoo
- Water and Wastewater Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Prateeksha Mahamallik
- Water and Wastewater Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), 799046, Agartala, India
| | - Sagarika Panigrahi
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), 799046, Agartala, India
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5
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Balakrishnan A, Vijaya Suryaa K, Tripathy H, Trivedi S, Kumar A, Chinthala M. Phosphorylated g-C 3N 4/sulfur self-doped g-C 3N 4 homojunction carboxymethyl cellulose beads: An efficient photocatalyst for H 2O 2 production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 663:1087-1098. [PMID: 38402009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of highly reusable, affordable, and durable photocatalysts for the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) remained a challenge. In this study, a homojunction photocatalyst (SPGCN) is constructed between phosphorylated g-C3N4 (PCN) and sulfur self-doped g-C3N4 (SCN) using a simple wet impregnation method. Later, the obtained SPGCN homojunction is transformed into hydrogel beads using carboxymethyl cellulose via an effective cross-linking strategy (SPGCN/CMC). The photocatalytic beads displayed a phenomenal H2O2 production of 3.5 mM under visible light illumination for 60 min. The SPGCN/CMC hydrogel beads showed a maximum reusability of 10 cycles with a decline of 1.5 mM H2O2 production. The improved photocatalytic efficiency is indicated by strengthened utilization of visible light via tuning of the band gap, suppressed recombination of electron-hole pairs, and higher separation efficiency through the effective construction of Z-scheme between the phosphorylated carbon nitride and the sulfur-self-doped carbon nitride present in the SPGCN/CMC beads. The mechanistic studies affirmed the dominant role of superoxide radicals in H2O2 production. The photocatalytic H2O2 production followed a highly selective two-electron reduction reaction. Overall, this study highlights the efficient engineering of carbon nitride-based materials towards artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
| | - K Vijaya Suryaa
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
| | - Hritankhi Tripathy
- Environmental Pollution Abatement Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
| | - Suverna Trivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Environmental Pollution Abatement Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769 008, India.
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Oeza BR, Ahmad N, Ng KH, Widyastuti, Haile CT, Kuo CFJ. Enhanced efficiency of AgAlO 2/g-C 3N 4 binary composite to degrade organic pollutants for environmental remediation under visible light irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142116. [PMID: 38663674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the utilization of semiconductor-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation through photocatalytic degradation, harnessing solar energy for effective treatment. The primary focus is on the application of photocatalytic technology for the degradation of 2-chlorophenol and methylene blue, critical pollutants requiring remediation. The research involves the synthesis of binary AgAlO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites through an exchange ion method, subsequent calcination, and sonication. This process enhances the transfer of photogenerated electrons from AgAlO2 to g-C3N4, resulting in a significantly increased reductive electron charge on the surface of g-C3N4. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized composites is comprehensively examined in the degradation of 2-chlorophenol and methylene blue through detailed crystallographic, electron-microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, electrochemical, and spectroscopic characterizations. Among the various composites, AgAlO2/20% g-C3N4 emerges as the most active photocatalyst, achieving an impressive 98% degradation of methylene blue and 97% degradation of 2-chlorophenol under visible light. Notably, AgAlO2/20% g-C3N4 surpasses bare AgAlO2 and bare g-C3N4, exhibiting 1.66 times greater methylene blue degradation and constant rate (k) values of 20.17 × 10-3 min-1, 4.18 × 10-3 min-1 and 3.48 × 10-3 min-1, respectively. The heightened photocatalytic activity is attributed to the diminished recombination rate of electron-hole pairs. Scavenging evaluations confirm that O2•- and h+ are the primary photoactive species steering methylene blue photodegradation over AgAlO2/g-C3N4 in the visible region. These findings present new possibilities for the development of efficient binary photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Refokry Oeza
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kim Hoong Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Widyastuti
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Cheru Talbachew Haile
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung Feng Jeffrey Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan, ROC.
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7
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Gupta S, Kumar R. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of the N-rGO/g-C 3N 4 nanocomposite for efficient solar-driven water remediation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6109-6131. [PMID: 38444302 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and analysis of a photocatalyst made from a combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) through a simple hydrothermal process. The effectiveness of the N-rGO/g-C3N4 heterostructure in photocatalysis was examined by studying the breakdown of different types of organic pollutants, such as cationic and anionic dyes, as well as antibiotics, under simulated solar light irradiation. Due to the presence of Schottky junctions formed between rGO and g-C3N4, the electron transfer process is significantly enhanced, leading to a reduction in the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. As a result, the photocatalytic activity of the rGO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst is significantly higher compared to that of g-C3N4 alone. The photocatalytic performance was further augmented through the nitrogen doping of rGO, which led to an increase in conductivity due to electron doping and an enhancement in the charge separation process. The heterojunction of rGO/g-C3N4 with an optimum concentration of 60% rGO attained a degradation efficiency of 98.7% for rhodamine B (RhB) dye after 50 minutes of light irradiation. In comparison, the nitrogen-doped photocatalyst (N-rGO/g-C3N4) achieved a photodegradation efficiency of 99.99% within 30 minutes. The reaction rate constant of the N-rGO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was found to be 0.11 min-1 using pseudo first-order rate kinetics. This value is about 16 times more than that of pure g-C3N4 (0.007 min-1) for the degradation of rhodamine B. Additionally, N-rGO/g-C3N4 effectively degraded various contaminants, such as methylene blue, methyl orange, and tetracycline hydrochloride. The paper also addresses the photocatalytic mechanism, which entails the facilitated movement of electrons and holes produced by light, owing to the alignment of energy bands at the interface of the N-rGO/g-C3N4 heterojunction. These findings contribute to the advancement of a metal-free and porous photocatalyst that is highly interconnected and can be used for waste water treatment and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Gupta
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, India.
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Esfandiaribayat M, Binazadeh M, Sabbaghi S, Mohammadi M, Ghaedi S, Rajabi H. Tetracycline removal from wastewater via g-C 3N 4 loaded RSM-CCD-optimised hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1163. [PMID: 38216707 PMCID: PMC10786873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a split-type photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR), incorporating suspended graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as photocatalyst and a layered polymeric composite (using polyamide, polyethersulfone and polysulfone polymers) as a membrane was fabricated to remove tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions as the world's second most used and discharged antibiotic in wastewater. The photocatalyst was synthesised from melamine by ultrasonic-assisted thermal polymerisation method and, along with the membrane, was characterised using various methods, including Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The PMR process was optimised, using Design-Expert software for tetracycline removal in terms of UV irradiation time, pH, photocatalyst loading, tetracycline concentration, and membrane separation iteration. It was revealed that a membrane-integrated reactor as a sustainable system could effectively produce clean water by simultaneous removal of tetracycline and photocatalyst from aqueous solution. The maximum removal of 94.8% was obtained at the tetracycline concentration of 22.16 ppm, pH of 9.78 with 0.56 g/L of photocatalyst in the irradiation time of 113.77 min after six times of passing membrane. The PMR system showed reasonable reusability by about a 25.8% drop in TC removal efficiency after seven cycles at optimal conditions. The outcomes demonstrate the promising performance of the proposed PMR system in tetracycline removal from water and suggest that it can be scaled as an effective approach for a sustainable supply of antibiotic-free clean water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Esfandiaribayat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - Samad Sabbaghi
- Department of Nano-Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Mohammadi
- Department of Nano-Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghaedi
- School of Engineering, the University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Harrison Hughes Building, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
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Balakrishnan A, Chinthala M, Polagani RK. 3D kaolinite/g-C 3N 4-alginate beads as an affordable and sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater remediation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121420. [PMID: 37940252 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) is an efficient visible-light-driven metal-free semiconductor with superior photocatalytic activity. However, the main drawbacks of GCN include lower adsorption capacity, poor reusability and recoverability. To address these drawbacks, kaolinite/g-C3N4-alginate beads were fabricated using a cross-linking method to remove brilliant green dye from wastewater via photocatalysis. The characterization studies proved the alginate's potential capability in altering photocatalyst bandgap (2.78 to 2.55 eV) and minimizing recombination of electron-hole pairs. Kaolinite/g-C3N4-alginate photocatalyst removed 97 % of brilliant green (10 mg/L) in 90 min under visible light irradiation. The superior performance of the kaolinite/g-C3N4-alginate beads was ascribed to its improved adsorption and effective utilization of visible light. The key advantages of kaolinite/g-C3N4-alginate beads were their quick recovery and extended reusability upto ten cycles. The sustainability metrics analysis of kaolinite/g-C3N4-alginate beads confirmed the environmental suitability and practicability in wastewater remediation. This study provides new insights into the low-cost and sustainable preparation of highly reusable g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Polagani
- Centre for Fuel Cell Technology (CFCT), International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Chennai, Tamilnadu 600113, India
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10
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Ma D, Liang F, Lan H, Yan F. g-C 3N 4/Ag@AgCl with Z-scheme heterojunction and Ag electron bridge for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112462-112473. [PMID: 37831237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Building Z-scheme heterojunctions with an electron bridge is a favored function for increasing photocatalytic activity. A facile approach for preparing g-C3N4/Ag@AgCl ternary heterojunctions by co-precipitation and photoreduction was established in this work. First, via co-precipitation, AgCl was modified on the surface of g-C3N4 to create a broad contact area between AgCl and g-C3N4. The AgCl is then reduced to Ag via an in-situ photoreduction technique, resulting in the formation of a ternary composite. The experimental results showed that when g-C3N4 modified 25% of the Ag@AgCl, that is, g-C3N4/Ag@AgCl-25 had the best photocatalytic performance, 94.9% of TC was degraded within 240 min, and the reaction rate to TC was 0.1214 min-1, which was 4.49 times and 8.12 times higher than that of g-C3N4 and Ag/AgCl, respectively. The excellent photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/Ag@AgCl is attributed to the LSPR effect of Ag NPs and O-doping g-C3N4, which broadens the absorbance performance of g-C3N4, the establishment of Z-type heterojunctions between AgCl NPs and g-C3N4 NSs and Ag NPs as an electron transport bridge accelerate the photogenerated electrons transfer between AgCl and g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyan Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China.
| | - Hongfen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Fangmiao Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongli Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Feifei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
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Li D, Zhang W, Huang Y, Feng H, Wang Z, Yang Z, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang G, Chen Y. Visible light-induced catalytic performance of composite photocatalyst synthesized with nanomaterials WO 3 and two-dimensional ultrathin g-C 3N 4. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:1910-1925. [PMID: 37831004 PMCID: wst_2023_313 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
To improve the visible light-induced catalytic activities of Ultrathin g-C3N4 (UCN), a promising photocatalyst WO3/UCN (WU) was synthesized. Its visible light-driven photocatalysis performance was controllable by adjusting the theoretical mass ratio of WO3/UCN. We have calibrated the optimal preparation conditions to be: WO3/UCN ratio as 1:1, the stirring time of the UCN and sodium tungstate mixture as 9 h and the volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid as 6 mL which was poured into the mixture solution with an extra stirring time of 1.5 h. The optimal photocatalyst WUopt had porous and wrinkled configurations. Its light absorption edge was 524 nm while that of UCN was 465 nm. The band gap of WUopt was 2.13 eV, 0.3 eV less than that of UCN. Therefore, the recombination rate of photo-generated electron-hole pairs of WUopt reduced significantly. The removal rate of WUopt on RhB was 97.3%. By contrast, the removal rate of UCN was much lower (53.4%). WUopt retained a high RhB removal rate, it was 5.5% lower than the initial one after being reused for five cycles. The photodegradation mechanism was facilitated through the strong oxidation behaviors from the active free radicals ·O2-, ·OH and h+ generated by WUopt under the visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China E-mail:
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Guangzhou Design Institute Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Haoxuan Feng
- Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhuohong Yang
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jingkai Chen
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Xueqiang Zhang
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Gangyi Zhang
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yanbing Chen
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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12
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Balakrishnan A, Chinthala M. Effective sequestration of tetracycline from aqueous streams using metal-free chemically functionalized porous g-C 3N 4. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122057. [PMID: 37394052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The facile preparation of visible-light-driven low-cost photocatalysts with extraordinary catalytic activity is highly beneficial in treating emerging pharmaceutical contaminants. Herein, oxalic acid-induced chemically functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (OCN) was prepared using a one-pot calcination method for the degradation of tetracycline. The estimated structural, morphological, and optical properties proved the formation of highly porous oxalic acid functionalized g-C3N4 (OCN) with enhanced surface area and abundant amino groups. The photocatalytic degradation studies reported a maximum tetracycline removal of 92% within 90 min of visible light illumination and followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.03068min-1). The phenomenal photocatalytic efficacy of the functionalized OCN is ascribed to the increased presence of amino groups, strengthening visible light absorption. The enriched surface area also generated many active sites for the reclamation of tetracycline. The radicals trapping studies show that holes and superoxides are mainly responsible for the redemption of tetracycline. The degradation pathways of the tetracycline using OCN were predicted using HRMS. This study provides more insights into the reclamation of tetracycline using a highly efficient metal-free photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Wang Z, Chen H, Rong C, Li A, Hua X, Dong D, Liang D, Liu H. Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen in Aqueous Environments: A Mini Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:604. [PMID: 37505569 PMCID: PMC10386104 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, acetaminophen (ACT), a typical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has gained global usage, positioning itself as one of the most extensively consumed medications. However, the incomplete metabolism of ACT leads to a substantial discharge into the environment, classifying it as an environmental contaminant with detrimental effects on non-target organisms. Various wastewater treatment technologies have been developed for ACT removal to mitigate its potential environmental risk. Particularly, photocatalytic technology has garnered significant attention as it exhibits high efficiency in oxidizing and degrading a wide range of organic pollutants. This comprehensive review aims to systematically examine and discuss the application of photocatalytic technology for the removal of ACT from aqueous environments. Additionally, the study provides a detailed overview of the limitations associated with the photocatalytic degradation of ACT in practical applications, along with effective strategies to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Anfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Barakat NAM, Irfan OM, Mohamed OA. TiO2 NPs-immobilized silica granules: New insight for nano catalyst fixation for hydrogen generation and sustained wastewater treatment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287424. [PMID: 37343028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In heterogeneous catalytic processes, immobilization of the functional material over a proper support is a vital solution for reusing and/or avoiding a secondary pollution problem. The study introduces a novel approach for immobilizing R25 NPs on the surface of silica granules using hydrothermal treatment followed by calcination process. Due to the privileged characteristics of the subcritical water, during the hydrothermal treatment process, the utilized R25 NPs were partially dissolved and precipitated on the surface of the silica granules. Calcination at high temperature (700°C) resulted in improving the attachment forces. The structure of the newly proposed composite was approved by 2D and 3D optical microscope images, XRD and EDX analyses. The functionalized silica granules were used in the form of a packed bed for continuous removal of methylene blue dye. The results indicated that the TiO2:sand ratio has a considerable effect on the shape of the dye removal breakthrough curve as the exhaustion point, corresponding to ~ 95% removal, was 12.3, 17.4 and 21.3 min for 1:20, 1:10 and 1:5 metal oxides ratio, respectively. Furthermore, the modified silica granules could be exploited as a photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from sewage wastewaters under direct sunlight with a good rate; 75×10-3 mmol/s. Interestingly, after the ease separation of the used granules, the performance was not affected. Based on the obtained results, the 170°C is the optimum hydrothermal treatment temperature. Overall, the study opens a new avenue for immobilization of functional semiconductors on the surface of sand granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A M Barakat
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Osama M Irfan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat A Mohamed
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Linley S, Reisner E. Floating Carbon Nitride Composites for Practical Solar Reforming of Pre-Treated Wastes to Hydrogen Gas. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207314. [PMID: 37171802 PMCID: PMC10375181 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar reforming (SR) is a promising green-energy technology that can use sunlight to mitigate biomass and plastic waste while producing hydrogen gas at ambient pressure and temperature. However, practical challenges, including photocatalyst lifetime, recyclability, and low production rates in turbid waste suspensions, limit SR's industrial potential. By immobilizing SR catalyst materials (carbon nitride/platinum; CNx |Pt and carbon nitride/nickel phosphide; CNx |Ni2 P) on hollow glass microspheres (HGM), which act as floating supports enabling practical composite recycling, such limitations can be overcome. Substrates derived from plastic and biomass, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and cellulose, are reformed by floating SR composites, which are reused for up to ten consecutive cycles under realistic, vertical simulated solar irradiation (AM1.5G), reaching activities of 1333 ± 240 µmolH2 m-2 h-1 on pre-treated PET. Floating SR composites are also advantageous in realistic waste where turbidity prevents light absorption by non-floating catalyst powders, achieving 338.1 ± 1.1 µmolH2 m-2 h-1 using floating CNx versus non-detectable H2 production with non-floating CNx and a pre-treated PET bottle as substrate. Low Pt loadings (0.033 ± 0.0013% m/m) demonstrate consistent performance and recyclability, allowing efficient use of precious metals for SR hydrogen production from waste substrates at large areal scale (217 cm2 ), taking an important step toward practical SR implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Linley
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW, UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW, UK
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16
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Barjasteh-Askari F, Nabizadeh R, Najafpoor A, Davoudi M, Mahvi AH. Multi-criteria decision-making for prioritizing photocatalytic processes followed by TiO 2-MIL-53(Fe) characterization and application for diazinon removal. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7086. [PMID: 37127696 PMCID: PMC10150684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) can introduce the best option based on evidence. We integrated the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to prioritize the alternatives for photocatalytic diazinon removal in a bench scale and characterized TiO2-MIL-53(Fe) for this purpose. Criteria and alternatives were listed based on systematic literature reviews and expert opinions. Then, AHP and TOPSIS questionnaires were developed and distributed to an expert panel for pairwise comparisons. We converted the linguistic variables into the corresponding fuzzy values and used R for mathematical calculations. Then, TiO2-MIL-53(Fe) was synthesized and characterized for diazinon removal under LED visible light. The AHP ranked criteria as availability > degradation efficiency > safety for the environment > material cost > energy consumption > mineralization efficiency > photocatalyst reusability > safety for personnel > equipment cost. Based on TOPSIS, the order of alternatives was TiO2-containing/Visible light > ZnO-containing/UV light > TiO2-containing/UV light > ZnO-containing/Visible light > WO3-containing/UV light. With a bandgap of 1.8 eV, TiO2-MIL-53(Fe) could remove 89.35% of diazinon at 10 mg/L diazinon concentration, 750 mg/L catalyst dose, pH 6.8, and 180-min reaction time. Hybrid AHP-TOPSIS identified the best option for photocatalytic diazinon removal from aqueous solutions. Thus, MCDM techniques can use systematic review results to overcome the uncertainty in designing experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Barjasteh-Askari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St., Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St., Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Najafpoor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Davoudi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St., Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Velusamy P, Liu X, Sathiya M, Alsaiari NS, Alzahrani FM, Nazir MT, Elamurugu E, Pandian MS, Zhang F. Investigate the suitability of g-C 3N 4 nanosheets ornamented with BiOI nanoflowers for photocatalytic dye degradation and PEC water splitting. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138007. [PMID: 36754306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The two-step thermal polymerization and solvothermal approach is used to construct nano heterostructures of FCN and BiOI (bismuth oxeye iodide), both of which are Nobel metal-free materials. This work reports the effect nano-heterostructure on the micro-structural, light absorption capability, PEC properties and pollutant degradation efficiency of the synthesised heterostructures. The addition to that formation of FCN/BiOI nano-heterostructure enhances the solar light absorption. The FCN/BiOI nano heterostructure shows 10 times higher photocurrent density than the BCN nanostructure and 3.8 time higher that FCN. The FCN/BiOI has a high induced photo-current density (20.17 mA/cm2) and H2 evolution rate (3762 μmol h-1 cm-2) under solar light illumination (λ ≥ 420 nm) in comparison with the other. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance of this material for the breakdown of methyl red dyes was much greater. Under solar light irradiation, the azo dyes were degraded in 90 min. The FCN/BiOI nano-heterostructure has a higher dye degradation efficiency of 97.91%. The rapid transport of photo-induced electrons in the FCN/BiOI nanocomposite is responsible for the improvement in PEC and PC performances. These impressive findings suggest that this nanocomposite might be used to facilitate the PEC water splitting and the PC degradation of MR in the presence of light. The current research provides insight on how to best tailor composition and structure for efficient FCN photo-electrocatalysis water splitting and Methyl red dye degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Velusamy
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Thiruparankundram, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625015, India
| | - Xinghui Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Department of Materials Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMTS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Sathiya
- Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625009, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Norah Salem Alsaiari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Mohammed Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Tariq Nazir
- School of Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Elangovan Elamurugu
- iDARE Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Senthil Pandian
- Research Center, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
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Wu Z, Shi X, Liu T, Xu X, Yu H, Zhang Y, Qin L, Dong X, Jia Y. Remarkable Pyro-Catalysis of g-C 3N 4 Nanosheets for Dye Decoloration under Room-Temperature Cold-Hot Cycle Excitation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1124. [PMID: 36986019 PMCID: PMC10056075 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyroelectric materials have the ability to convert the environmental cold-hot thermal energy such as day-night temperature alternation into electrical energy. The novel pyro-catalysis technology can be designed and realized on the basis of the product coupling between pyroelectric and electrochemical redox effects, which is helpful for the actual dye decomposition. The organic two-dimensional (2D) graphic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as an analogue of graphite, has attracted considerable interest in the field of material science; however, its pyroelectric effect has rarely been reported. In this work, the remarkable pyro-catalytic performance was achieved in the 2D organic g-C3N4 nanosheet catalyst materials under the continuous room-temperature cold-hot thermal cycling excitation from 25 °C to 60 °C. The pyro-catalytic RhB dye decoloration efficiency of the 2D organic g-C3N4 can reach ~92.6%. Active species such as the superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals are observed as the intermediate products in the pyro-catalysis process of the 2D organic g-C3N4 nanosheets. The pyro-catalysis of the 2D organic g-C3N4 nanosheets provides efficient technology for wastewater treatment applications, utilizing the ambient cold-hot alternation temperature variations in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China; (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China; (Z.W.)
| | - Tingting Liu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China; (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Hongjian Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China;
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Science, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
| | - Laishun Qin
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yanmin Jia
- School of Science, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
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Wu Q, Song Y. Recent advances in spinel ferrite-based magnetic photocatalysts for efficient degradation of organic pollutants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:1465-1495. [PMID: 37001160 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Although spinel ferrite (MFe2O4, M = Zn, Ni, Mn, etc.) has been reported as a promising catalyst, its low photocatalytic activity under visible light greatly restricts its practical application. Spinel ferrite-based photocatalytic composites have exhibited improved efficiency for pollutant degradation, due to interface charge carrier mobility and structural modification. Meanwhile, due to its magnetism and stability, spinel ferrite composite can be easily recycled for long-term utilization, showing its high application potential. In this review, the recent advances in the construction and photocatalytic degradation of spinel ferrite composites are discussed, with an emphasis on the relationship between structural property and photocatalytic activity. In addition, to improve their photocatalytic application, the challenges, gaps and future research prospects are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China E-mail:
| | - Youtao Song
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China E-mail: ; International Engineering Technology Research Institute of Urban and Energy Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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G-C3N4 Dots Decorated with Hetaerolite: Visible-Light Photocatalyst for Degradation of Organic Contaminants. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a facile hydrothermal approach was used to integrate graphitic carbon nitride dots (CNDs) with hetaerolite (ZnMn2O4) at different weight percentages. The morphology, microstructure, texture, electronic, phase composition, and electrochemical properties were identified by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance (UV-vis DR), photoluminescence (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH), and photocurrent density. The results of XRD, FT-IR, EDX, and XPS analyses confirmed the synthesis of CNDs/ZnMn2O4 (20%) nanocomposite. As per PL, EIS, and photocurrent outcomes, the binary CNDs/ZnMn2O4 nanocomposite revealed superior features for interfacial transferring of charge carriers. The developed p–n heterojunction at the interface of CNDs and ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles partaken a significant role in the impressive charge segregation and migration. The binary nanocomposites were employed for the photodegradation of several dye pollutants, including rhodamine B (RhB), fuchsin, malachite green (MG), and methylene blue (MB) at visible wavelengths. Amongst the fabricated photocatalysts, the CNDs/ZnMn2O4 (20%) nanocomposite gave rise to about 98% RhB degradation efficiency within 45 min with the rate constant of 747 × 10−4 min−1, which was 66.5-, 3.44-, and 2.72-fold superior to the activities of CN, CNDs, and ZnMn2O4 photocatalysts, respectively. The impressive photodegradation performance of this nanocomposite was not only associated with the capacity for impressive visible-light absorption and boosted separation and transport of charge carriers, but also with its large surface area.
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Enhanced photocatalytic removal of antibiotics over graphitic carbon nitride induced by acetic acid post-treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Liu J, Wang S, Zhao C, Zheng J. Engineered g-C 3N 5-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Environmental Remediation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:499. [PMID: 36770460 PMCID: PMC9921555 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis plays a vital role in sustainable energy conversion and environmental remediation because of its economic, eco-friendly, and effective characteristics. Nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N5) has received worldwide interest owing to its facile accessibility, metal-free nature, and appealing electronic band structure. This review summarizes the latest progress for g-C3N5-based photocatalysts in energy and environmental applications. It begins with the synthesis of pristine g-C3N5 materials with various topologies, followed by several engineering strategies for g-C3N5, such as elemental doping, defect engineering, and heterojunction creation. In addition, the applications in energy conversion (H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and N2 fixation) and environmental remediation (NO purification and aqueous pollutant degradation) are discussed. Finally, a summary and some inspiring perspectives on the challenges and possibilities of g-C3N5-based materials are presented. It is believed that this review will promote the development of emerging g-C3N5-based photocatalysts for more efficiency in energy conversion and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chaocheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jingtang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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Recent Advances in g-C 3N 4-Based Materials and Their Application in Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010432. [PMID: 36615622 PMCID: PMC9823828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), with facile synthesis, unique structure, high stability, and low cost, has been the hotspot in the field of photocatalysis. However, the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 is still unsatisfactory due to insufficient capture of visible light, low surface area, poor electronic conductivity, and fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Thus, different modification strategies have been developed to improve its performance. In this review, the properties and preparation methods of g-C3N4 are systematically introduced, and various modification approaches, including morphology control, elemental doping, heterojunction construction, and modification with nanomaterials, are discussed. Moreover, photocatalytic applications in energy and environmental sustainability are summarized, such as hydrogen generation, CO2 reduction, and degradation of contaminants in recent years. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives on the challenges, and suggestions for exploiting g-C3N4-based photocatalysts are presented. This review will deepen the understanding of the state of the art of g-C3N4, including the fabrication, modification, and application in energy and environmental sustainability.
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Balakrishnan A, Chinthala M, Polagani RK, Vo DVN. Removal of tetracycline from wastewater using g-C 3N 4 based photocatalysts: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114660. [PMID: 36368373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline is currently one of the most consumed antibiotics for human therapy, veterinary purpose, and agricultural activities. Tetracycline worldwide consumption is expected to rise by about more than 30% by 2030. The persistence of tetracycline has necessitated implementing and adopting strategies to protect aquatic systems and the environment from noxious pollutants. Here, graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalytic technology is considered because of higher visible light photocatalytic activity, low cost, and non-toxicity. Thus, this review highlights the recent progress in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. Additionally, properties, worldwide consumption, occurrence, and environmental impacts of tetracycline are comprehensively addressed. Studies proved the occurrence of tetracycline in all water matrices across the world with a maximum concentration of 54 μg/L. Among different g-C3N4-based materials, heterojunctions exhibited the maximum photocatalytic degradation of 100% with the reusability of 5 cycles. The photocatalytic membranes are found to be feasible due to easiness in recovery and better reusability. Limitations of g-C3N4-based wastewater treatment technology and efficient solutions are also emphasized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Polagani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bheemanna Khandre Institute of Technology, Bhalki, India
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Balakrishnan A, Gaware GJ, Chinthala M. Heterojunction photocatalysts for the removal of nitrophenol: A systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136853. [PMID: 36243095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols are the most widely used raw materials in the chemical, pesticide, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to improper waste management and excessive usage, nitrophenol is listed as a priority pollutant and garnered global research attention. This review highlights the recent progress on heterojunction photocatalysts toward eliminating nitrophenols. The detailed mechanisms of the electron-hole pair separation using different heterojunctions such as traditional, p-n, Z-scheme, S-scheme, and Schottky heterojunctions are elaborated. The performance of the photocatalysts is evaluated using quantum efficiency. Among the heterojunctions, Z-scheme exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 100% and found superior over other heterojunctions. Even though heterojunctions exhibit good efficiency, the reusability of the heterojunction photocatalyst is not reported beyond 5 cycles. Further research is indeed to develop a highly reusable photocatalyst for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Ghanghor Jayant Gaware
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Liang C, Cui M, Zhao W, Dong L, Ma S, Liu X, Wang D, Jiang Z, Wang F. Hybridizing electron-mediated H 5PMo 10V 2O 40 with CdS/g-C 3N 4 for efficient photocatalytic performance of Z-scheme heterojunction in wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135315. [PMID: 35716713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic technology has been considered as a promising method to alleviate environmental pollution owing to the dual characteristics of redox. The novel V-based H5PMo10V2O40 (HPA-2) photocatalyst with Z-scheme heterostructure was constructed. The energy level of HPA-2 matches well with CdS and g-C3N4 (CN) according to Mott-Schottky and UV-Vis diffused reflectance tests, which allows the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons. The optimized CdS/HPA-2/CN showed superior ability in Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation and reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) under visible light irradiation. The maximum rate constant reached 0.092 min-1 for RhB degradation at 60 min and 0.260 min-1 for Cr (Ⅵ) reduction at 20 min, respectively. The photocatalytic mechanism was analyzed by adding scavengers. The effect of active species for RhB degradation was determined as h+ > ·O2- > ·OH, while ·O2- and e- were essential for the reduction of Cr (Ⅵ). Besides, cyclic tests exhibit excellent repeatability and stable structure of CdS/HPA-2/CN after four cycles. Meanwhile, the detailed degradation process of RhB involving de-ethylation, hydroxylation, substitution and decarboxylation was determined according to LC-MS and evaluated by Fukui function calculation. Furthermore, total organic carbon content decreased to 6.2% of the initial value. In this work, as an electron mediator, HPA-2 provides the inspiration for construction of Z-scheme heterojunction, and CdS/HPA-2/CN exhibits enormous potential in the environmental remediation by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyu Cui
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linyang Dong
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xutang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingkai Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijie Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
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Balakrishnan A, Sillanpää M, Jacob MM, Vo DVN. Metformin as an emerging concern in wastewater: Occurrence, analysis and treatment methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113613. [PMID: 35697083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a wonder drug used as an anti-hypoglycemic medication; it is also used as a cancer suppression medicament. Metformin is a first line of drug choice used by doctors for patients with type 2 diabetes. It is used worldwide where the drug's application varies from an anti-hypoglycemic medication to cancer oppression and as a weight loss treatment drug. Due to its wide range of usage, metformin and its byproducts are found in waste water and receiving aquatic environment. This leads to the accumulation of metformin in living beings and the environment where excess concentration levels can lead to ailments such as lactic acidosis or vitamin B12 deficiency. This drug could become of future water treatment concerns with its tons of production per year and vast usage. As a result of continuous occurrence of metformin has demanded the need of implementing and adopting different strategies to save the aquatic systems and the exposure to metformin. This review discuss the various methods for the elimination of metformin from wastewater. Along with that, the properties, occurrence, and health and environmental impacts of metformin are addressed. The different analytical methods for the detection of metformin are also explained. The main findings are discussed with respect to the management of metformin as an emerging contaminants and the major recommendations are discussed to understand the major research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Meenu Mariam Jacob
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Towards the Sustainable Production of Ultra-Low-Sulfur Fuels through Photocatalytic Oxidation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the sulfur-containing compounds are removed from motor fuels through the traditional hydrodesulfurization technology, which takes place under harsh reaction conditions (temperature of 350–450 °C and pressure of 30–60 atm) in the presence of catalysts based on alumina with impregnated cobalt and molybdenum. According to the principles of green chemistry, energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized, i.e., the chemical processes should be carried out at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. This approach could be implemented using photocatalysts that are sensitive to visible light. The creation of highly active photocatalytic systems for the deep purification of fuels from sulfur compounds becomes an important task of modern catalysis science. The present critical review reports recent progress over the last 5 years in heterogeneous photocatalytic desulfurization under visible light irradiation. Specific attention is paid to the methods for boosting the photocatalytic activity of materials, with a focus on the creation of heterojunctions as the most promising approach. This review also discusses the influence of operating parameters (nature of oxidant, molar ratio of oxidant/sulfur-containing compounds, photocatalyst loading, etc.) on the reaction efficiency. Some perspectives and future research directions on photocatalytic desulfurization are also provided.
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Chen M, Li M, Lee SLJ, Zhao X, Lin S. Constructing novel graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites - From the perspective of material dimensions and interfacial characteristics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134889. [PMID: 35551931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a fascinating metal-free conjugated polymer, has garnered immense interest in the fields of solar power generation and environmental remediation. The construction of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites with materials of various dimensions can further improve their photocatalytic activities by surface area enlargement, bandgap tuning, heterojunction formation, etc. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the design, synthesis, and functionalities of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites based on their applications in hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, and pollutants removal. We provided detailed analyses on the integration of 2D g-C3N4 with zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional materials with a focus on their interfacial characteristics and functional improvement. This review aims to stimulate fresh ideas on the interfacial engineering of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites to broaden their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Chen
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Mengxue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Stephanie Ling Jie Lee
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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