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Castro-Rojas J, Jofré-Dupre P, Escalona N, Blanco E, Ureta-Zañartu MS, Mora ML, Garrido-Ramírez E. Atrazine degradation through a heterogeneous dual-effect process using Fe-TiO 2-allophane catalysts under sunlight. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32894. [PMID: 38994084 PMCID: PMC11237973 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the novel application of Fe-TiO2-allophane catalysts with 6.0 % w/w of iron oxide and two TiO2 proportions (10 % and 30 % w/w) for degrading atrazine (ATZ) using the heterogeneous dual-effect (HDE) process under sunlight. Comparative analyses with Fe-allophane and TiO2-allophane catalysts were conducted in both photocatalysis (PC) and HDE processes. FTIR spectra reveal the unique hydrous feldspathoids structure of allophane, showing evidence of new bond formation between Si-O groups of allophane clays and iron hydroxyl species, as well as Si-O-Ti bonds that intensified with higher TiO2 content. The catalysts exhibited an anatase structure. In Fe-TiO2-allophane catalysts, iron oxide was incorporated through the substitution of Ti4+ by Fe3+ in the anatase crystal lattice and precipitation on the surface of allophane clays, forming small iron oxide particles. Allophane clays reduced the agglomeration and particle size of TiO2, resulting in an enhanced specific surface area and pore volume for all catalysts. Iron oxide incorporation decreased the band gap, broadening the photoresponse to visible light. In the PC process, TiO2-allophane achieves 90 % ATZ degradation, attributed to radical species from the UV component of sunlight. In the HDE process, Fe-TiO2-allophane catalysts exhibit synergistic effects, particularly with 30 % w/w TiO2, achieving 100 % ATZ degradation and 85 % COD removal, with shorter reaction time as TiO2 percentage increased. The HDE process was performed under less acidic conditions, achieving complete ATZ degradation after 6 h without iron leaching. Consequently, Fe-TiO2-allophane catalysts are proposed as a promising alternative for degrading emerging pollutants under environmentally friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castro-Rojas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Italy
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Jofré-Dupre
- Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, 83270255, Chile
| | - Néstor Escalona
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocesses, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus in Catalytic Processes towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
| | - Elodie Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocesses, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus in Catalytic Processes towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
- Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
| | - María Soledad Ureta-Zañartu
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Luz Mora
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, 4780000, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Garrido-Ramírez
- Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, 83270255, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad (CIS), Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 440, Santiago, 8327055, Chile
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Puri S, Verma A. Potential use of foundry sand and furnace blast sand for fabrication of visibly active composite to promote circular economy/waste management for treating real agro-industrial wastewater. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10844. [PMID: 36750964 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A two-step process of coagulation/flocculation followed by a simultaneous dual process (photocatalysis + photo-Fenton) is developed to treat real pulp and paper (P and P) industry wastewater. The rigid stout color wastewater was treated using a sunlight-responsive and cost-effective Fe-TiO2 composite using recirculating photoreactor with a total working volume of 4 L. The key point of this study is that the treatment is done in very less time (90 min), and it incorporates the idea of circular economy, as the composite is fabricated out of industrial rejects. The further intensification of the process was done by proper process optimization of both approaches. With an initial concentration of stout color (0.78 AU) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (2200 mg/L), the optimized conditions gave a good reduction in % color and % COD, that is, 64.1% and 41.8% (1280 mg/L) after coagulation/flocculation and 89.74% and 53.12% (600 mg/L) after dual, respectively. The composite was characterized by using various techniques like field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to check the catalyst composition, complexes formed between Fe-TiO2 , and the catalyst intactness in both fresh and 50 times recycled composite. A trapping study was also performed using various quenchers to confirm that OH• plays a major role in the present study among other radicals produced where 55-60% drop in color removal was seen. In order to foresee the commercial use of this study, the process' cost was also estimated. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Industrial waste products were used to fabricate inert support that promoted the idea of circular economy/waste management. Iron from the waste used to execute photo-Fenton process along with forming Fe-TiO2 complex to make it visibly active composite. Enhanced production of OH radicals facilitated removal of stout color and COD from the real pulp and paper industry wastewater in just 90 min. Coagulation/flocculation followed by dual technique proved to be the best approach out of three different approaches applied. Composite showed excellent durability even after 50 recycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Puri
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Anoop Verma
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
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Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Abubakar S, Birniwa AH, Lawal IM, Umaru I, Usman AK, Yaro NSA, Al-Zaqri N, Al-Maswari BM, Ibrahim MNM, Hussain F. Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Waste Sludge Biochar for COD and Color Removal from Agro-Industrial Effluent. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:258. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Agro-waste management processes are evolving through the development of novel experimental approaches to understand the mechanisms in reducing their pollution levels efficiently and economically from industrial effluents. Agro-industrial effluent (AIE) from biorefineries that contain high concentrations of COD and color are discharged into the ecosystem. Thus, the AIE from these biorefineries requires treatment prior to discharge. Therefore, the effectiveness of a continuous flow bioreactor system (CFBS) in the treatment of AIE using hybrid waste sludge biochar (HWSB) was investigated. The use of a bioreactor with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1–3 days and AIE concentrations of 10–50% was used in experiments based on a statistical design. AIE concentration and HRT were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) as the process variables. The performance of CFBS was analyzed in terms of COD and color removal. Findings indicated 76.52% and 66.97% reduction in COD and color, respectively. During biokinetic studies, the modified Stover models were found to be perfectly suited for the observed measurements with R2 values 0.9741 attained for COD. Maximum contaminants elimination was attained at 30% AIE and 2-day HRT. Thus, this study proves that the HWSB made from biomass waste can potentially help preserve nonrenewable resources and promote zero-waste attainment and principles of circular economy.
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