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Wan J, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Deng R, Wang X, Cao S, Zhang X, Miao Y, Jiang J, Song Z, Long T, Sun C, Zhu X. Persulfate activation with biochar supported nanoscale zero- valent iron: Engineering application for effective degradation of NCB in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173053. [PMID: 38723973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Nitrochlorobenzene (NCB) is very common in pesticide and chemical industries, which has become a major problem in soil environment. However, the remediation of NCB contaminated soil is received finite concern. Using biochar as a substrate for nanoscale-zero valent iron (nZVI/p-BC) to activate peroxodisulfate (PDS), a novel heterogeneous oxidative system had been applied in the current study to remediate NCB contaminants in soil. The degradation efficiencies and kinetics of m-NCB, p-NCB, and o-NCB by various systems were contrasted in soil slurry. Key factors including the dosage of nZVI/p-BC, the molar ratio of nZVI/PDS, initial pH and temperature on degradation of NCB were further examined. The results confirmed that the nZVI/p-BC/PDS displayed the remarkable performance for removing NCB compared with other systems. Higher temperature with nZVI/PDS molar ratio of 2:1 under the acidic condition favored the reduction of NCB. The treatment for NCB with optimal conditions were evaluated for the engineering application. The mechanism of nZVI/p-BC/PDS indicated that electron transfer between p-BC and nZVI was responsible for activation of PDS, generating active species (SO4•-, •OH and 1O2) via both the free and non-free radical pathways. Experimental results revealed prominent availability of nZVI/p-BC/PDS system in remediation of actual contaminated field by NCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Wan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Zehang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Rufeng Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shaohua Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yifei Miao
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jinlin Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhen Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Tao Long
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Han K, Jiao W, Su P, Wang D, Zhu J, Zhu M, Li L. Green mechanochemical activation of solid persulfate to remove PAHs in soil: Performance and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134489. [PMID: 38735181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high biotoxicity and persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil becomes an intractable problem. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes are widely used to degrade PAHs in aquatic environment. However, they are not convenient for used in soil due to the heterogeneity and complexity of soil matrix. In this study, a green and convenient ball milling process is introduced to activate persulfate for the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil. About 82.5% PAHs were removed with 10% wt. Na2S2O8 (PS) addition and ball-milling for 2 h under 500 r/min. The degradation of PAHs is attributed to the attack of radicals (SO4·- and·OH) generated from the activation of PS by mechanochemistry. Moreover, stable Si-O bonds were disrupted during ball-milling process, and formed free electron on the surface of soil particles. This facilitates the electron transfer from oxidants to contaminants. The particle size, surface element composition, functional group, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the slight disturbance of ball-milling-assisted PS process on the physical and chemical properties of soil. Therefore, ball-milling assisted PS approach would be a promising technology for the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kexiao Han
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Peidong Su
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daxuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, United States
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3
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Ji Y, Xu J, Zhu L. Redox potential model for guiding moderate oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134443. [PMID: 38678701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In-situ chemical oxidation is an important approach to remediate soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, massive oxidants are added into soils without an explicit model for predicting the redox potential (Eh) during soil remediation, and overdosed oxidants would pose secondary damage by disturbing soil organic matter and acidity. Here, a soil redox potential (Eh) model was first established to quantify the relationship among oxidation parameters, crucial soil properties, and pollutant elimination. The impacts of oxidant types and doses, soil pH, and soil organic carbon contents on soil Eh were systematically clarified in four commonly used oxidation systems (i.e., KMnO4, H2O2, fenton, and persulfate). The relative error of preliminary Eh model was increased from 48-62% to 4-16% after being modified with the soil texture and dissolved organic carbon, and this high accuracy was verified by 12 actual PAHs contaminated soils. Combining the discovered critical oxidation potential (COP) of PAHs, the moderate oxidation process could be regulated by the guidance of the soil Eh model in different soil conditions. Moreover, the product analysis revealed that the hydroxylation of PAHs occurred most frequently when the soil Eh reached their COP, providing a foundation for further microorganism remediation. These results provide a feasible strategy for selecting oxidants and controlling their doses toward moderate oxidation of contaminated soils, which will reduce the consumption of soil organic matter and protect the main structure and function of soil for future utilization. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: This study provides a novel insight into the moderate chemical oxidation by the Eh model and largely reduces the secondary risks of excessive oxidation and oxidant residual in ISCO. The moderate oxidation of PAHs could be a first step to decrease their toxicity and increase their bioaccessibility, favoring the microbial degradation of PAHs. Controlling the soil Eh with the established model here could be a promising approach to couple moderate oxidation of organic contaminants with microbial degradation. Such an effective and green soil remediation will largely preserve the soil's functional structure and favor the subsequent utilization of remediated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ji
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Qutob M, Rafatullah M, Muhammad SA, Siddiqui MR, Alam M. Advanced oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical soil: Self-catalytic utilization of natural iron contents in an oxygenation reactor supported with persulfate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171843. [PMID: 38521259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The catalysts derived from natural iron minerals in the advanced oxidation process offer several advantages. However, their utilization in soil remediation is restricted due to the presence of soil impurities, which can inhibit the catalytic activity of these minerals. The soils in tropical regions exhibit lower organic matter content, limited cation exchange capacity, and are non-saline, this enhances the efficiency of utilizing natural iron minerals from tropical soil as a catalyst. In this regard, the catalytic potential of naturally iron-bearing tropical soil was investigated to eliminate phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) using an oxygenated reactor supported with persulfate (PS). The system showed an efficient performance, and the removal efficiencies under the optimum conditions were 81 %, 73 %, and 86 % for PHE, PYR, and B[α]P, respectively. This indicated that the catalytic activity of iron was working efficiently. However, there were changes in the soil characteristics after the remediation process such as a significant reduction in iron and aluminum contents. The scavenging experiments demonstrated that HO• had a minor role in the oxidation process, SO4•- and O2•- emerged as the primary reactive species responsible for the effective degradation of the PAHs. Moreover, the by-products were monitored after soil remediation to evaluate their toxicity and to propose degradation pathways. The Mutagenicity test showed that two by-products from each PHE and B[α]P had positive results, while only one by-product of PYR showed positive. The toxicity tests of oral rat LD50 and developmental toxicity tests revealed that certain PAHs by-products could be more toxic from the parent pollutant itself. This study represents a notable progression in soil remediation by providing a step forward in the application of the advanced oxidation process (AOP) without requiring additional catalysts to activate oxidants and degrade pollutant PAHs from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
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Zhang S, Zhao J, Zhu L. New insights into thermal desorption remediation of pyrene-contaminated soil based on an optimized numerical model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132687. [PMID: 37804758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) is known as an effective technique to remediate PAHs-contaminated sites. However, effectively removing PAHs using TD while saving time, and energy, and minimizing soil damage remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the combined effects of various factors on the removal efficiency of pyrene (PYR) by TD and developed an optimal numerical model based on conducting a series of soil experiments. The results showed that temperature (T) and time (t) promoted the desorption of PYR, while water (Sw) and organic matter (fom) were just the opposite. Besides, water and organic matter had a synergistic effect proportionally. It was found that adjusting the soil-water ratio (which can be controlled by organic matter) maximized the desorption rate of PYR. An ideal Sw/fom 1.56 and a minimized recommended temperature (173 °C) were proposed based on the model. Finally, the efficacy of the optimized scheme was validated in real-world site soil. These findings not only mechanistically revealed the desorption behavior of PYR under the influence of various factors, but also provided an optimized scheme for efficiently removing PAHs using TD, thereby accelerating the remediation process and reducing energy consumption. The modeling ideas and conclusions obtained may be applicable to other PAHs, guiding the effective remediation of PAHs-polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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6
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Lu Y, Han H, Huang X, Yi Y, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Lu C, Wang C, Chen H. Uptake and translocation of organic pollutants in Camellia sinensis (L.): a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118133-118148. [PMID: 37936031 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (L.) is a perennial evergreen woody plant with the potential for environmental pollution due to its unique growth environment and extended growth cycle. Pollution sources and pathways for tea plants encompass various factors, including atmospheric deposition, agricultural inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticide, uptake from soil, and sewage irrigation. During the cultivation phase, Camellia sinensis (L.) can absorb organic pollutants through its roots and leaves. This review provides an overview of the uptake and translocation mechanisms involving the absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, anthraquinone (AQ), perchlorate, and other organic pollutants by tea plant roots. Additionally, we summarize how fresh tea leaves can be impacted by spraying pesticide and atmospheric sedimentation. In conclusion, this review highlights current research progress in understanding the pollution risks associated with Camellia sinensis (L.) and its products, emphasizing the need for further investigation and providing insights into potential future directions for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haolei Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuchen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuexing Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Yue X, Zhang Y, Shan Y, Shen K, Jiao W. Lab-scale transport and activation of peroxydisulfate for phenanthrene degradation in soil: A comprehensive assessment of the remediation process, soil environment and microbial diversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165771. [PMID: 37532036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic transport followed by electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate is a novel in situ soil remediation method. However, the strategy of electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating and the comprehensive evaluation of restored soil need to be further explored. In this study, a lab-scale simulation device for in situ electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate was constructed to monitor the transport and transfer of peroxydisulfate, target pollutants, and process parameters, and the physicochemical properties and bacterial community of treated soil were evaluated. The results showed that adding 10 wt% peroxydisulfate to both the anode and cathode resulted in the optimized transfer rate and cumulative concentration of peroxydisulfate under electrokinetics. After 8 h, the cumulative concentration of peroxydisulfate reached 66.15- 166.29 mmol L-1, which was attributed to the migration of a large amount of S2O82- from the cathode to the soil under electromigration. Additionally, the anodic interfacial electric potential was improved, which was more conducive to electroosmotic transport of peroxydisulfate from the anode chamber. By alternating electrokinetic transport and electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate for two cycles, the phenanthrene degradation efficiency in four evenly distributed wells between electrodes reached 75.4 %, 87.6 %, 92.3 %, and 94.4 %. With slight variations in soil morphology and structure, the electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate elevated the soil fertility index. The abundance and diversity of bacterial communities in treated soil recovered to above the original soil level after 15 days. Our findings may support the application of electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate as a promising green ecological technology for the in situ remediation of organic-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yongping Shan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Kumari A, Upadhyay V, Kumar S. A critical insight into occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their green remediation approaches. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138579. [PMID: 37031842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, the tremendous growth in industrial activities particularly in the sectors of pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and the reckless application of fertilizers and insecticides has raised the contamination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) tremendously. For more than a decade, the main focus of environmental experts is to come up with management approaches for the clean-up of sites polluted with PAHs. These are ubiquitous in nature i.e., widely distributed in ecosystem ranging from soil, air and marine water. Most of the PAHs possess immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. Being highly soluble in lipids, they are readily absorbed into the mammalian gastro intestinal tract. They are widely distributed with marked tendency of getting localized into body fat in varied tissues. Several remediation technologies have been tested for the removal of these environmental contaminants, particularly bioremediation has turned out to be a hope as the safest and cost-effective option. Therefore, this review first discusses various sources of PAHs, their effect on human health and interactions of PAHs with soils and sediments. In this review, a holistic insight of current scenario of existing remediation technologies and how they can be improvised along with the hindrances in the path of these technologies are properly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidisha Upadhyay
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India.
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Guo Z, Wang D, Yan Z, Qian L, Yang L, Yan J, Chen M. Efficient Remediation of p-chloroaniline Contaminated Soil by Activated Persulfate Using Ball Milling Nanosized Zero Valent Iron/Biochar Composite: Performance and Mechanisms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091517. [PMID: 37177062 PMCID: PMC10180579 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, efficient remediation of p-chloroaniline (PCA)-contaminated soil by activated persulfate (PS) using nanosized zero-valent iron/biochar (B-nZVI/BC) through the ball milling method was conducted. Under the conditions of 4.8 g kg-1 B-nZVI/BC and 42.0 mmol L-1 PS with pH 7.49, the concentration of PCA in soil was dramatically decreased from 3.64 mg kg-1 to 1.33 mg kg-1, which was much lower than the remediation target value of 1.96 mg kg-1. Further increasing B-nZVI/BC dosage and PS concentration to 14.4 g kg-1 and 126.0 mmol L-1, the concentration of PCA was as low as 0.15 mg kg-1, corresponding to a degradation efficiency of 95.9%. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals indicated SO4•-, •OH, and O2•- radicals were generated and accounted for PCA degradation with the effect of low-valence iron and through the electron transfer process of the sp2 hybridized carbon structure of biochar. 1-chlorobutane and glycine were formed and subsequently decomposed into butanol, butyric acid, ethylene glycol, and glycolic acid, and the degradation pathway of PCA in the B-nZVI/BC-PS system was proposed accordingly. The findings provide a significant implication for cost-effective and environmentally friendly remediation of PCA-contaminated soil using a facile ball milling preparation of B-nZVI/BC and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Zichen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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