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Pimentão AR, Cuco AP, Pascoal C, Cássio F, Castro BB. Current trends and mismatches on fungicide use and assessment of the ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123678. [PMID: 38447649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence of off-site ecological impacts of pesticides and policy efforts worldwide, pesticide use is still far from being ecologically sustainable. Fungicides are among the most sold classes of pesticides and are crucial to ensure global food supply and security. This study aimed to identify potential gaps of knowledge and mismatches between research and usage data of fungicides by: (i) systematizing the current trends in global sales of fungicides, focusing on the European context in particular (where they are proportionally important); (ii) reviewing the scientific literature on the impacts of synthetic fungicides on non-target freshwater organisms. Sales data revealed important global and regional asymmetries in the relative importance of fungicides and the preferred active ingredients. The literature review on the ecological effects of fungicides disclosed a mismatch between the most studied and the most sold substances, as well as a bias towards the use of single species assays with standard test organisms. To ensure a proper evaluation, risk scenarios should focus on a regional scale, and research agendas must highlight sensitive aquatic ecorreceptors and improve the crosstalk between analytical and sales data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pimentão
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Cuco
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Castro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Skubała K, Styburski J, Chowaniec K. Combined effect of fungicide, herbicide and plant elicitor used in apple orchards on non-target epiphytic moss Hypnum cupressiforme. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123133. [PMID: 38092344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Apple production is a dynamic agricultural system in which pesticides are applied recurrently to control pests and diseases in the orchards. Understanding the impact of such agents on non-target organisms is crucial to minimise unintended consequences while maintaining their use in crop protection. The aim was to test how fungicide, herbicide, elicitor, and their combinations affect the physiology of the epiphytic moss Hypnum cupressiforme that naturally occurs in orchards. Our results showed that both dodine and diflufenican applied separately had a strong negative effect on moss physiology reflected in significantly decreased photosynthetic pigment contents, maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, cell membrane integrity and dehydrogenase activity, and increased membrane lipid peroxidation, which indicates a high physiological stress. Furthermore, the combined use of herbicide and fungicide resulted in further deterioration of the physiological condition compared to the effects of both agents used separately. In many cases, the application of chitosan together with a diflufenican or dodine resulted in a reduction of the negative effects triggered by these agents. The compensatory effect was particularly pronounced in maintaining a low level of cell membrane permeability. Consequently, it can be concluded that chitosan could have a protective function against cell membrane damage in non-target mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Skubała
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Styburski
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Chowaniec
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
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