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Bartels Y, Jekel M, Putschew A. Impact of the reductive deiodination on the sorption of iodinated X-ray contrast media to filter sand and activated carbon. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121801. [PMID: 38810597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and their aerobic transformation products (TPs) are widespread in the aquatic environment due to their persistent and mobile character. In a previous lab study, we have shown that the reductive (partial) deiodination of selected triiodobenzene derivatives increases the sorption to aquifer sand and loam soil, since iodine affects the compounds by steric hindrance, repulsive forces, resonance and inductive effects. These results suggest that the (partial) deiodination generally occurring to ICM and aerobic ICM TPs during anoxic/anaerobic bank filtration has a potential to increase their removal by sorption to natural sorbents. To basically assess the sorption potential to technically applied materials for drinking water treatment subsequent to bank filtration, we investigated the sorption of iopromide, diatrizoate and 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophtalic acid and their di, mono and deiodinated structures to used filter sand from a waterworks and different fresh powdered activated carbons in batch tests using Berlin drinking water. The filter material, coated by iron and manganese oxides as well as organic material (including biofilm), preferentially removed monoiodinated derivatives, but diffusion through the organic layer heavily slowed the sorption. Therefore, the removal potential by sorption in rapid sand filters of waterworks for (partially) deiodinated benzene derivatives is suggested to be low. The deiodination of iopromide and diatrizoate significantly increased the sorption affinity to activated carbon and the competitiveness with regard to drinking water DOC. Despite the large atom radius of iodine, no clear correlation was found between the pore characteristics of the activated carbons and the molecular size of the compounds. This study emphasises the importance of anoxic/anaerobic conditions for the removal of persistent and mobile ICM and ICM TPs during drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Bartels
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Water Quality Engineering, Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Water Quality Engineering, Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Putschew
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Water Quality Engineering, Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Schumann P, Müller D, Eckardt P, Muschket M, Dittmann D, Rabe L, Kerst K, Lerch A, Reemtsma T, Jekel M, Ruhl AS. Pilot-scale removal of persistent and mobile organic substances in granular activated carbon filters and experimental predictability at lab-scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163738. [PMID: 37116805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Present knowledge about the fate of persistent and mobile (PM) substances in drinking water treatment is limited. Hence, this study assesses the potential of fixed-bed granular activated carbon (GAC) filters to fill the treatment gap for PM substances and the elimination predictability from lab-scale experiments. Two parallel pilot filters (GAC bed height 2 m, diameter 15 cm) with different GAC were operated for 1.5 years (ca. 47,000 BV throughput) alongside rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCT) designed based on the proportional diffusivity (PD) and the constant diffusivity (CD) approaches. Background dissolved organic matter (DOM) and a set of 17 target substances were investigated, among them 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (AAMPS), adamantan-1-amine (ATA), melamine (MEL) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA). Nine substances were predominantly present in the drinking water used as pilot filter influent (frequencies of detection above 80 %, median concentrations 0.003-1.868 μg/L) and their breakthrough behaviors could be observed: TFMSA was not retained at all, four substances including AAMPS and ATA reached complete breakthrough below 20,000 BV, three compounds were partially retained until the end of operation and oxypurinol was retained completely. The comparable PM candidate and DOM removal performances of both GAC aligns with their very similar surface characteristics and elemental compositions. The agreement of results between RSSCT with the pilot-scale filters were substance specific and no superior RSSCT design could be identified. However, CD-RSSCT provide a conservative removal prediction for most studied compounds. MEL adsorption was significantly underestimated by both RSSCT designs. Using the criterion of a carbon usage rate (with respect to 50 % breakthrough) below 25 mgGAC/Lwater for an economic retention by fixed-bed GAC filters, five (out of nine) substances met the requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dario Müller
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Kommunale Wasserwerke Leipzig, Johannisgasse 7/9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paulina Eckardt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Muschket
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Dittmann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Rabe
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Kerst
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Lerch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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