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Idjaton BIT, Togola A, Ghestem JP, Kastler L, Bristeau S, Ronteltap M, Colombano S, Devau N, Lions J, van Hullebusch ED. Determination of organic fluorinated compounds content in complex samples through combustion ion chromatography methods: a way to define a "Total Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)" parameter? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172589. [PMID: 38657803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants are a growing concern for scientists and public authorities. The group of per-polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as 'forever chemicals', in complex environmental liquid and solid matrices was analysed in this study. The development of global analytical methods based on combustion ion chromatography (CIC) is expected to provide accurate picture of the overall PFAS contamination level via the determination of extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF). The obtained results may be put into perspective with other methods such as targeted analyses (LC-MS/MS). The impact of pH, the presence of dissolved organic carbon and suspended particles on AOF measurements were explored. The effectiveness of the washing step to remove adsorbed inorganic fluorine (IF) has been proven for samples containing up to 8 mgF.L-1. CIC-based methods showed good repeatability and reproducibility for the complex matrices studied. Environmental applications of these methods have been tested. AOF and EOF analyses could explain between 1 % and 23 % and 0.1 % to 2 % of total organic fluorine (TOF), respectively. The sum of PFAS compounds expressed as fluorine could explain from 0.2 % to 11 % and from 0.003 % to 5 % for AOF and EOF, respectively. These results also suggest that some fluorinated compounds are not adsorbed or extractable and/or lost by volatilisation during the application of AOF and EOF analytical procedure. These findings highlight that AOF and EOF are not entirely efficient as proxy to assess "total PFAS" for assessing environmental contamination by PFAS. However, these methods could still be applied to gain a better understanding of the sources and fate of PFAS in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatoundé I T Idjaton
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France; Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Togola
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France.
| | - Jean Philippe Ghestem
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Laura Kastler
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Mariska Ronteltap
- Delfland Water Authority, Phoenixstraat 32, the Netherlands; TU Delft, Water Management Department, Stevinweg 1, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Stéfan Colombano
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Devau
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Julie Lions
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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Mofokeng NN, Madikizela LM, Tiggelman I, Sanganyado E, Chimuka L. Determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in paper recycling grades using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:30126-30136. [PMID: 38602641 PMCID: PMC11058588 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Globally, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-related research on paper products has focused on food packaging with less consideration on the presence of PFAS at different stages of the paper recycling chain. This study analysed the prevalence of PFAS in paper grades used for the manufacture of recycled paperboard. The presence of PFAS was attributed to the use of PFAS-containing additives, consumer usage, exposure to packed goods as well as contamination during mingling, sorting, collection, and recovery of paper recycling material. Q Orbitrap mass spectrometry was used to analyse the paper samples after accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction. The distribution and possible propagation of 22 PFAS were determined in pre-consumer, retail and post-consumer paper products. Post-consumer samples had the highest combined average concentration (ΣPFAS) at 213 ng/g, while the ΣPFAS in retail (159 ng/g) and pre-consumer samples (121 ng/g) was detected at lower concentrations. This study showed that waste collection and recycling protocols may influence PFAS propagation and that measures must be developed to minimise and possibly eliminate exposure opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso Nomonde Mofokeng
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Ineke Tiggelman
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
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Musatadi M, Baciero-Hernández I, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Development and evaluation of a comprehensive workflow for suspect screening of exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141221. [PMID: 38224745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) methods are being promoted in order to decode the human exposome since a wide chemical space can be analysed in a diversity of human biofluids. However, SNTS approaches in the exposomics field are infra-studied in comparison to environmental or food monitoring studies. In this work, a comprehensive suspect screening workflow was developed to annotate exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. Precisely, human urine, breast milk, saliva and ovarian follicular fluid were employed as samples and analysed by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). To automate the workflow, the "peak rating" parameter implemented in Compound Discoverer 3.3.2 was optimized to avoid time-consuming manual revision of chromatographic peaks. In addition, the presence of endogenous molecules that might interfere with the annotation of xenobiotics was carefully studied as the employment of inclusion and exclusion suspect lists. To evaluate the workflow, limits of identification (LOIs) and type I and II errors (i.e., false positives and negatives, respectively) were calculated in both standard solutions and spiked biofluids using 161 xenobiotics and 22 metabolites. For 80.3 % of the suspects, LOIs below 15 ng/mL were achieved. In terms of type I errors, only two cases were identified in standards and spiked samples. Regarding type II errors, the 7.7 % errors accounted in standards increased to 17.4 % in real samples. Lastly, the use of an inclusion list for endogens was favoured since it avoided 18.7 % of potential type I errors, while the exclusion list caused 7.2 % of type II errors despite making the annotation workflow less time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Inés Baciero-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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