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Mofokeng NN, Madikizela LM, Tiggelman I, Chimuka L. Emerging contaminants as unintentional substances in paper and board: A case of unexpected pharmaceuticals detection in the paper recycling chain. J Hazard Mater 2024; 472:134419. [PMID: 38691993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of paper products by various chemicals has been reported on a global level, but to date, no published research has investigated pharmaceutical contamination of paper-based products. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis was conducted on 42 samples collected from various points of the recycled paper value chain in Cape Town, South Africa, which included the various grades that may be included in the manufacturing of recycled paperboard. The analysis was achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paper samples before detection by UHPLC-Q Orbitrap. Quantification limits ranged from 1.15 pg/g for ketoprofen to 46.07 pg/g for methocarbamol. Pharmaceuticals identified in newspaper samples were dexamethasone, ketoprofen, and 17β-estradiol. The latter was also detected in paper shopping bags (up to 697.49 ng/g), infant bathtub packaging (280.62 ng/g), battery packaging (137.43 ng/g), and an egg carton (170.47 ng/g). Carbamazepine was also prominent with its concentration reaching 13.02 ng/g in a vegetable box. Suspect screening tentatively identified 14 additional pharmaceuticals in paper samples, with minocycline, prazepam, and anabolic steroids appearing more prominently. This pioneering study indicated that unintentional pharmaceutical exposure had expanded beyond environmental media to consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso N Mofokeng
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
| | - Ineke Tiggelman
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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Mofokeng NN, Madikizela LM, Tiggelman I, Sanganyado E, Chimuka L. Determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in paper recycling grades using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:30126-30136. [PMID: 38602641 PMCID: PMC11058588 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Globally, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-related research on paper products has focused on food packaging with less consideration on the presence of PFAS at different stages of the paper recycling chain. This study analysed the prevalence of PFAS in paper grades used for the manufacture of recycled paperboard. The presence of PFAS was attributed to the use of PFAS-containing additives, consumer usage, exposure to packed goods as well as contamination during mingling, sorting, collection, and recovery of paper recycling material. Q Orbitrap mass spectrometry was used to analyse the paper samples after accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction. The distribution and possible propagation of 22 PFAS were determined in pre-consumer, retail and post-consumer paper products. Post-consumer samples had the highest combined average concentration (ΣPFAS) at 213 ng/g, while the ΣPFAS in retail (159 ng/g) and pre-consumer samples (121 ng/g) was detected at lower concentrations. This study showed that waste collection and recycling protocols may influence PFAS propagation and that measures must be developed to minimise and possibly eliminate exposure opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso Nomonde Mofokeng
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Ineke Tiggelman
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
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Thieblesson LM, Calotă R, Saca N, Simion A, Năstase I, Girip A. Reaction to fire, thermal, and mechanical properties of materials based on recycled paper granules bound with starch and clay mortar. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24510. [PMID: 38312574 PMCID: PMC10835223 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to produce an ecologically friendly material for use in Ivory Coast's construction sector in the future. These materials should have good thermal qualities and be flame resistant in addition to helping to achieve interior comfort. The fundamental components under consideration are freely accessible in Ivory Coast and include clay mortar as a fire retardant, potato starch as a binder, and recycled paper granules as a filler. The suggested ecologically friendly material's manufacturing process is fully described in detail. After conditioning, the team created multiple samples, taking into account that each test that the materials are put through requires various probe sizes for the thermal conductivity test, the reaction to fire test, and the flexural strength test. The best result regarding thermal conductivity of composites was obtained when 10 % clay is added in the mixture, namely between 0.057 … 0.068 W/(mK). During the ignitability tests the flame did not propagate to a height greater than 15 cm throughout the 60 s test time, so it can be concluded that the materials match minimally in the class E of reaction to fire. The flexural strength of tested materials was under 0.8 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Marcelle Thieblesson
- U F R Environnement/Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement Ivory Coast, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Răzvan Calotă
- Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest Romania, Romania
| | - Nastasia Saca
- Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest Romania, Romania
| | | | - Ilinca Năstase
- Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest Romania, Romania
| | - Alina Girip
- Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest Romania, Romania
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Li A, Xu D, Li Y, Wu S, Madyan OA, Rao J, Fan M. Binary additives of polyamide epichlorohydrin-nanocellulose for effective valorization of used paper. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:194-201. [PMID: 36493924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a binary reinforcement system of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin with nanocellulose (PAE-NC) for effectively modification of the reclaimed fibres for paper production, and based on the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of cellulosic fibres together with PAE-NC self-crosslinking networks, the strengthening mechanisms of recycled papers are examined. The PAE-NC binary system was applied directly to old corrugated container (OCC) and softwood bleached kraft pulp (SWBKP), and handsheets are prepared with varying amounts of PAE/NC/PAE-NC, namely 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt% (dry pulp). The results showed that the studied additives improved the performance of recycled fibres, whether SWBKP or OCC pulp, and handsheets in solely or combined mechanisms except for the air permeability of the handsheets. The treatment of PAE-NC combination was significantly more effective than those of PAE or NC alone for both OCC and SWBKP, although the combined PAE-NC treatment results in better performance enhancement for OCC than SWBKP handsheets, and the NC alone is more effective than PAE for SWBKP recycled paper and conversely for OCC recycled paper. SEM observations further confirmed that the combined PAE-NC addition treatment imparted a relatively uniform surface structure to the handsheet.
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Nathan VK, Rani ME. Natural dye from Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood for eco-friendly coloring of recycled paper based packing material and its in silico toxicity analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:28713-28719. [PMID: 33543441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The uses of natural dyes are getting popularized due to the increased awareness regarding the toxicity of many chemical colorants. The chemical colorants are being replaced by the natural colorants for the various industrial applications. The plant-based natural colorants are considered eco-friendly and toxic free. In the present study, we report a natural dye from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan suitable for paper based packing materials. This forms the first report on the study of natural dye obtained from the heartwood of C. sappan on paper material. The extracted dye had a good photostability and able to make imprints on recycled paper bags. Moreover, a significant inhibition of bacterial growth was observed at a higher dye concentration of 100 μg mL-1 against P. aeruginosa which was higher than the standard antibiotics. Growth inhibition was also observed in case of B. subtilis (22 ± 0.17 mm) and K. pneumonia (21 ± 0.53 mm) at 100 μg mL-1. The dye could be used in making medicated packing materials and have many other bio-potential which was validated through in silico toxicity analysis. The application of such natural dyes in paper material value addition will help in a cleaner and sustainable process during paper recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 002, India.
| | - Mary Esther Rani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 002, India
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