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Hong M, Kang MJ, Pak S, Han IH, Bae H. Bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by increasing regulatory T cell population. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tjørnelund HD, Madsen JJ, Peters GHJ. Water-Intake and Water-Molecule Paths to the Active Site of Secretory Phospholipase A 2 Studied Using MD Simulations and the Tracking Tool AQUA-DUCT. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1881-1891. [PMID: 32064878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are a subclass of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In this study, different phospholipids with structural modifications close to the scissile sn-2 ester bond were studied to determine the effect of the structural changes on the formation of the Michaelis-Menten complex and the water entry/exit pathways using molecular dynamics simulations and the computational tracking tool AQUA-DUCT. Structural modifications include methylation, dehydrogenation, and polarization close to the sn-2 scissile bond. We found that all water molecules reaching the active site of sPLA2-IIA pass by the aromatic residues Phe5 and Tyr51 and enter the active site through an active-site cleft. The relative amount of water available for the enzymatic reaction of the different phospholipid-sPLA2 complexes was determined together with the distance between key atoms in the catalytic machinery. The results showed that (Z)-unsaturated phospholipid is a good substrate for sPLA2-IIA. The computational results are in good agreement with previously reported experimental data on the ability of sPLA2-IIA to hydrolyze liposomes made from the different phospholipids, and the results provide new insights into the necessary active-site solvation of the Michaelis-Menten complex and can pave the road for rational design in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D Tjørnelund
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper J Madsen
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Ham HJ, Han SB, Yun J, Yeo IJ, Ham YW, Kim SH, Park PH, Choi DY, Hong JT. Bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation through inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 pathway in Tg2576 mice. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:26. [PMID: 31592103 PMCID: PMC6774221 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) play a significant role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our previous study demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) plays a major role in neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis. Methods In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) on memory deficiency in Tg2576 mice, which demonstrate genetic characteristics of AD and the mechanism of its action at the cellular and animal level. For in vivo study, we examined the effect of bvPLA2 on improving memory by conducting several behavioral tests with the administration of bvPLA2 (1 mg/kg) to Tg2576 mice. For in vitro study, we examined the effect of bvPLA2 on amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation by treating bvPLA2 on LPS-activated BV2 cells. Results We found that bvPLA2 alleviated memory impairment in Tg2576 mice, as demonstrated in the behavioral tests assessing memory. In the bvPLA2-treated group, Aβ, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and β-secretase 1 (BACE1) levels and β-secretase activity were significantly decreased. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related proteins decreased in the brain of bvPLA2-treated group, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines increased. In addition, bvPLA2 reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in the brains of the bvPLA2-treated group. At the cellular level, bvPLA2 inhibits production of nitric oxide, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inflammation-related proteins including p-STAT3. Additionally, bvPLA2 inhibits the production of Aβ in cultured BV-2 cells. Results from the docking experiment, pull-down assay, and the luciferase assay show that bvPLA2 directly binds STAT3 and, thus, regulates gene expression levels. Moreover, when the STAT3 inhibitor and bvPLA2 were administered together, the anti-amyloidogenic and anti-inflammatory effects were further enhanced than when they were administered alone. Conclusion These results suggest that bvPLA2 could restore memory by inhibiting the accumulation of Aβ and inflammatory responses via blockage of STAT3 activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0167-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Joo Ham
- 1College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- 1College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- 1College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- 1College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wan Ham
- 2Department of Chemistry, Utah Valley University, 800 W University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84058 USA
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- INISTst Co., LTD, 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, 16827 Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- 4College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Road, Gyeonsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- 4College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Road, Gyeonsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- 1College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160 Republic of Korea
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Madsen JJ, Fristrup P, Peters GH. Theoretical Assessment of Fluorinated Phospholipids in the Design of Liposomal Drug-Delivery Systems. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9661-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fristrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Ye M, Chung HS, Lee C, Hyun Song J, Shim I, Kim YS, Bae H. Bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates motor dysfunction and modulates microglia activation in Parkinson's disease alpha-synuclein transgenic mice. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e244. [PMID: 27388550 PMCID: PMC4973312 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) has a critical role in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, which leads to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have shown that bee venom (BV) has beneficial effects on PD symptoms in human patients or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxin-induced PD mice. This study investigated whether treatment with BV-derived phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) would improve the motor dysfunction and pathological features of PD in human A53T α-Syn mutant transgenic (A53T Tg) mice. The motor dysfunction of A53T Tg mice was assessed using the pole test. The levels of α-Syn, microglia and the M1/M2 phenotype in the spinal cord were evaluated by immunofluorescence. bvPLA2 treatment significantly ameliorated motor dysfunction in A53T Tg mice. In addition, bvPLA2 significantly reduced the expression of α-Syn, the activation and numbers of microglia, and the ratio of M1/M2 in A53T Tg mice. These results suggest that bvPLA2 could be a promising treatment option for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanju Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Song
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medical Science Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sub Kim
- Department of Anatomy-Pointlogy, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ye M, Chung HS, Lee C, Yoon MS, Yu AR, Kim JS, Hwang DS, Shim I, Bae H. Neuroprotective effects of bee venom phospholipase A2 in the 3xTg AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:10. [PMID: 26772975 PMCID: PMC4715334 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a severe neuroinflammatory disease. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) modulate various inflammatory diseases via suppressing Th cell activation. There are increasing evidences that Tregs have beneficial roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, we found the population of Treg cells was significantly increased by bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) treatment in vivo and in vitro. Methods To examine the effects of bvPLA2 on AD, bvPLA2 was administered to 3xTg-AD mice, mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. The levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits in the hippocampus, glucose metabolism in the brain, microglia activation, and CD4+ T cell infiltration were analyzed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of bvPLA2. Results bvPLA2 treatment significantly enhanced the cognitive function of the 3xTg-AD mice and increased glucose metabolism, as assessed with 18F-2 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([F-18] FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). The levels of Aβ deposits in the hippocampus were dramatically decreased by bvPLA2 treatment. This neuroprotective effect of bvPLA2 was associated with microglial deactivation and reduction in CD4+ T cell infiltration. Interestingly, the neuroprotective effects of bvPLA2 were abolished in Treg-depleted mice. Conclusions The present studies strongly suggest that the increase of Treg population by bvPLA2 treatment might inhibit progression of AD in the 3xTg AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chanju Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Sik Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - A Ram Yu
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology, #215-4 Gongneug-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology, #215-4 Gongneug-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul, 139-241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Sang Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medical Science Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Park S, Baek H, Jung KH, Lee G, Lee H, Kang GH, Lee G, Bae H. Bee venom phospholipase A2 suppresses allergic airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model through the induction of regulatory T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:386-97. [PMID: 26734460 PMCID: PMC4693726 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) is one of the alternative medicines that have been widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. We previously demonstrated that BV induces immune tolerance by increasing the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in immune disorders. However, the major component and how it regulates the immune response have not been elucidated. We investigated whether bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) exerts protective effects that are mediated via Tregs in OVA‐induced asthma model. bvPLA2 was administered by intraperitoneal injection into control and OVA‐challenged mice. The Treg population, total and differential bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell count, Th2 cytokines, and lung histological features were assessed. Treg depletion was used to determine the involvement of Treg migration and the reduction of asthmatic symptoms. The CD206‐dependence of bvPLA2‐treated suppression of airway inflammation was evaluated in OVA‐challenged CD206‐/‐ mice. The bvPLA2 treatment induced the Tregs and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung in the OVA‐challenged mice. Th2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were reduced in bvPLA2‐treated mice. Although bvPLA2 suppressed the number of inflammatory cells after OVA challenge, these effects were not observed in Treg‐depleted mice. In addition, we investigated the involvement of CD206 in bvPLA2‐mediated immune tolerance in OVA‐induced asthma model. We observed a significant reduction in the levels of Th2 cytokines and inflammatory cells in the BALF of bvPLA2‐treated OVA‐induced mice but not in bvPLA2‐treated OVA‐induced CD206‐/‐ mice. These results demonstrated that bvPLA2 can mitigate airway inflammation by the induction of Tregs in an OVA‐induced asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Park
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Lee
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonhoon Lee
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Hyung Kang
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeseok Lee
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University #1 Hoeki-Dong Dongdaemoon-Gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Sanyal I, Barman PD, Banerjee AK. Stereoselective synthesis of higher homologues of pantolactone from (R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Secretory phospholipase A2 promotes MMP-9-mediated cell death by degrading type I collagen via the ERK pathway at an early stage of chondrogenesis. Biol Cell 2012; 102:107-19. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20090073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Savsunenko O, Matondo H, Karpichev Y, Poinsot V, Popov A, Rico-Lattes I, Lattes A. Simple and Efficient Synthesis and Surfactant Properties of N-Alkyl-3-Boronopyridinium Acid Triflates. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-011-1315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhu G, Alhamhoom Y, Cummings BS, Arnold RD. Synthesis of lipids for development of multifunctional lipid-based drug-carriers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6370-5. [PMID: 21955941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple approach to synthesize phospholipids to modulate drug release and track lipid-based particulate drug-carriers is described. We synthesized two ether lipids, 1 1-O-hexadecyl-2-pentadenoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (C(31)PC) and 2 1-O-hexadecyl-2-pentadenoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphomethanol (C(31)PM), and examined their ability to alter enzymatically triggered release of 6-carboxyfluorescein from liposomes incubated in TRIS buffer or fetal bovine serum solutions. Further, we demonstrated that odd-chain lipids, for example, C(31)PC, could be identified in rat plasma without interference of endogenous lipids. This approach can be adapted to synthesize a variety of lipids for use in developing and optimizing multifunctional drug-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 215 W. Green Street, Rm 220 Athens, GA 30602 2352, United States
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Madsen JJ, Linderoth L, Subramanian AK, Andresen TL, Peters GH. Secretory phospholipase A2 activity toward diverse substrates. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6853-61. [PMID: 21561115 DOI: 10.1021/jp112137b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied secretory phospholipase A(2)-IIA (sPLA(2)) activity toward different phospholipid analogues by performing biophysical characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations. The phospholipids were natural substrates, triple alkyl phospholipids, a prodrug anticancer etherlipid, and an inverted ester. The latter were included to study head group-enzyme interactions. Our simulation results show that the lipids are optimally placed into the binding cleft and that water molecules can freely reach the active site through a well-defined pathway; both are indicative that these substrates are efficiently hydrolyzed, which is in good agreement with our experimental data. The phospholipid analogue with three alkyl side chains forms aggregates of different shapes with no well-defined sizes due to its cone-shape structure. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine head groups interact with specific charged residues, but relatively large fluctuations are observed, suggesting that these interactions are not necessarily important for stabilizing substrate binding to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Popov AV, Mawn TM, Kim S, Zheng G, Delikatny EJ. Design and synthesis of phospholipase C and A2-activatable near-infrared fluorescent smart probes. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1724-7. [PMID: 20882956 DOI: 10.1021/bc100271v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary focus of this work was to develop activatable probes suitable for in vivo detection of phospholipase activity. Phospholipases (PLs) are ubiquitous enzymes that perform a number of critical regulatory functions. They catalyze phospholipid breakdown and are categorized as A(1), A(2) (PLA(2)), C (PLC), and D (PLD) based on their site of action. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of self-quenching reporter probes that release fluorescent moieties upon cleavage with PLA(2) or PLC. A series of phospholipids were synthesized bearing the NIR fluorophore pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) at the sn-2 position. Fluorescence quenching was achieved by attachment of either a positively charged black hole quencher-3 (BHQ-3) to the phospholipid headgroup or another neutral Pyro moiety at the sn-1 position. The specificity to different phospholipases was modulated by insertion of spacers (C(6), C(12)) between Pyro and the lipid backbone. The specificity of the quenched fluorescent phospholipids was assayed on a plate reader against a number of phospholipases and compared with two commercial probes bearing the visible fluorophore BODIPY. While PyroC(6)-PyroC(6)-PtdCho revealed significant background fluorescence, and a 10% fluorescence increase under the action of PLA(2), Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ demonstrated high selective sensitivity to PLC, particularly to the PC-PLC isoform, and its sensitivity to PLA(2) was negligible due to steric hindrance at the sn-2 position. In contrast, the C(12)-spacered PyroC(12)-PtdEtn-BHQ demonstrated a remarkable selectivity for PLA(2) and the best relative PLA(2)/PLC sensitivity, significantly outperforming previously known probes. These results open an avenue for future in vivo experiments and for new probes to detect PL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy V Popov
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Linderoth L, Fristrup P, Hansen M, Melander F, Madsen R, Andresen TL, Peters GH. Mechanistic Study of the sPLA2-Mediated Hydrolysis of a Thio-ester Pro Anticancer Ether Lipid. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12193-200. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901412j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Linderoth
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Fristrup
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Melander
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Linderoth L, Andresen TL, Jørgensen K, Madsen R, Peters GH. Molecular basis of phospholipase A2 activity toward phospholipids with sn-1 substitutions. Biophys J 2007; 94:14-26. [PMID: 17827229 PMCID: PMC2134884 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied secretory phospholipase A(2) type IIA (sPLA(2)) activity toward phospholipids that are derivatized in the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. We explored what type of side group (small versus bulky groups, hydrophobic versus polar groups) can be introduced at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone of glycerophospholipids and at the same time be hydrolyzed by sPLA(2). The biophysical characterization revealed that the modified phospholipids can form multilamellar vesicles, and several of the synthesized sn-1 functionalized phospholipids were hydrolyzed by sPLA(2). Molecular dynamics simulations provided detailed insight on an atomic level that can explain the observed sPLA(2) activity toward the different phospholipid analogs. The simulations revealed that, depending on the nature of the side chain located at the sn-1 position, the group may interfere with an incoming water molecule that acts as the nucleophile in the enzymatic reaction. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimentally observed sPLA(2) activity toward the different phospholipid analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Linderoth
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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