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Lambert C, Gaillard M, Wongdontree P, Bachmann C, Hautcoeur A, Gloux K, Guilbert T, Méhats C, Prost B, Solgadi A, Abreu S, Andrieu M, Poyart C, Gruss A, Fouet A. The double-edged role of FASII regulator FabT in Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8593. [PMID: 39366941 PMCID: PMC11452403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In Streptococcus pyogenes, the type II fatty acid (FA) synthesis pathway FASII is feedback-controlled by the FabT repressor bound to an acyl-Acyl carrier protein. Although FabT defects confer reduced virulence in animal models, spontaneous fabT mutants arise in vivo. We resolved this paradox by characterizing the conditions and mechanisms requiring FabT activity, and those promoting fabT mutant emergence. The fabT defect leads to energy dissipation, limiting mutant growth on human tissue products, which explains the FabT requirement during infection. Conversely, emerging fabT mutants show superior growth in biotopes rich in saturated FAs, where continued FASII activity limits their incorporation. We propose that membrane alterations and continued FASII synthesis are the primary causes for increased fabT mutant mortality in nutrient-limited biotopes, by failing to stop metabolic consumption. Our findings elucidate the rationale for emerging fabT mutants that improve bacterial survival in lipid-rich biotopes, but lead to a genetic impasse for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lambert
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS, UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Gaillard
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Paprapach Wongdontree
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Caroline Bachmann
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Hautcoeur
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Karine Gloux
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Celine Méhats
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Bastien Prost
- UMS-IPSIT - Plateforme SAMM, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- UMS-IPSIT - Plateforme SAMM, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Sonia Abreu
- Lipides: Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Muriel Andrieu
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Claire Poyart
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- AP-HP Centre-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Gruss
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Agnes Fouet
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.
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2
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Cole W. Treatment of bacterially contaminated lower extremity ulcers with a fatty acid-containing wound matrix: a case series. J Wound Care 2024; 33:554-559. [PMID: 39149927 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2024.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a marine omega fatty acid-containing multimodal wound matrix (MWM) in reducing bacterial contamination and supporting wound area reduction (WAR) in patients with hard-to-heal wounds of varying aetiologies. METHOD A prospective, single-site, pilot case series of patients with hard-to-heal wounds. All wounds were considered non-healing prior to inclusion as they had failed to achieve at least 50% WAR after at least four weeks of standard of care (SoC) treatments. Patients were seen once weekly for wound assessments, matrix application and dressing changes. Baseline and weekly fluorescence images, standard wound images and wound measurements were obtained. RESULTS A total of three patients, two with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) and one with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) were enrolled in this pilot study. The mean baseline wound age prior to study enrolment was 24 weeks, with a mean baseline wound size of 8.61cm2. The two VLUs went on to complete closure. The DFU displayed a total WAR of 53% by six weeks, when the patient was lost to follow-up due to a geographical relocation. The mean percentage area reduction of all wounds combined was 82% upon study completion. CONCLUSION The use of MWM proved to be effective and safe in this patient cohort. The wounds included in this case series failed to enter a healing trajectory with SoC wound therapies. The MWM supported wound closure and reduced bacterial loads in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Windy Cole
- Director of Wound Care Research, Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine, Independence, Ohio, US
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3
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Jawaji A, Goldberg IK, Zilberg D. Exploring the use of fatty acid ethyl esters as a potential natural solution for the treatment of fish parasitic diseases. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13991. [PMID: 38943443 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alternatives to conventional chemical treatments for parasitic diseases in fish are needed. Microalgal-sourced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) have shown an antiparasitic effect against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection in guppies. Here, we tested a range of commercial FAEEs of various carbon chain lengths and unsaturation levels against two fish parasites. Guppies and barramundi infected with G. turnbulli and Trichodina sp., respectively, were used. The most effective FAEE, after excluding those toxic to fish, was ethyl laurate (12:0). For both parasites, the LD50 was 18.75 μM within 250 min of incubation. Ethyl eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) was the next most effective FAEE against G. turnbulli, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ethyl ester (20:3n6) and ethyl α-linolenate (18:3n3) were the next most effective against Trichodina sp. In addition, FAEEs prepared from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum residue, after fucoxanthin extraction, were examined against Trichodina sp. infection in barramundi for the first time. LD85 and LD100 was achieved at 2.5 and 5 μL mL-1 of the FAEE preparation, respectively. In vivo, immersion of infected barramundi in 1.25 μL mL-1 of this preparation for 24 h reduced infection prevalence from 100% to 53% and was non-toxic to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunjyothi Jawaji
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin Goldberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Dina Zilberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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4
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Gam HJ, Injamum-Ul-Hoque M, Kang Y, Ahsan SM, Hasan MM, Shaffique S, Kang SM, Lee IJ. Allelopathic effect of the methanol extract of the weed species-red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) on the growth, phytohormone content and antioxidant activity of the cover crop - white clover (Trifolium repens L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:523. [PMID: 38853237 PMCID: PMC11163812 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a biological process in which one organism releases biochemicals that affect the growth and development of other organisms. The current investigation sought to determine the allelopathic effect of Rumex acetosella on white clover (Trifolium repens) growth and development by using its shoot extract (lower IC50 value) as a foliar treatment. Here, different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 g/L) of shoot extract from Rumex acetosella were used as treatments. With increasing concentrations of shoot extract, the plant growth parameters, chlorophyll and total protein content of Trifolium repens decreased. On the other hand, ROS, such as O2.- and H2O2, and antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, and POD, increased with increasing shoot extract concentration. A phytohormonal study indicated that increased treatment concentrations increased ABA and SA levels while JA levels were reduced. For the identification of allelochemicals, liquid‒liquid extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and open-column chromatography were conducted using R. acetosella shoot extracts, followed by a seed bioassay on the separated layer. A lower IC50 value was obtained through GC/MS analysis. gammaSitosterol was identified as the most abundant component. The shoot extract of Rumex acetosella has strong allelochemical properties that may significantly impede the growth and development of Trifolium repens. This approach could help to understand the competitive abilities of this weed species and in further research provide an alternate weed management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jun Gam
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Md Injamum-Ul-Hoque
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Yosep Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - S M Ahsan
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Mahadi Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shifa Shaffique
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Arellano H, Nardello-Rataj V, Szunerits S, Boukherroub R, Fameau AL. Saturated long chain fatty acids as possible natural alternative antibacterial agents: Opportunities and challenges. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102952. [PMID: 37392663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The spread of new strains of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has led to the urgent need to discover and develop new antimicrobial systems. The antibacterial effects of fatty acids have been well-known and recognized since the first experiments of Robert Koch in 1881, and they are now used in diverse fields. Fatty acids can prevent the growth and directly kill bacteria by insertion into their membrane. For that, a sufficient amount of fatty acid molecules has to be solubilized in water to transfer from the aqueous phase to the cell membrane. Due to conflicting results in the literature and lack of standardization methods, it is very difficult to draw clear conclusions on the antibacterial effect of fatty acids. Most of the current studies link fatty acids' effectiveness against bacteria to their chemical structure, notably the alkyl chain length and the presence of double bonds in their chain. Furthermore, the solubility of fatty acids and their critical aggregation concentration is not only related to their structure, but also influenced by medium conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.). There is a possibility that the antibacterial activity of saturated long chain fatty acids (LCFA) may be underestimated due to the lack of water solubility and the use of unsuitable methods to assess their antibacterial activity. Thus, enhancing the solubility of these long chain saturated fatty acids is the main goal before examining their antibacterial properties. To increase their water solubility and thereby improve their antibacterial efficacy, novel alternatives may be considered, including the use of organic positively charged counter-ions instead of the conventional sodium and potassium soaps, the formation of catanionic systems, the mixture with co-surfactants, and solubilization in emulsion systems. This review summarizes the latest findings on fatty acids as antibacterial agents, with a focus on long chain saturated fatty acids. Additionally, it highlights the different ways to improve their water solubility, which may be a crucial factor in increasing their antibacterial efficacy. We finish with a discussion on the challenges, strategies and opportunities for the formulation of LCFAs as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Arellano
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Véronique Nardello-Rataj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Laure Fameau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAe, Centrale Lille, UMET, F-59000, Lille, France.
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6
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Shin S, Tae H, Park S, Cho NJ. Lipid Membrane Remodeling by the Micellar Aggregation of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Sustainable Antimicrobial Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119639. [PMID: 37298587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial fatty acids derived from natural sources and renewable feedstocks are promising surface-active substances with a wide range of applications. Their ability to target bacterial membrane in multiple mechanisms offers a promising antimicrobial approach for combating bacterial infections and preventing the development of drug-resistant strains, and it provides a sustainable strategy that aligns with growing environmental awareness compared to their synthetic counterparts. However, the interaction and destabilization of bacterial cell membranes by these amphiphilic compounds are not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated the concentration-dependent and time-dependent membrane interaction between long-chain unsaturated fatty acids-linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3), linoleic (LLA, C18:2), and oleic acid (OA, C18:1)-and the supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) using quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) and fluorescence microscopy. We first determined the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each compound using a fluorescence spectrophotometer and monitored the membrane interaction in real time following fatty acid treatment, whereby all micellar fatty acids elicited membrane-active behavior primarily above their respective CMC values. Specifically, LNA and LLA, which have higher degrees of unsaturation and CMC values of 160 µM and 60 µM, respectively, caused significant changes in the membrane with net |Δf| shifts of 23.2 ± 0.8 Hz and 21.4 ± 0.6 Hz and ΔD shifts of 5.2 ± 0.5 × 10-6 and 7.4 ± 0.5 × 10-6. On the other hand, OA, with the lowest unsaturation degree and CMC value of 20 µM, produced relatively less membrane change with a net |Δf| shift of 14.6 ± 2.2 Hz and ΔD shift of 8.8 ± 0.2 × 10-6. Both LNA and LLA required higher concentrations than OA to initiate membrane remodeling as their CMC values increased with the degree of unsaturation. Upon incubating with fluorescence-labeled model membranes, the fatty acids induced tubular morphological changes at concentrations above CMC. Taken together, our findings highlight the critical role of self-aggregation properties and the degree of unsaturated bonds in unsaturated long-chain fatty acids upon modulating membrane destabilization, suggesting potential applications in developing sustainable and effective antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Shin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hyunhyuk Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Nitbani FO, Tjitda PJP, Nitti F, Jumina J, Detha AIR. Antimicrobial Properties of Lauric Acid and Monolaurin in Virgin Coconut Oil: A Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Febri Odel Nitbani
- University of Nusa Cendana Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui 85001 Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia
| | - Putra Jiwamurwa Pama Tjitda
- Health Polytechnic of Kupang Department of Pharmacy Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui 85111 Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia
| | - Fidelis Nitti
- University of Nusa Cendana Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui 85001 Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia
| | - J. Jumina
- Universitas Gadjah Mada Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Sekip Utara 5528 Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Annytha Ina Rohi Detha
- University of Nusa Cendana Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui 85001 Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia
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8
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Oral and external intervention on the crosstalk between microbial barrier and skin via foodborne functional component. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Shahid M, Hussain A, Khan AA, Alanazi AM, Alaofi AL, Alam M, Ramzan M. Antifungal Cationic Nanoemulsion Ferrying Miconazole Nitrate with Synergism to Control Fungal Infections: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13343-13353. [PMID: 35474838 PMCID: PMC9026025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to deliver a cationic nanoemulsion carrying miconazole nitrate (MCN) to control fungal infections using excipients for synergism. Peceol (oil) and labrasol (surfactant) were selected based on maximum solubility and zone of inhibition values against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Optimized MCNE11 was evaluated [size, zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency (%EE), % transmittance, viscosity, refractive index, extrudability, polydispersity (PDI), morphology, and pH]. An in vitro drug release study was conducted for comparison between DS (drug suspension) and MNE11. In vitro hemolysis was studied at two different concentrations (0.625 and 2.5 μg/mL). Permeation profiles were generated using rat skin. A Draize test was conducted using rabbit to negate irritability issues. Finally, a stability test of MCNE11 was conducted for 12 months. The results showed that MCNE11 (cationic) was the most optimized in term of size, %EE, and PDI. The drug release from MCNE11 was higher compared to DS but comparable to MNE11 (anionic), suggesting no impact of the imposed cationic charge on the release behavior. Moreover, permeation parameters of MCNE11 were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than MNE11, which may be attributed to the combined impact of size (low), surfactant (for reversible changes), and electrostatic interaction (nanoglobules-skin surface). Thus, stable MCN11 possessing high %EE (89.8%), low size (145 nm), maximum flux (5.7 ± 0.1 μg/cm2/h), high drug deposition (932.7 ± 41.6 μg/cm2), optimal viscosity (44.17 ± 0.8 cP), low PDI (0.21), optimal zeta potential (+28.1 mV), and low hemolysis can be promising alternatives to conventional cream to control resistant and recurring types of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Shahid
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azmat Ali Khan
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed L. Alaofi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division
of Chemistry and biotechnology, Dongguk
University, 123 Dongdae-Ro, Gyeongju, 38066, The Republic of Korea
| | - Mohhammad Ramzan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India
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MacDermott-Opeskin HI, Gupta V, O’Mara ML. Lipid-mediated antimicrobial resistance: a phantom menace or a new hope? Biophys Rev 2022; 14:145-162. [PMID: 35251360 PMCID: PMC8880301 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The proposition of a post-antimicrobial era is all the more realistic with the continued rise of antimicrobial resistance. The development of new antimicrobials is failing to counter the ever-increasing rates of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. This necessitates novel antimicrobials and drug targets. The bacterial cell membrane is an essential and highly conserved cellular component in bacteria and acts as the primary barrier for entry of antimicrobials into the cell. Although previously under-exploited as an antimicrobial target, the bacterial cell membrane is attractive for the development of novel antimicrobials due to its importance in pathogen viability. Bacterial cell membranes are diverse assemblies of macromolecules built around a central lipid bilayer core. This lipid bilayer governs the overall membrane biophysical properties and function of its membrane-embedded proteins. This mini-review will outline the mechanisms by which the bacterial membrane causes and controls resistance, with a focus on alterations in the membrane lipid composition, chemical modification of constituent lipids, and the efflux of antimicrobials by membrane-embedded efflux systems. Thorough insight into the interplay between membrane-active antimicrobials and lipid-mediated resistance is needed to enable the rational development of new antimicrobials. In particular, the union of computational approaches and experimental techniques for the development of innovative and efficacious membrane-active antimicrobials is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo I. MacDermott-Opeskin
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vrinda Gupta
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Megan L. O’Mara
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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11
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Vietri Rudan M, Watt FM. Mammalian Epidermis: A Compendium of Lipid Functionality. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804824. [PMID: 35095565 PMCID: PMC8791442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian epidermis is a striking example of the role of lipids in tissue biology. In this stratified epithelium, highly specialized structures are formed that leverage the hydrophobic properties of lipids to form an impermeable barrier and protect the humid internal environment of the body from the dry outside. This is achieved through tightly regulated lipid synthesis that generates the molecular species unique to the tissue. Beyond their fundamental structural role, lipids are involved in the active protection of the body from external insults. Lipid species present on the surface of the body possess antimicrobial activity and directly contribute to shaping the commensal microbiota. Lipids belonging to a variety of classes are also involved in the signaling events that modulate the immune responses to environmental stress as well as differentiation of the epidermal keratinocytes themselves. Recently, high-resolution methods are beginning to provide evidence for the involvement of newly identified specific lipid molecules in the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. In this review we give an overview of the wide range of biological functions of mammalian epidermal lipids.
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12
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Alterations in health-related fatty acids in buffalo milk after processing to traditional dairy products. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Milk provides some beneficial fatty acids which in dairy processing are subjected to pasteurization and fermentation. With the aim to assess such changes, aliquot parts of milk from 12 buffaloes were pooled and processed to germinated yoghurt and brined cheese, and to non-germinated curd – the respective samples of raw and dairy material subjected to lipid analysis. The results show that in cheese positive and negative changes are generally balanced, rumenic acid decreasing and other CLAs altered but not total CLA and PUFA; omega ratio and atherogenicity index worsened to little extent, due to adverse change in n-3, myristic and lauric acid. In yoghurt and curd CLA dramatically decreased, excluding rumenic acid; but vaccenic acid increased, though total trans isomers decreased; the worsened n-6/n-3 ratio and atherogenicity index is mostly because of the adverse effect on PUFAn-3 but also on myristic and lauric acid. In all products SFA and MUFA did not change, including palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid. It can be concluded that the decrease of CLA in yoghurt and curd is partially compensated by the increase in the vaccenic acid, while cheese making altered individual isomers but not groups of beneficial acids.
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13
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Beadell BA, Chieng A, Parducho KR, Dai Z, Ho SO, Fujii G, Wang Y, Porter E. Nano- and Macroscale Imaging of Cholesterol Linoleate and Human Beta Defensin 2-Induced Changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111279. [PMID: 34827217 PMCID: PMC8615053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is central to establishing chronic infection in the airways in cystic fibrosis. Epithelial cells secrete an array of innate immune factors, including antimicrobial proteins and lipids, such as human beta defensin 2 (HBD2) and cholesteryl lineolate (CL), respectively, to combat colonization by pathogens. We have recently shown that HBD2 inhibits biofilm production by PA, possibly linked to interference with the transport of biofilm precursors. Considering that both HBD2 and CL are increased in airway fluids during infection, we hypothesized that CL synergizes with HBD2 in biofilm inhibition. CL was formulated in phospholipid-based liposomes (CL-PL). As measured by atomic force microscopy of single bacteria, CL-PL alone and in combination with HBD2 significantly increased bacterial surface roughness. Additionally, extracellular structures emanated from untreated bacterial cells, but not from cells treated with CL-PL and HBD2 alone and in combination. Crystal violet staining of the biofilm revealed that CL-PL combined with HBD2 effected a significant decrease of biofilm mass and increased the number of larger biofilm particles consistent with altered cohesion of formed biofilms. These data suggest that CL and HBD2 affect PA biofilm formation at the single cell and community-wide level and that the community-wide effects of CL are enhanced by HBD2. This research may inform future novel treatments for recalcitrant infections in the airways of CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Beadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (B.A.B.); (K.R.P.)
| | - Andy Chieng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (A.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Kevin R. Parducho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (B.A.B.); (K.R.P.)
| | - Zhipeng Dai
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220, USA; (Z.D.); (S.O.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Sam On Ho
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220, USA; (Z.D.); (S.O.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Gary Fujii
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220, USA; (Z.D.); (S.O.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (A.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Edith Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (B.A.B.); (K.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-323-343-6353
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14
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The Effects of Thermal Pasteurisation, Freeze-Drying, and Gamma-Irradiation on the Antibacterial Properties of Donor Human Milk. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092077. [PMID: 34574186 PMCID: PMC8469727 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common pasteurisation method used by human milk banks is Holder pasteurisation. This involves thermal processing, which can denature important proteins and can potentially reduce the natural antimicrobial properties found in human milk. This study assesses the application of a hybrid method comprised of freeze-drying followed by low-dose gamma-irradiation for nonthermal donor human milk pasteurisation. Freeze-drying donor human milk followed by gamma-irradiation at 2 kGy was as efficient as Holder pasteurisation in the reduction of bacterial inoculants of Staphylococcus aureus (106 cfu/mL) and Salmonella typhimurium (106 cfu/mL) in growth inhibition assays. These assays also demonstrated that human milk naturally inhibits the growth of bacterial inoculants S. aureus, S. typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. Freeze drying (without gamma-irradiation) did not significantly reduce this natural growth inhibition. By contrast, Holder pasteurisation significantly reduced the milk’s natural antimicrobial effect on S. aureus growth after 6 h (−19.8% p = 0.01). Freeze-dried and then gamma-irradiated donor human milk showed a strong antimicrobial effect across a dose range of 2–50 kGy, with only a minimal growth of S. aureus observed after 6 h incubation. Thus, a hybrid method of freeze-drying followed by 2 kGy of gamma-irradiation preserves antimicrobial properties and enables bulk pasteurisation within sealed packaging of powderised donor human milk. This work forwards a goal of increasing shelf life and simplifying storage and transportation, while also preserving functionality and antimicrobial properties.
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15
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Jug M, Yoon BK, Jackman JA. Cyclodextrin-based Pickering emulsions: functional properties and drug delivery applications. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021; 101:31-50. [PMID: 34366706 PMCID: PMC8330820 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are biocompatible, cyclic oligosaccharides that are widely used in various industrial applications and have intriguing interfacial science properties. While CD molecules typically have low surface activity, they are capable of stabilizing emulsions by inclusion complexation of oil-phase components at the oil/water interface, which results in Pickering emulsion formation. Such surfactant-free formulations have gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to their enhanced physical stability, improved tolerability, and superior environmental compatibility compared to conventional, surfactant-based emulsions. In this review, we critically describe the latest insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in CD stabilization of Pickering emulsions, including covering practical aspects such as methods to prepare CD-based Pickering emulsions, lipid encapsulation, and relevant stability issues. In addition, the rheological and textural features of CD-based Pickering emulsions are discussed and particular attention is focused on promising examples for drug delivery, cosmetic, and nutraceutical applications. The functionality of currently developed CD-based Pickering emulsions is also summarised, including examples such as antifungal uses, and we close by discussing emerging possibilities to utilize the molecular encapsulation of CD-based emulsions for translational medicine applications in the antiviral and antibacterial spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Jug
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
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16
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Stenfeldt C, Bertram MR, Meek HC, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Niederwerder MC, Diel DG, Dee SA, Arzt J. The risk and mitigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of pigs through consumption of contaminated feed. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:72-87. [PMID: 34237198 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary movement of animal feed and feed ingredients has been identified as a route for pathogen incursions. While imports of animals and animal-derived products are highly regulated for the purpose of infectious disease prevention, there has been less consideration of the viability of infectious agents in inanimate products, such as feed. This study investigated the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to remain infectious as a contaminant of commercial whole pig feed and select pig feed ingredients, and to establish the minimum infectious dose (MIDF ) required to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in pigs that consumed contaminated feed. FMDV viability in vitro varied depending on virus strain, feed product, and storage temperature, with increased duration of infectivity in soybean meal compared to pelleted whole feed. Specifically, both strains of FMDV evaluated remained viable through to the end of the 37 day observation period in experimentally contaminated soybean meal stored at 4 or 20°C . The MIDF for pigs consuming contaminated feed varied across virus strains and exposure duration in the range of 106.2 to 107 TCID50 . The ability of FMDV to cause infection in exposed pigs was mitigated by pre-treatment of feed with two commercially available feed additives, based on either formaldehyde (SalCURB®) or lactic acid (Guardian™). Our findings demonstrate that FMDV may remain infectious in pig feed ingredients for durations compatible with transoceanic transport. Although the observed MIDF was relatively high, variations in feeding conditions and biophysical characteristics of different virus strains may alter the probability of infection. These findings may be used to parameterize modelling of the risk of FMDV incursions and to regulate feed importation to minimize the risk of inadvertent importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Haillie C Meek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA.,PIADC Research participation program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
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17
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Jia M, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Ma X. Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:777-784. [PMID: 31889482 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666191231145901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are the main form of Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) utilized by monogastric animals. MCFAs can be directly absorbed and supply rapid energy to promote the renewal and repair of intestinal epithelial cells, maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier function, and reduce inflammation and stress. In our review, we pay more attention to the role of MCFAs on intestinal microbiota and mucosa immunity to explore MCFA's positive effect. It was found that MCFAs and their esterified forms can decrease pathogens while increasing probiotics. In addition, being recognized via specific receptors, MCFAs are capable of alleviating inflammation to a certain extent by regulating inflammation and immune-related pathways. MCFAs may also have a certain value to relieve intestinal allergy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unknown mechanism of various MCFA characteristics still causes dilemmas in the application, thus MCFAs are used generally in limited dosages and combined with short-chain organic acids (SOAs) to attain ideal results. We hope that further studies will provide guidance for the practical use of MCFAs in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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18
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Leclercq L, Tessier J, Nardello-Rataj V, Schmitzer AR. Highly Active, Entirely Biobased Antimicrobial Pickering Emulsions. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2223-2230. [PMID: 33735940 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of surfactant-free, silica-free and fully biobased oil-in-water antimicrobial Pickering emulsions, based on the self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin and phytoantimicrobial oils (terpinen-4-ol or carvacrol). Undecylenic acid (UA), derived from castor oil, can be used as bio-based drug to treat fungal infection, but is less effective than petroleum-based drugs as azole derivatives. To maximize its antifungal potential, we have incorporated UA in fully biobased Pickering emulsions. These emulsions are effective against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The carvacrol emulsion charged with UA is +390 % and +165 % more potent against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), compared to UA and azole-based commercial formulations. Moreover, this emulsion is up to +480 % more efficient that UA ointment against C. albicans. Finally, remarkable eradication of E. coli and MRSA biofilms was obtained with this environmental-friendly emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, 59000, Lille, France.,Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Tessier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Nardello-Rataj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Andreea-Ruxandra Schmitzer
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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19
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Peters S, Kaiser L, Fink J, Schumacher F, Perschin V, Schlegel J, Sauer M, Stigloher C, Kleuser B, Seibel J, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Click-correlative light and electron microscopy (click-AT-CLEM) for imaging and tracking azido-functionalized sphingolipids in bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4300. [PMID: 33619350 PMCID: PMC7900124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, including ceramides, are a diverse group of structurally related lipids composed of a sphingoid base backbone coupled to a fatty acid side chain and modified terminal hydroxyl group. Recently, it has been shown that sphingolipids show antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms. The antimicrobial mechanism, however, remains so far elusive. Here, we introduce ‘click-AT-CLEM’, a labeling technique for correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) based on the super-resolution array tomography (srAT) approach and bio-orthogonal click chemistry for imaging of azido-tagged sphingolipids to directly visualize their interaction with the model Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis at subcellular level. We observed ultrastructural damage of bacteria and disruption of the bacterial outer membrane induced by two azido-modified sphingolipids by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Click-AT-CLEM imaging and mass spectrometry clearly revealed efficient incorporation of azido-tagged sphingolipids into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as underlying cause of their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Kaiser
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Fink
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Veronika Perschin
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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20
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The Bactericidal Fatty Acid Mimetic 2CCA-1 Selectively Targets Pneumococcal Extracellular Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03027-20. [PMID: 33323510 PMCID: PMC7773995 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03027-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is an attractive antibiotic target, as it affects the supply of membrane phospholipid building blocks. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, it is not sufficient to target only the endogenous fatty acid synthesis machinery, as uptake of host fatty acids may bypass this inhibition. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis worldwide, has the nasopharynges of small children as its main ecological niche. Depletion of pneumococci from this niche would reduce the disease burden and could be achieved using small molecules with narrow-spectrum antibacterial activity. We identified the alkylated dicyclohexyl carboxylic acid 2CCA-1 as a potent inducer of autolysin-mediated lysis of S. pneumoniae, while having low activity against Staphylococcus aureus. 2CCA-1-resistant strains were found to have inactivating mutations in fakB3, known to be required for uptake of host polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as through inactivation of the transcriptional regulator gene fabT, vital for endogenous, de novo fatty acid synthesis regulation. Structure activity relationship exploration revealed that, besides the central dicyclohexyl group, the fatty acid-like structural features of 2CCA-1 were essential for its activity. The lysis-inducing activity of 2CCA-1 was considerably more potent than that of free fatty acids and required growing bacteria, suggesting that 2CCA-1 needs to be metabolized to exert its antimicrobial activity. Total lipid analysis of 2CCA-1 treated bacteria identified unique masses that were modeled to 2CCA-1 containing lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acid in wild-type but not in fakB3 mutant bacteria. This suggests that 2CCA-1 is metabolized as a fatty acid via FakB3 and utilized as a phospholipid building block, leading to accumulation of toxic phospholipid species. Analysis of FabT-mediated fakB3 expression elucidates how the pneumococcus could ensure membrane homeostasis and concurrent economic use of host-derived fatty acids.
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21
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Gao L, Wang Z, van der Veen S. Gonococcal Adaptation to Palmitic Acid Through farAB Expression and FadD Activity Mutations Increases In Vivo Fitness in a Murine Genital Tract Infection Model. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:141-150. [PMID: 33170275 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes mucosal epithelia that are rich in antimicrobial molecules such as long-chain fatty acids. Here we studied the mechanisms involved in palmitic acid resistance and their impact on in vivo biological fitness in a murine genital tract infection model. A stable palmitic acid-resistant derivative was obtained by serial passage with incremental palmitic acid concentrations. This derivative outcompeted its parent strain for colonization and survival in the murine infection model. Subsequent whole-genome sequencing resulted in the identification of the 3 resistance-related SNPs ihfAC5T, fadDC772T, and farAG-52T (promoter) that were verified for resistance against palmitic acid. Subsequent characterization of the associated resistance determinants showed that ihfAC5T and farAG-52T induced gene expression of the FarAB efflux pump, whereas fadDC772T increased the maximum enzyme activity of the FadD long-chain fatty acid-coenzyme A ligase. Our results highlight the mechanisms involved in gonococcal adaptation to the murine host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhemin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Pharo EA. Marsupial milk: a fluid source of nutrition and immune factors for the developing pouch young. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1252-1265. [PMID: 30641029 DOI: 10.1071/rd18197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marsupials have a very different reproductive strategy to eutherians. An Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) has a very short pregnancy of about 26.5 days, with a comparatively long lactation of 300-350 days. The tammar mother gives birth to an altricial, approximately 400 mg young that spends the first 200 days postpartum (p.p.) in its mother's pouch, permanently (0-100 days p.p.; Phase 2A) and then intermittently (100-200 days p.p.; Phase 2B) attached to the teat. The beginning of Phase 3 marks the first exit from the pouch (akin to the birth of a precocious eutherian neonate) and the supplementation of milk with herbage. The marsupial mother progressively alters milk composition (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) and individual milk constituents throughout the lactation cycle to provide nutrients and immunological factors that are appropriate for the considerable physiological development and growth of her pouch young. This review explores the changes in tammar milk components that occur during the lactation cycle in conjunction with the development of the young.
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23
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Fletcher NF, Meredith LW, Tidswell EL, Bryden SR, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Chaudhry Y, Shannon-Lowe C, Folan MA, Lefteri DA, Pingen M, Bailey D, McKimmie CS, Baird AW. A novel antiviral formulation inhibits a range of enveloped viruses. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1090-1102. [PMID: 32692647 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some free fatty acids derived from milk and vegetable oils are known to have potent antiviral and antibacterial properties. However, therapeutic applications of short- to medium-chain fatty acids are limited by physical characteristics such as immiscibility in aqueous solutions. We evaluated a novel proprietary formulation based on an emulsion of short-chain caprylic acid, ViroSAL, for its ability to inhibit a range of viral infections in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, ViroSAL inhibited the enveloped viruses Epstein-Barr, measles, herpes simplex, Zika and orf parapoxvirus, together with Ebola, Lassa, vesicular stomatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) pseudoviruses, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Evaluation of the components of ViroSAL revealed that caprylic acid was the main antiviral component; however, the ViroSAL formulation significantly inhibited viral entry compared with caprylic acid alone. In vivo, ViroSAL significantly inhibited Zika and Semliki Forest virus replication in mice following the inoculation of these viruses into mosquito bite sites. In agreement with studies investigating other free fatty acids, ViroSAL had no effect on norovirus, a non-enveloped virus, indicating that its mechanism of action may be surfactant disruption of the viral envelope. We have identified a novel antiviral formulation that is of great interest for the prevention and/or treatment of a broad range of enveloped viruses, particularly those of the skin and mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Fletcher
- Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luke W Meredith
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emma L Tidswell
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven R Bryden
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Gonçalves-Carneiro
- Present address: Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael A Folan
- Westgate Biomedical Ltd, Lough Eske, Donegal Town, Co. Donegal, Ireland.,Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniella A Lefteri
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Present address: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alan W Baird
- Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Yoon BK, Park S, Ma GJ, Kolahdouzan K, Zhdanov VP, Jackman JA, Cho NJ. Competing Interactions of Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides Trigger Synergistic Phospholipid Membrane Remodeling. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4951-4957. [PMID: 32478524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that adding mixtures of lauric acid (LA) and glycerol monolaurate (GML), two of the most biologically active antimicrobial fatty acids and monoglycerides, to a supported lipid bilayer triggers concurrent tubule and bud formation, which unexpectedly results in synergistic phospholipid membrane remodeling that far exceeds the effects of GML or LA alone. Together, GML and LA drive pearling instability, dynamic transformation of buds into tubules and vice versa, and extensive membrane lysis. The most pronounced effects occurred with equimolar concentrations of GML and LA, highlighting that synergistic membrane disruption arises from competition for the lipid supply to buds and tubules and an inability to relieve membrane strains. These findings offer a conceptually new model to explain how fatty acid and monoglyceride interactions can trigger phospholipid membrane remodeling events relevant to various biophysical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Gamaliel J Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Kavoos Kolahdouzan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
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Leishmania Encodes a Bacterium-like 2,4-Dienoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase That Is Required for Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Intracellular Parasite Survival. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01057-20. [PMID: 32487758 PMCID: PMC7267886 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01057-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of important diseases in humans. These parasites develop as extracellular promastigotes in the digestive tract of their insect vectors and as obligate intracellular amastigotes that infect macrophages and other phagocytic cells in their vertebrate hosts. Promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation is associated with marked changes in metabolism, including the upregulation of enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, which may reflect adaptation to the intracellular niche. Here, we have investigated the function of one of these enzymes, a putative 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (DECR), which is specifically required for the β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Leishmania DECR shows close homology to bacterial DECR proteins, suggesting that it was acquired by lateral gene transfer. It is present in other trypanosomatids that have obligate intracellular stages (i.e., Trypanosoma cruzi and Angomonas) but is absent from dixenous parasites with an exclusively extracellular lifestyle (i.e., Trypanosoma brucei). A DECR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was localized to the mitochondrion in both promastigote and amastigote stages, and the levels of expression increased in the latter stages. A Leishmania major Δdecr null mutant was unable to catabolize unsaturated fatty acids and accumulated the intermediate 2,4-decadienoyl-CoA, confirming DECR's role in β-oxidation. Strikingly, the L. major Δdecr mutant was unable to survive in macrophages and was avirulent in BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential for intracellular parasite survival and that the bacterial origin of key enzymes in this pathway could be exploited in developing new therapies.IMPORTANCE The Trypanosomatidae are protozoan parasites that infect insects, plants, and animals and have evolved complex monoxenous (single host) and dixenous (two hosts) lifestyles. A number of species of Trypanosomatidae, including Leishmania spp., have evolved the capacity to survive within intracellular niches in vertebrate hosts. The adaptations, metabolic and other, that are associated with development of intracellular lifestyles remain poorly defined. We show that genomes of Leishmania and Trypanosomatidae that can survive intracellularly encode a 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase that is involved in catabolism of a subclass of fatty acids. The trypanosomatid enzyme shows closest similarity to the corresponding bacterial enzymes and is located in the mitochondrion and essential for intracellular growth of Leishmania The findings suggest that acquisition of this gene by lateral gene transfer from bacteria by ancestral monoxenous Trypanosomatidae likely contributed to the development of a dixenous lifestyle of these parasites.
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Jackman JA, Boyd RD, Elrod CC. Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:44. [PMID: 32337029 PMCID: PMC7178611 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing challenges in the swine industry, such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks (e.g., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, African swine fever virus), have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions, including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens. The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production. The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented, and their effects on a wide range of production issues, such as growth performance, pathogenic infections, and gut health, are covered. The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described, along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies. Finally, we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission. Looking forward, we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- 1School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - R Dean Boyd
- Hanor Company, Franklin, KY 42134 USA.,3North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Charles C Elrod
- Natural Biologics Inc., Newfield, NY 14867 USA.,5Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Singh N, Hussain A, Kumar Singh S. Morphological transitions of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of food-grade lipidic nanoemulsions. J Food Sci 2020; 85:1223-1230. [PMID: 32147836 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to study the antibacterial activity of food-grade lipidic nanoemulsion (noncationized/cationized) against Bacillus subtilis (BS). Bactericidal activity was ascertained by studying the morphological transitions on BS using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological changes were witnessed by cell wall breakage, oozing out of cellular contents, loss of cell turgidity and contour. Furthermore, aggregation of cationic nanoemulsion (CaNM) was preferentially observed at apical side of BS construing comparatively more electrostatic attraction between electronegative apical side and CaNM. Resistance response of BS exhibited by apical cell-wall thickening was not able to protect the bacteria due to leakage of cellular content. AFM corroborated its importance in bacteriology, wherein the fragmented cell wall can be "piece-by-piece" identified and sutured back to its appropriate vacant places, thereby, completing the cell wall contour of the ghost cell. Such postmortem analysis of bacterial cell using AFM studies can throw light toward mechanism of cell fragmentation of bacterial cells. SEM study also demonstrated the deformed, fragmented, and amorphous nature of BS construing the bactericidal effect of prepared nanoemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Singh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Technology, University Polytechnic, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Fischer CL. Antimicrobial Activity of Host-Derived Lipids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E75. [PMID: 32054068 PMCID: PMC7168235 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-derived lipids are increasingly recognized as antimicrobial molecules that function in innate immune activities along with antimicrobial peptides. Sphingoid bases and fatty acids found on the skin, in saliva and other body fluids, and on all mucosal surfaces, including oral mucosa, exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and reduce inflammation in animal models. Multiple studies demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of lipids is both specific and selective. There are indications that the site of action of antimicrobial fatty acids is the bacterial membrane, while the long-chain bases may inhibit cell wall synthesis as well as interacting with bacterial membranes. Research in this area, although still sporadic, has slowly increased in the last few decades; however, we still have much to learn about antimicrobial lipid mechanisms of activity and their potential use in novel drugs or topical treatments. One important potential benefit for the use of innate antimicrobial lipids (AMLs) as antimicrobial agents is the decreased likelihood side effects with treatment. Multiple studies report that endogenous AML treatments do not induce damage to cells or tissues, often decrease inflammation, and are active against biofilms. The present review summarizes the history of antimicrobial lipids from the skin surface, including both fatty acids and sphingoid bases, in multiple human body systems and summarizes their relative activity against various microorganisms. The range of antibacterial activities of lipids present at the skin surface and in saliva is presented. Some observations relevant to mechanisms of actions are discussed, but are largely still unknown. Multiple recent studies examine the therapeutic and prophylactic uses of AMLs. Although these lipids have been repeatedly demonstrated to act as innate effector molecules, they are not yet widely accepted as such. These compiled data further support fatty acid and sphingoid base inclusion as innate effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Fischer
- Biology Department, Waldorf University, Forest City, IA 50436, USA
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29
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Effects of a mixture of monopropionine and monobutyrin on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of whole crop maize silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Seper BC, Ko A, Abma AF, Folkerts AD, Tristram-Nagle S, Harper PE. Methylene volumes in monoglyceride bilayers are larger than in liquid alkanes. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 226:104833. [PMID: 31738879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The densities as a function of temperature of four fully hydrated saturated monoglycerides with even chain lengths ranging from eight to fourteen were determined by vibrating tube densitometry and their phase transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We find the volume of a methylene group in a monoglyceride bilayer is 2% larger than in liquid alkanes at physiological temperatures, similar to the methylene group volumes found in phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers. Additionally, we carefully consider the traditional method of calculating component volumes from experimental data and note potential difficulties in this approach. In the literature, the ratio of terminal methyl volume (CH3) to methylene (CH2) volumes is typically assumed to be 2. By analysis of literature alkane data, we find this ratio actually ranges from 1.9 to 2.3 for temperatures ranging from 0 °C to 100 °C. For a rough sense of scale, we note that to effect a 2% reduction in volume requires of order 200 atmospheres of pressure, and pressures of this magnitude are biologically relevant. For instance, this amount of pressure is sufficient to reverse the effect of anesthesia. The component volumes obtained are an important parameter used for determining the structure of lipid bilayers and for molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Seper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Anthony Ko
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aaron F Abma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Andrew D Folkerts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Stephanie Tristram-Nagle
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul E Harper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
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Baquero F, Lanza VF, Baquero MR, Del Campo R, Bravo-Vázquez DA. Microcins in Enterobacteriaceae: Peptide Antimicrobials in the Eco-Active Intestinal Chemosphere. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2261. [PMID: 31649628 PMCID: PMC6795089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcins are low-molecular-weight, ribosomally produced, highly stable, bacterial-inhibitory molecules involved in competitive, and amensalistic interactions between Enterobacteriaceae in the intestine. These interactions take place in a highly complex chemical landscape, the intestinal eco-active chemosphere, composed of chemical substances that positively or negatively influence bacterial growth, including those originated from nutrient uptake, and those produced by the action of the human or animal host and the intestinal microbiome. The contribution of bacteria results from their effect on the host generated molecules, on food and digested food, and organic substances from microbial origin, including from bacterial degradation. Here, we comprehensively review the main chemical substances present in the human intestinal chemosphere, particularly of those having inhibitory effects on microorganisms. With this background, and focusing on Enterobacteriaceae, the most relevant human pathogens from the intestinal microbiota, the microcin’s history and classification, mechanisms of action, and mechanisms involved in microcin’s immunity (in microcin producers) and resistance (non-producers) are reviewed. Products from the chemosphere likely modulate the ecological effects of microcin activity. Several cross-resistance mechanisms are shared by microcins, colicins, bacteriophages, and some conventional antibiotics, which are expected to produce cross-effects. Double-microcin-producing strains (such as microcins MccM and MccH47) have been successfully used for decades in the control of pathogenic gut organisms. Microcins are associated with successful gut colonization, facilitating translocation and invasion, leading to bacteremia, and urinary tract infections. In fact, Escherichia coli strains from the more invasive phylogroups (e.g., B2) are frequently microcinogenic. A publicly accessible APD3 database http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/ shows particular genes encoding microcins in 34.1% of E. coli strains (mostly MccV, MccM, MccH47, and MccI47), and much less in Shigella and Salmonella (<2%). Some 4.65% of Klebsiella pneumoniae are microcinogenic (mostly with MccE492), and even less in Enterobacter or Citrobacter (mostly MccS). The high frequency and variety of microcins in some Enterobacteriaceae indicate key ecological functions, a notion supported by their dominance in the intestinal microbiota of biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the synthesis of post-translationally modified peptide microcins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Val F Lanza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosario Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel A Bravo-Vázquez
- Department of Microbiology, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
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Johny J, Jatla A, Eruva VK, Misra S, Kaki SS. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of 1-monoacylglycerols of unsaturated fatty acids as potential bioactive lipids. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2019. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.1052182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-monoacylglycerols of selected unsaturated fatty acids and their antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activity is reported in the present study. The monoacylglycerols of fatty acids like undecenoic, oleic, linoleic and erucic acids were prepared by chemical esterification with solketal followed by deprotection. Fatty acids like alpha linolenic, gamma linolenic and ricinoleic acids were initially isolated from natural sources and further enriched in their respective methyl ester forms. The monoacylglycerols of ricinoleic and linolenic acid methyl esters were prepared by enzymatic transesterification with solketal using lipase from Candida antarctica followed by deprotection. The synthesized 1-monoacylglycerols were purified and characterized by spectral studies. The antimicrobial activity revealed that the monoacylglycerol of gamma linolenic acid was the most effective antibacterial followed by the monoacylglycerols of undecenoic and alpha linolenic acids. In the cytotoxicity assay against five cell lines, all the monoacylglycerols exhibited moderate activity but the activity was best against MCF7 Human Breast Adenocarcinoma cell lines.
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Fangfang Z, Xinpeng B, Wei G, Wang G, Shi Z, Jun C. Effects of virgin coconut oil on the physicochemical, morphological and antibacterial properties of potato starch‐based biodegradable films. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Fangfang
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Ministry of Education Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Bai Xinpeng
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Ministry of Education Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Gao Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Ministry of Education Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Guoding Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Ministry of Education Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Ministry of Education Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Cao Jun
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Ministry of Education Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Park S, Mokrzecka N, Cho NJ. Characterizing the Membrane-Disruptive Behavior of Dodecylglycerol Using Supported Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3568-3575. [PMID: 30720282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoglycerides are esterified adducts of fatty acid and glycerol molecules that disrupt phospholipid membranes, leading to a wide range of biological functions such as antimicrobial activity. Among monoglycerides, glycerol monolaurate (GML) exhibits particularly high antimicrobial activity, although enzymatic hydrolysis of its ester group can diminish potency. Consequently, there have been efforts to identify more chemically stable versions of GML, most notably its alkylglycerol ether equivalent called dodecylglycerol (DDG). However, despite high structural similarity, biological studies indicate that DDG and GML are not functionally equivalent and it has been speculated that the two compounds might have different interaction profiles with phospholipid membranes. To address this outstanding question, herein, we employed supported lipid bilayer (SLB) platforms to experimentally characterize the interactions of DDG with phospholipid membranes. Quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation experiments identified that DDG causes concentration-dependent membrane morphological changes in SLBs and the overall extent of membrane remodeling events was greater than that caused by GML. In addition, time-lapsed fluorescence microscopy imaging experiments revealed that DDG causes extensive membrane tubulation that is distinct from how GML induces membrane budding. We discuss how differences in the head group properties of DDG and GML contribute to distinct membrane interaction profiles, offering insight into how the molecular design of DDG not only improves chemical stability but also enhances membrane-disruptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Natalia Mokrzecka
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 Singapore
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Goc A, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M. Anti-borreliae efficacy of selected organic oils and fatty acids. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:40. [PMID: 30717726 PMCID: PMC6360722 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borrelia sp. is a causative pathogen of Lyme disease which has become a worldwide health concern. Non-toxic approaches especially directed toward latent persistent forms of this pathogen are desired. Lipids in the form of volatile and non-volatile oils, and fatty acids with proven anti-borreliae efficacy could become an additional support or an alternative for consideration in treatment approaches. METHODS In this study we investigated 47 lipids (30 volatile and non-volatile oils, and 17 fatty acids) of plant and animal origin against typical motile, knob/round-shaped persisters, and biofilm-like aggregates of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. and Borrelia garinii, which are identified as pathogenic factors of Lyme disease in the USA and Europe, using direct microscopic counting and spectrofluorometric measurements. RESULTS Out of all examined lipids, 5 oils (Bay leaf oil, Birch oil, Cassia oil, Chamomile oil German, and Thyme oil) at or below 0.25%, and 3 fatty acids (13Z,16Z Docosadienoic acid, erucic acid, and petroselinic acid) at or below 0.75 mg/ml, showed bactericidal activity against typical motile spirochetes and knob/round-shaped persisters. Only Bay leaf oil and Cassia oil, including their major constituents, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, showed to target biofilm-like aggregates of both tested Borrelia spp. at the same concentration, although with 20-30% eradication mark. CONCLUSION Based on obtained results, volatile oils were more potent than non-volatile oils, and unsaturated fatty acids were more effective than saturated fatty acids. Among all tested oils, Bay leaf oil and Cassia oil, with their major components eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, seem to have the highest anti-borreliae efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Rath Research Institute, 1260 Memorex Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA
| | - Aleksandra Niedzwiecki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Rath Research Institute, 1260 Memorex Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Rath Research Institute, 1260 Memorex Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA
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Zhou Z, Huang J, Hao H, Wei H, Zhou Y, Peng J. Applications of new functions for inducing host defense peptides and synergy sterilization of medium chain fatty acids in substituting in-feed antibiotics. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Boutin R, Munnier E, Renaudeau N, Girardot M, Pinault M, Chevalier S, Chourpa I, Clément-Larosière B, Imbert C, Boudesocque-Delaye L. Spirulina platensis sustainable lipid extracts in alginate-based nanocarriers: An algal approach against biofilms. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Valle-González ER, Jackman JA, Yoon BK, Park S, Sut TN, Cho NJ. Characterizing How Acidic pH Conditions Affect the Membrane-Disruptive Activities of Lauric Acid and Glycerol Monolaurate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13745-13753. [PMID: 30343569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and monoglycerides are single-chain lipid amphiphiles that interact with phospholipid membranes as part of various biological activities. For example, they can exhibit membrane-disruptive behavior against microbial pathogens on the human skin surface. Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) provide a useful experimental platform to characterize these membrane-disruptive behaviors, although related studies have been limited to neutral pH conditions. Herein, we investigated how lauric acid (LA) and glycerol monolaurate (GML) interact with SLBs and cause membrane morphological changes under acidic pH conditions that are representative of the human skin surface. Although LA induces tubule formation under neutral pH conditions, we discovered that LA causes membrane phase separation under acidic pH conditions. By contrast, GML induced membrane budding in both pH environments, although there was more extensive membrane remodeling under acidic pH conditions. We discuss these findings in the context of how solution pH affects the ionization states and micellar aggregation properties of LA and GML as well as its effect on the bending stiffness of lipid bilayers. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that solution pH plays an important role in modulating the interaction of fatty acids and monoglycerides with phospholipid membranes, and hence influences the scope and potency of their membrane-disruptive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba R Valle-González
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Tun Naw Sut
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
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Antimicrobial activity of coconut oil-in-water emulsion on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli EPEC associated to Candida kefyr. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00924. [PMID: 30761360 PMCID: PMC6286180 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida kefyr has been considered both a food-spoiling agent and a type of yeast with fermentation properties. In this study, the authors have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a coconut oil-in-water emulsion associated to the presence of C. kefyr. Fresh coconut kernels were used to obtain the coconut oil-in-water emulsion, the sterile coconut oil-in-water emulsion by decantation, and the coconut oil by means of a heating process. Commercial virgin coconut oil was also used. Agar diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) techniques were employed to evaluate antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The C. kefyr isolate was identified and confirmed. Coconut milk-derived fatty acids were characterized by acid index and thin layer chromatography. Scanning electronic microscopy was performed to evaluate the morphology of the microorganisms. Lipase activity of C. kefyr isolate was also detected. Coconut oil-in-water emulsion associated to C. kefyr was active against both bacteria. Thin layer chromatography confirmed the presence of triglycerides and free fatty acids. The acid index showed higher acidity potential for the coconut oil-in-water emulsion. The microscopic images showed antibacterial action through the formation of membrane holes' and demonstrated yeast shape. All the above show new potentials for C. kefyr and coconut oil-in-water emulsion in food technology.
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Stead CM, Cockrell DC, Beare PA, Miller HE, Heinzen RA. A Coxiella burnetii phospholipase A homolog pldA is required for optimal growth in macrophages and developmental form lipid remodeling. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:33. [PMID: 29661138 PMCID: PMC5902883 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many gram-negative bacteria produce an outer membrane phospholipase A (PldA) that plays an important role in outer membrane function and is associated with virulence. RESULTS In the current study, we characterized a pldA mutant of Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular gram-negative pathogen and the agent of human Q fever. The C. burnetti pldA open reading frame directs synthesis of a protein with conserved PldA active site residues. A C. burnetii ΔpldA deletion mutant had a significant growth defect in THP-1 macrophages, but not axenic medium, that was rescued by complementation. Thin layer chromatography was employed to assess whether pldA plays a role in remodeling membrane lipids during C. burnetii morphological differentiation. Extracted lipids were analyzed from replicating, logarithmic phase large cell variants (LCVs), non-replicating, stationary phase small cell variants (SCVs), and a mixture of LCVs and SCVs. Similar to Escherichia coli, all three forms contained cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). However, PE and PG were present in lower quantities in the SCV while three additional lipid species were present in higher quantities. Co-migration with standards tentatively identified two of the three SCV-enriched lipids as lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, a breakdown product of PE, and free fatty acids, which are generally toxic to bacteria. Developmental form lipid modifications required the activity of PldA. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicate developmentally-regulated lipid synthesis by C. burnetii contributes to colonization of macrophages and may contribute to the environmental stability and the distinct biological properties of the SCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Stead
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana USA
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico USA
| | - Diane C. Cockrell
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana USA
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana USA
| | - Heather E. Miller
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana USA
| | - Robert A. Heinzen
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana USA
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41
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Chinatangkul N, Limmatvapirat C, Nunthanid J, Luangtana-Anan M, Sriamornsak P, Limmatvapirat S. Design and characterization of monolaurin loaded electrospun shellac nanofibers with antimicrobial activity. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 13:459-471. [PMID: 32104420 PMCID: PMC7032138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the optimized fabrication factors influencing the formation and properties of shellac (SHL) nanofibers loaded with an antimicrobial monolaurin (ML). The main and interaction effects of formulation and process parameters including SHL content (35%–40% w/w), ML content (1%–3% w/w), applied voltage (9–27 kV) and flow rate (0.4–1.2 ml/h) on the characteristic of nanofibers were investigated through a total of 19 experiments based on a full factorial design with three replicated center points. As a result, the SHL content was the major parameter affecting fiber diameter. Another response result revealed that the SHL content would be also the most significant negative impact on amount of beads. An increase in the concentration of SHL leaded to a reduction in the amount of beads. From the results of characterization study, it was proved that ML might be entrapped between the chains of SHL during the electrospinning process exhibiting an excellent encapsulation. According to the response surface area, small (~488 nm) and beadless (~0.48) fibers were obtained with the SHL and ML contents of 37.5% and 1.1% w/w respectively, at the applied voltage of 18 kV and the flow rate of 0.8 ml/h. In addition, the results of the kill-kinetic studies showed that SHL nanofibers loaded with ML exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while Escherichia coli was less affected due to the hydrophilic structure of the its outer membrane. ML also exerted an antifungal activity by reducing the number of Candida albicans colonies. Based on their structural and antimicrobial properties, SHL nanofibers containing ML could be potentially used as a medicated dressing for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawinda Chinatangkul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Siam University, Bangkok 10160, Thailand.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Chutima Limmatvapirat
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Jurairat Nunthanid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Manee Luangtana-Anan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Sontaya Limmatvapirat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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42
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Rodríguez-Alcalá LM, Castro-Gómez MP, Pimentel LL, Fontecha J. Milk fat components with potential anticancer activity-a review. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170705. [PMID: 29026007 PMCID: PMC6372256 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During many years, the milk fat has been unfairly undervalued due to its association with higher levels of cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidaemia or obesity, among others. However, currently, this relationship is being re-evaluated because some of the dairy lipid components have been attributed potential health benefits. Due to this, and based on the increasing incidence of cancer in our society, this review work aims to discuss the state of the art concerning scientific evidence of milk lipid components and reported anticancer properties. Results from the in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that specific fatty acids (FA) (as butyric acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), among others), phospholipids and sphingolipids from milk globule membrane are potential anticarcinogenic agents. However, their mechanism of action remains still unclear due to limited and inconsistent findings in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, Porto 4202-401, Portugal
- Research Center for Natural Resources and Sustainability (CIRENYS), Bernardo O'Higgins University, Fábrica N° 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M Pilar Castro-Gómez
- Institute of Food Science Research, (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Campus of Autónoma University of Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid 9. 28049, Spain
| | - Lígia L Pimentel
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, Porto 4202-401, Portugal
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Institute of Food Science Research, (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Campus of Autónoma University of Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid 9. 28049, Spain
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43
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Abstract
The basic raw materials for the production of processed cheese are natural cheese which is treated by heat with the addition of emulsifying salts. From a point of view of the melting temperatures used (and the pH-value of the product), the course of processed cheese production can be considered "pasteurisation of cheese." During the melting process, the majority of vegetative forms of microorganisms, including bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, are inactivated. The melting temperatures are not sufficient to kill the endospores, which survive the process but are often weakened. From a microbiological point of view, the biggest contamination problem of processed cheese is caused by gram-positive spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Geobacillus, and Clostridium. Other factors affecting the shelf-life and quality of processed cheese are mainly the microbiological quality of the raw materials used, strict hygienic conditions during the manufacturing process as well as the type of packaging materials and storage conditions. The quality of processed cheese is not only dependent on the ingredients used but also on other parameters such as the value of water activity of the processed cheese, its pH-value, the presence of salts and emulsifying salts and the amount of fat in the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Buňková
- a Department of Environmental Protection Engineering , Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín , Zlín , Czech Republic
| | - František Buňka
- b Department of Food Technology , Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín , Zlín , Czech Republic
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44
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Dalcin AJF, Santos CG, Gündel SS, Roggia I, Raffin RP, Ourique AF, Santos RCV, Gomes P. Anti biofilm effect of dihydromyricetin-loaded nanocapsules on urinary catheter infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:282-291. [PMID: 28544960 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections associated with biofilm formation on urinary catheters are among the leading causes of complications due to biofilm characteristics and high antimicrobial resistance. An interesting alternative are natural products, such as Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a flavonoid which presents several pharmacological properties, including strong antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. However, DMY, has low aqueous solubility and consequently low bioavailability. Nanoencapsulation can contribute to the improvement of characteristics of some drugs, by increasing the apparent solubility and sustained release has been reported among other advantages. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the feasibility of DMY nanoencapsulation, and to look at its influence on nanoencapsulation of DMY as well as verify its influence on antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity on urinary catheters infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The physicochemical characterization showed an average diameter less than 170nm, low polydispersity index, positive zeta potential (between +11 and +14mV), slightly acidic pH. The values of the stability study results showed that the best condition for suspension storage without losing physical and chemical characteristics was under refrigeration (4±2°C). The antibiofilm activity of the formulations resulted in the eradication of biofilms both in free DMY formulations and in nanocapsules of DMY during those periods. However, within 96h the results of the inhibition of biofilm by DMY nanocapsules were more effective compared with free DMY. Thus, the nanocapsule formulation containing DMY can potentially be used as an innovative approach to urinary catheter biofilm treatment or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J F Dalcin
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - C G Santos
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - S S Gündel
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - I Roggia
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - R P Raffin
- Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - A F Ourique
- Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - R C V Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil; Laboratory of Oral Microbiology Research, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - P Gomes
- Post Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Brazil
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45
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Jang H, Makita Y, Jung K, Ishizaka S, Karasawa K, Oida K, Takai M, Matsuda H, Tanaka A. Linoleic acid salt with ultrapure soft water as an antibacterial combination against dermato-pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:280-8. [PMID: 26606689 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Skin colonization of Staphylococcus spp. critically affects the severity of dermatitis in humans and animals. We examined different types of fatty acid salts for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus spp. when used in ultrapure soft water (UPSW). We also evaluated their therapeutic effect on a spontaneous canine model of dermatitis. METHODS AND RESULTS UPSW, in which Ca(++) and Mg(++) were replaced with Na(+) , was generated using a water softener with cation-exchange resin. Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus), Staphylococcus intermedius (Staph. intermedius), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staph. pseudintermedius) were incubated with various fatty acid salts in distilled water (DW) or UPSW and the number of bacteria was counted. Among the fatty acids, oleic acid salt and linoleic acid (LA) salt reduced the number of these bacteria. Also, UPSW enhanced the antibacterial effect of LA on Staph. spp. In spontaneously developed itchy dermatitis in companion dogs, shampoo treatment with liquid soap containing 10% LA in UPSW improved skin conditions. CONCLUSIONS LA salt showed antibacterial activity against Staph. spp. Treatment with soap containing LA with UPSW reduced clinical conditions in dogs with dermatitis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Because colonization of Staph. spp. on the skin exacerbates dermatitis, the use of LA-containing soap in UPSW may reduce unpleasant clinical symptoms of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jang
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Makita
- R&D Center, MIURA Co. Ltd., Ehime, Japan
| | - K Jung
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Ishizaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Karasawa
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Oida
- Laboratories of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Takai
- R&D Center, MIURA Co. Ltd., Ehime, Japan
| | - H Matsuda
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratories of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Tanaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Pimentel L, Gomes A, Pintado M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Isolation and Analysis of Phospholipids in Dairy Foods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:9827369. [PMID: 27610267 PMCID: PMC5005530 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9827369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipid fraction of milk is one of the most complex matrixes in foodstuffs due to the presence of a high number of moieties with different physical and chemical properties. Glycerolipids include glycerol and two fatty acids esterified in positions sn-1 and sn-2 with higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids than in the triglyceride fraction of milk. Sphingolipids consist of a sphingoid base linked to a fatty acid across an amide bond. Their amphiphilic nature makes them suitable to be added into a variety of foods and recent investigations show that phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin, can exert antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities as well as positive effects in Alzheimer's disease, stress, and memory decline. Polar lipids can be found as natural constituents in the membranes of all living organisms with soybean and eggs as the principal industrial sources, yet they have low contents in phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. Animal products are rich sources of these compounds but since there are legal restrictions to avoid transmission of prions, milk and dairy products are gaining interest as alternative sources. This review summarizes the analysis of polar lipids in dairy products including sample preparation (extraction and fractionation/isolation) and analysis by GC or HPLC and the latest research works using ELSD, CAD, and MS detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Pimentel
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fábrica N° 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile
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47
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1α,2α-Epoxy-3β-hydroxy oleanolic acid derivatives regulation of the metabolism, haemolysis and β-lactamase gene expression in vitro and their structure-microbicidal activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3870-5. [PMID: 27436581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), one of the major pentacyclic triterpenes abundantly present in nature, is a promising compound with various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, fungicidal and antiparasitic properties. Therefore, a series of derivatives of 1α,2α-epoxy-3β-hydroxyl oleanolic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their antibacterial activities were investigated in vitro. Based on these results, the compounds with antibacterial activity were screened by RT-PCR to determine whether they can regulate the expression of genes related to metabolism, haemolysis, and β-lactamase in vitro, and the structure-microbicidal activity relationship of each compound was analyzed. Our study shows that some of the modifications in the synthetic compounds, such as the introduction of an ortho-cyano-substituted benzyl group and a short chain alkyl ester at the 28-carboxyl, as well as the introduction of an acetyl group at the 3-hydroxyl group of ring A, could enhance antibacterial activity. This provides basic evidence for the optimization of 1α,2α-epoxy-3β-hydroxyl oleanolic acid derivatives. The antibacterial mechanism of the active OA derivatives appears to involve the regulation of expression of metabolism-associated genes in Escherichia coli, haemolysis-associated genes in Bacillus subtilis, metabolism-related genes in Klebsiella pneumonia and β-lactamase-associated genes in Acinetobacter baumannii. Some OA derivatives were bactericidal to three of the strains and appeared to regulate gene expression associated with metabolism, haemolysis, and β-lactamase in vitro. These newly designed OA derivatives possess unique antibacterial activities and may be potentially useful for prophylactic or therapeutic intervention of bacterial infections.
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48
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Nanotechnology Formulations for Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides. Molecules 2016; 21:305. [PMID: 26950108 PMCID: PMC6273827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides have long been known to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity that is based on lytic behavior against bacterial cell membranes. Considering the growing challenges of drug-resistant bacteria and the need for new classes of antibiotics, the wide prevalence, affordable cost, and broad spectrum of fatty acids and monoglycerides make them attractive agents to develop for healthcare and biotechnology applications. The aim of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the history of antimicrobial lipids and their current status and challenges, and to present a detailed discussion of ongoing research efforts to develop nanotechnology formulations of fatty acids and monoglycerides that enable superior in vitro and in vivo performance. Examples of nano-emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and controlled release hydrogels are presented in order to highlight the potential that lies ahead for fatty acids and monoglycerides as next-generation antibacterial solutions. Possible application routes and future directions in research and development are also discussed.
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49
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Structural and biophysical characteristics of human skin in maintaining proper epidermal barrier function. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:1-5. [PMID: 26985171 PMCID: PMC4793052 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2015.48037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex structure of human skin and its physicochemical properties turn it into an efficient outermost defence line against exogenous factors, and help maintain homeostasis of the human body. This role is played by the epidermal barrier with its major part – stratum corneum. The condition of the epidermal barrier depends on individual and environmental factors. The most important biophysical parameters characterizing the status of this barrier are the skin pH, epidermal hydration, transepidermal water loss and sebum excretion. The knowledge of biophysical skin processes may be useful for the implementation of prophylactic actions whose aim is to restore the barrier function.
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50
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Ruiz-Núñez B, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 36:1-20. [PMID: 27692243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mantra that dietary (saturated) fat must be minimized to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has dominated nutritional guidelines for decades. Parallel to decreasing intakes of fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA), there have been increases in carbohydrate and sugar intakes, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The "lipid hypothesis" coined the concept that fat, especially SFA, raises blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and thereby CVD risk. In view of current controversies regarding their adequate intakes and effects, this review aims to summarize research regarding this heterogenic group of fatty acids and the mechanisms relating them to (chronic) systemic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and notably CVD. The intimate relationship between inflammation and metabolism, including glucose, fat and cholesterol metabolism, revealed that the dyslipidemia in Western societies, notably increased triglycerides, "small dense" low-density lipoprotein and "dysfunctional" high-density lipoprotein, is influenced by many unfavorable lifestyle factors. Dietary SFA is only one of these, not necessarily the most important, in healthy, insulin-sensitive people. The environment provides us not only with many other proinflammatory stimuli than SFA but also with many antiinflammatory counterparts. Resolution of the conflict between our self-designed environment and ancient genome may rather rely on returning to the proinflammatory/antiinflammatory balance of the Paleolithic era in consonance with the 21st century culture. Accordingly, dietary guidelines might reconsider recommendations for SFA replacement and investigate diet in a broader context, together with nondietary lifestyle factors. This should be a clear priority, opposed to the reductionist approach of studying the effects of single nutrients, such as SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - D A Janneke Dijck-Brouwer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frits A J Muskiet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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