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Yanko R, Levashov M, Chaka OG, Nosar V, Khasabov SG, Khasabova I. Tryptophan Prevents the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:4195-4204. [PMID: 38152280 PMCID: PMC10752026 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s444278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main aim of this research is to study the protective effects of tryptophan on the histomorphological and biochemical abnormalities in the liver caused by a high-calorie diet (HCD), as well as its ability to normalize mitochondrial functions in order to prevent the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods The study was conducted in male Wistar rats aged 3 months at the start of the experiment. Control animals (group I) were fed a standard diet. Group II experimental animals were fed a diet with an excess of fat (45%) and carbohydrates (31%) for 12 weeks. Group III experimental animals also received L-tryptophan at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight in addition to the HCD. The presence of NAFLD, functional activity, physiological regeneration, and the state of the liver parenchyma and connective tissue were assessed using physiological, morphological, histo-morphometric, biochemical, and biophysical research methods. Results HCD induced the development of NAFLD, which is characterized by an increase in liver weight, hypertrophy of hepatocytes and an increase in the concentration of lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in liver tissue. Increased alanine aminotransferase activity in the liver of obese rats also confirm hepatocytes damage. Tryptophan added to the diet lowered the severity of NAFLD by reducing fat accumulation and violations of bioelectric properties, and prevented a decrease in mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Conclusion The addition of tryptophan can have a potential positive effect on the liver, reducing the severity of structural, biochemical, mitochondrial and bioelectric damage caused by HCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Yanko
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Connective Tissue, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Mikhail Levashov
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Connective Tissue, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olena Georgievna Chaka
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Connective Tissue, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Valentina Nosar
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Connective Tissue, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Sergey G Khasabov
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Iryna Khasabova
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Yang K, Cao F, Xue Y, Tao L, Zhu Y. Three Classes of Antioxidant Defense Systems and the Development of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:840293. [PMID: 35309045 PMCID: PMC8927967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.840293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common bone imbalance disease that threatens the health of postmenopausal women. Estrogen deficiency accelerates the aging of women. Oxidative stress damage is regarded as the main pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the bone microenvironment plays a role in osteoblast and osteoclast apoptosis. Improving the oxidative state is essential for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. There are three classes of antioxidant defense systems in the body to eliminate free radicals and peroxides including antioxidant substances, antioxidant enzymes, and repair enzymes. In our review, we demonstrated the mechanism of antioxidants and their effect on bone metabolism in detail. We concluded that glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) conversion involved the PI3K/Akt-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and that the antioxidant enzyme-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of osteoblasts was necessary for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Since the current therapeutic effects of targeting bone cells are not significant, improving the systemic peroxidation state and then regulating bone homeostasis will be a new method for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keda Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Tao,
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Yue Zhu,
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3
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Liu ZQ. Bridging free radical chemistry with drug discovery: A promising way for finding novel drugs efficiently. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 189:112020. [PMID: 32006794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases have been regarded to correlate with the in vivo oxidative damages, which are caused by overproduced free radicals from metabolic process or reactive oxygen species (ROS). This background motivates chemists to explore free radical reactions and to design a number of antioxidants, but whether free radical chemistry can be applied to accelerate the efficacy of the drug discovery is still underrepresented. Herein, in light of recent findings as well as kinetics on free radical reaction, the discipline of free radical chemistry is introduced to be a novel tool for finding potential drugs from antioxidant libraries accumulated during the study on free radical chemistry. These antioxidants provide with such abundant types of structural skeleton that might be employed to inhibit oxidations in different biological microenvironments. Although the in vitro characterization on the antioxidative property exerts a potential role of an antioxidant as a prodrug, the in vivo investigation on the property for quenching free radicals will make a final decision for the antioxidant whether it is worthy to be further explored pharmacologically. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that bridging free radical chemistry with the pharmacological research will provide with a succinct way for finding novel drugs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No.2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Protective effects of melatonin and N-acetyl cysteine against oxidative stress induced by microcystin-LR on cardiac muscle tissue. Toxicon 2019; 169:38-44. [PMID: 31465783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin Leucine-Arginine (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. It is the most encountered and toxic type of cyanotoxins. Oxidative stress was shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of microcystin LR by the induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that oxidize and damage cellular macromolecules. In the present study we examined the effect of acute MC-LR dose on the cardiac muscle of BALB/c mice. Afterwards, melatonin and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were assayed and evaluated as potential protective and antioxidant agents against damages generated by MC-LR. For this purpose, thirty mice were assigned into six groups of five mice each. The effect of MC-LR was first compared to the control group supplied with distilled water, then compared to the other groups supplied with melatonin and NAC. The experiment lasted 10 days after which animals were euthanized. Biomarkers of toxicity such as alkaline phosphatase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, reduced glutathione content, serum lactate dehydrogenase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase were assayed. Results showed that toxin treated mice have experienced significant oxidative damage in their myocardial tissue as revealed by noticeable levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and by the reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity. Whereas, melatonin and NAC treated mice manifested lesser oxidative damages. Our findings suggest a potential therapeutic use of melatonin and N-acetyl cysteine as antioxidant protective agents against oxidative damage induced by MC-LR.
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Fadda LM, Mohamed AM, Ali HM, Hagar H, Aldossari M. Prophylactic administration of carnosine and melatonin abates the incidence of renal toxicity induced by an over dose of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22040. [PMID: 29469982 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The alleviative effects of two antioxidants, carnosine (Car) and melatonin (Mel), against titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 -NPs) toxicity-induced oxidative and inflammatory renal damage were examined in rats. Administration of these antioxidants along with TiO2 -NPs effectively reduced serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant amelioration of the decrease in glutathione levels in renal tissue was observed, compared to those in rats treated with TiO2 -NPs alone. The renoprotective properties of the antioxidants were confirmed by reduced intensity of renal damage as demonstrated by histological findings. In conclusion, Car and Mel play protective roles against TiO2 -NPs-induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury, likely due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Mohamed Fadda
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science-Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Mahmoud Ali
- Genetic and Cytology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.,Common First Year Deanship, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Hagar
- Pharmacology Unit (31), Medical College and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Aldossari
- Master degree student at Pharmacology Department; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
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Theoretical study of anticancer properties of indolyl-oxazole drugs and their interactions with DNA base pairs in gas phase and solvent. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Faddah L, Mohamed AM, Mohammad RA, Al-Amin M. Potential impact of silymarin in combination with chlorogenic acid and/or melatonin in combating cardiomyopathy induced by carbon tetrachloride. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 21:265-74. [PMID: 24955012 PMCID: PMC4061402 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effective role of silymarin either alone or in combination with chlorogenic acid and/or melatonin against the toxic impact of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced cardiac infarction. CCl4 (l.2 ml/kg body weight) was administered as a single dose intraperitoneally. The results revealed that the administration of silymarin alone or in combination with chlorogenic acid (CGA) and/or melatonin for 21 consecutive days, 24 h after CCl4 injection to rats, markedly ameliorated the increases in serum markers of cardiac infarction, including troponin T and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), as well as increases in the pro-inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in serum and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein in cardiac tissue compared to CCl4 intoxicated rats. The used agents also successfully modulated the alteration in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum and the oxidative DNA damage and the increase in the apoptosis marker caspase 3 in cardiac tissue in response to CCl4 toxicity. The present biochemical results are supported by histo-pathological examination. The current results proved that treatment with silymarin in combination with CGA and melatonin was the most effective one in ameliorating the toxicity of CCl4 induced cardiac damage and this may support the use of this combination as an effective drug to treat cardiac damage induced by toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M. Al-Rasheed
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal M. Al-Rasheed
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - L.M. Faddah
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza M. Mohamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 51459, Jeddah 21453, Saudi Arabia
- Theraputic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Raeesa A. Mohammad
- Anatomy Department-Faculty of Medicine-King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Amin
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Praschberger M, Hermann M, Wanner J, Jirovetz L, Exner M, Kapiotis S, Gmeiner BMK, Laggner H. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate acts as a pro- or antioxidant on LDL oxidation. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:641-8. [PMID: 24568219 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.898294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Uremic toxins have been shown to play a role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in uraemia. The oxidative modification of LDL may play a role in early atherogenesis. Enhanced LDL oxidation has been found in uremic patients which may account for accelerated atherosclerosis observed in CKD. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) has been reported to exert oxidative and antioxidative activity. Thus, in the present study we have investigated the influence of IS on the atherogenic modifications of LDL exposed in vitro to different oxidising systems. The transition metal ion (Cu(2+)) and hemin/H2O2 induced lipid oxidation reactions monitored by conjugated diene formation, were inhibited by the presence of IS, which points to possible antioxidant effects by this uremic toxin. A protective effect of IS on LDL apoprotein modification by the exposure to the product of the myeloperoxidase/H2O2/Cl(-) system HOCl, was also observed as estimated by protein carbonyl formation. In contrast, a marked increase in conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides was observed when lipid oxidation was initiated by the free radical generator AAPH in presence of IS. The GC-MS analysis revealed the formation of indole-2,3-dione and 6,12-dihydro-6,12-dioxo-indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline (tryptanthrin) in IS/AAPH reaction. A scheme for the generation of tryptanthrin from IS via indoxyl radicals is proposed, which may facilitate LDL lipid oxidation. Our observations add further insight in the Janus-faced properties of this important uremic toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Praschberger
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Asikin Y, Takahashi M, Mishima T, Mizu M, Takara K, Wada K. Antioxidant activity of sugarcane molasses against 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced peroxyl radicals. Food Chem 2013; 141:466-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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FARMANZADEH DAVOOD, NAJAFI MEYSAM. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AMINOTHIAZOL HYDROXYCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633613500582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the antioxidant properties of the series of 10 aminothiazol hydroxyl coumarin derivatives have been investigated with DFT/B3LYP method. For these antioxidants all reaction enthalpies related to HAT, SPLET, SET-PT mechanisms were calculated in the gas phase and polar solvents. Based on calculated reaction enthalpies (BDE, IP and PA values) the derivations 2, 3 and 4 have the highest antioxidant activity among the studied compounds. Calculated results show that derivations 7, 5 and 6 have the lowest antioxidant activity. The observed theoretical trends for antioxidant activities of studied compounds were similar to trends of previous experimental studies that OH50, TAC50, IC50, CE50 values have been used as a benchmark for measuring the antioxidant properties of these compounds. These results can be useful in synthesis of novel aminothiazol hydroxycoumarin derivatives with high antioxidant activity. Calculated results show that BDE, PA and IP values of studied derivations have linear dependence with structure parameters such as R( O – H ), q( O ) and E HOMO . These observed linear dependences can be useful in synthesis of novel aminothiazol hydroxyl coumarin derivatives with high antioxidant activity. For studied compounds, results indicated that the SPLET and HAT mechanisms represent the thermodynamically preferred mechanism both, in solvent and the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAVOOD FARMANZADEH
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - MEYSAM NAJAFI
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Lü JM, Yao Q, Chen C. 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (DHNB) is a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1328-37. [PMID: 23994369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, excess of uric acid in the blood, is a clinical problem that causes gout and is also considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) produces uric acid during the purine metabolism; therefore, discovering novel XO inhibitors is an important strategy to develop an effective therapy for hyperuricemia and gout. We found that 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (DHNB), a derivative of the natural substance protocatechuic aldehyde, potently inhibited XO activity with an IC₅₀ value of 3 μM. DHNB inhibited XO activity in a time-dependent manner, which was similar to that of allopurinol, a clinical XO inhibitory drug. DHNB displayed potent mixed-type inhibition of the activity of XO, and showed an additive effect with allopurinol at the low concentration. Structure-activity relationship studies of DHNB indicated that the aldehyde moiety, the catechol moiety, and nitration at C-5 were required for XO inhibition. DHNB interacted with the molybdenum center of XO and was slowly converted to its carboxylic acid at a rate of 10⁻¹⁰ mol/L/s. In addition, DHNB directly scavenged free radical DPPH and ROS, including ONOO⁻ and HOCl. DHNB effectively reduced serum uric acid levels in allantoxanamide-induced hyperuricemic mice. Furthermore, mice orally given a large dose (500 mg/kg) of DHNB did not show any side effects, while 42% of allopurinol (500 mg/kg)-treated mice died and their offspring lost their fur. Thus, DHNB could be an outstanding candidate for a novel XO inhibitory drug that has potent activity and low toxicity, as well as antioxidant activity and a distinct chemical structure from allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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NAJAFI MEYSAM, NAJAFI MOHAMMAD, NAJAFI HOUSHANG. THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON THE REACTION ENTHALPIES OF THE ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS OF STOBADINE DERIVATIVES IN THE GAS-PHASE AND WATER. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633612501167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the reaction enthalpies of three antioxidant action mechanisms, HAT, SET–PT, and SPLET, for mono-substituted Stobadines were calculated in gas-phase and water. Results show that electron-withdrawing substituents increase the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE), while electron-donating ones cause a rise in the proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE) and proton affinity (PA). In comparison to gas-phase, water attenuates the substituent effect on all reaction enthalpies. Results show that IP and BDE values can be successfully correlated with the indolic N–H bond length after electron abstraction, R(N–H+•), and the partial charge on the indolyl radical nitrogen atom, q( N ). Furthermore, calculated IP and PA values for mono-substituted Stobadines show linear dependence on the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (E HOMO ) of studied molecules in the two environments. SPLET represents the thermodynamically preferred mechanism in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- MEYSAM NAJAFI
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - MOHAMMAD NAJAFI
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - HOUSHANG NAJAFI
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Weakley SM, Jiang J, Lü J, Wang X, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Natural antioxidant dihydroxybenzyl alcohol blocks ritonavir-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine pulmonary arteries and human endothelial cells. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:BR235-41. [PMID: 21873935 PMCID: PMC3273316 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with HIV have an increased incidence of pulmonary artery hypertension. This study was designed to determine if the naturally occurring antioxidant dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (DHBA) could counteract the deleterious effects of ritonavir (RTV), an HIV-protease inhibitor known to impair endothelial function and increase oxidative stress. Material/Methods Antioxidant assays were performed on DHBA in a cell free system. Glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC) to determine the effect of DHBA on the level of oxidative stress in cells treated with RTV. Myograph analysis was performed on porcine pulmonary artery (PA) rings after treatment with RTV and/or DHBA. Likewise, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed in porcine PA rings after RTV +/− DHBA using a lucigenin reaction. Immunohistochemical staining for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was also performed in porcine PAs treated as above. Results DHBA demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in a cell free system that surpassed that of vitamin C. Also, treatment with DHBA reduced RTV-induced reduction in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and eNOS staining and increased superoxide anion levels. Meanwhile, there was a reversal in RTV-induced oxidative stress leading to reduced GSH levels in HPAECs after treatment with DHBA. Conclusions These findings suggest that the naturally occurring antioxidant DHBA reduces the impairment of vasomotor functions caused by RTV in porcine PAs and reduces oxidative stress caused by RTV in HPAEC and porcine PA rings. This study indicates that DHBA may have clinical applications in the prevention or treatment of antiretroviral drugs-associated vascular complications in patients with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Weakley
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Mishra K, Srivastava PS, Chaudhury NK. Sesamol as a Potential Radioprotective Agent:In VitroStudies. Radiat Res 2011; 176:613-23. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2661.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ghanem AA, Mady SM, Arafa LF, Elewa AM. Serotonin and hydroxyindolacetic acid levels in aqueous humor of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Interv Med Appl Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/imas.3.2011.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the levels of 5-HT (serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindolacetic acid) in the aqueous humor and plasma of subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and to correlate their concentrations with the severity of glaucoma.
Methods
Thirty-five patients with POAG and 30 patients with senile cataract (control group) of matched age and gender were included in the study prospectively. Aqueous humor samples were obtained by paracentesis from glaucoma and cataract patients who were undergoing elective surgery. Aqueous humor and corresponding plasma samples were analyzed for 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
Results
5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were significantly higher in the aqueous humor of POAG patients than in that of the comparative group of cataract patients. There was no significant difference in the 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in plasma of POAG and cataract patients. A positive correlation was found between 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the aqueous humor of POAG patients. The 5-HT turnover (5-HIAA/5-HT) was higher in POAG than in cataract patients, but the difference was not significant. No significant correlation was found between levels and severity of visual field loss.
Conclusion
Increased levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA aqueous humor may be associated with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaad A. Ghanem
- 1 Ophthalmology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Salah M. Mady
- 2 Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa F. Arafa
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Elewa
- 4 Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Estevão MS, Carvalho LC, Ferreira LM, Fernandes E, Marques MMB. Analysis of the antioxidant activity of an indole library: cyclic voltammetry versus ROS scavenging activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rosa DPD, Bona S, Simonetto D, Zettler C, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Melatonin protects the liver and erythrocytes against oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2010; 47:72-8. [PMID: 20520979 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032010000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic hepatopathy which constitutes an irreversible stage of liver dysfunction. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the oxidative stress in the blood of cirrhotic rats treated with the antioxidant melatonin. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced through inhalation of carbon tetrachloride. Liver integrity was evaluated by measuring serum enzymes, oxidative damage measured by lipoperoxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity in erythrocytes. Lipoperoxidation, total nitrates, collagen, and histology by picrosirius staining were evaluated in the livers of these animals (n = 15), which were divided in three groups: control, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon tetrachloride + melatonin. Melatonin (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneal from week 10 of carbon tetrachloride inhalation. In order to shorten the cirrhosis induction time, phenobarbital (0.3 g/L) was added to the animals' drinking water. RESULTS A significant impairment in the liver integrity of melatonin-treated animals as compared to cirrhotic animals was observed. In rat erythrocytes and liver, lipoperoxidation was significantly increased in the cirrhotic rats as compared to controls, as measured through thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and significantly decreased in melatonin-treated animals as compared to cirrhotic ones. In blood, a decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes was detected in the cirrhotic group as compared to the control group, with increased superoxide dismutase activity when melatonin was administered. A reduction in the levels of total nitrates was detected in the hepatic tissue of the animals in the carbon tetrachloride group as compared to the control group and an increase of these levels in the carbon tetrachloride + melatonin group. As for hepatic collagen, we found a significant increase in the carbon tetrachloride group as compared to the controls and a regression of these values in the treated group. In histology, the rats in the carbon tetrachloride group showed fibrosis and formation of fibrotic nodules, characterizing liver cirrhosis; there was reduction of nodules and fibrosis in the melatonin treated group. CONCLUSION The data allow us to suggest that the observed oxidative stress is related to the damages caused by carbon tetrachloride and that the use of melatonin can minimize these damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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19
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Shirinzadeh H, Eren B, Gurer-Orhan H, Suzen S, Özden S. Novel indole-based analogs of melatonin: synthesis and in vitro antioxidant activity studies. Molecules 2010; 15:2187-202. [PMID: 20428037 PMCID: PMC6257329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15042187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize and examine possible in vitro antioxidant effects of indole-based melatonin analogue compounds. As a part of our ongoing study nineteen indole hydrazide/hydrazone derivatives were synthesized, characterized and their in vitro antioxidant activity was investigated by three different assays: by evaluating their reducing effect against oxidation of a redox sensitive fluorescent probe, by examining their protective effect against H2O2-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and by determining their inhibitory effect on AAPH–induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. The results indicated significant strong antioxidant activity for most of the compounds, when compared to melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Shirinzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Eren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hande Gurer-Orhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +90 312 2033074; Fax: +90 312 2131081
| | - Seçkin Özden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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Letelier ME, Jara-Sandoval J, Molina-Berríos A, Faúndez M, Aracena-Parks P, Aguilera F. Melatonin protects the cytochrome P450 system through a novel antioxidant mechanism. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:208-14. [PMID: 20302852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, is used as an antioxidant drug in doses quite higher than the endogenous circulating levels of this hormone. Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum contains the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system, which catalyzes one biotransformation pathway of melatonin; this organelle is also one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species in cells. Therefore, we proposed that the antioxidant activity of this hormone may have a biological relevance in the organelle where it is biotransformed. To evaluate this postulate, we used Fe(3+)/ascorbate, an oxygen free radical generating system that leads to lipid peroxidation, loss of protein-thiol content, and activation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in rat liver microsomes. We found that mM concentrations of melatonin prevented all these oxidative phenomena. We also found that Fe(3+)/ascorbate leads to structural alterations in the CYP450 monooxygenase, the enzyme that binds the substrate in the CYP450 system catalytic cycle, probably through direct oxidation of the protein, and also inhibited p-nitroanisole O-demethylation, a reaction catalyzed by the CYP450 system. Notably, melatonin prevented both phenomena at microM concentrations. We provide evidence suggesting that melatonin may be oxidized by oxygen free radicals. Thus, we postulate that melatonin may be acting as an oxygen free radical scavenger, and Fe(3+)/ascorbate-modified melatonin would be directly protecting the CYP450 system through an additional specific mechanism. Pharmacological relevance of this phenomenon is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Letelier
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile.
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Zhao F, Liu ZQ. Indole and its alkyl-substituted derivatives protect erythrocyte and DNA against radical-induced oxidation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 23:273-9. [PMID: 19705360 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrocarbazole, 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocar-bazole (MTC), 2,3-dimethylindole, 5-methoxy-2,3-dimethylindole, and indole were investigated in the case of hemolysis of human erythrocytes and oxidative damage of DNA induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH), respectively. The aim of this work was to explore the influence of methoxy, methyl, and cyclohexyl substituents on the antioxidant activities of indole derivatives. These indole derivatives were able to protect erythrocytes and DNA in a concentration-dependent manner. The alkyl-substituted indole can protect erythrocytes and DNA against AAPH-induced oxidation. Especially, the structural features of cyclohexyl and methoxy substituents made MTC the best antioxidant among the indole derivatives used herein. Finally, the interaction between these indole derivatives and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, provided direct evidence for these indole derivatives to scavenge radicals and emphasized the importance of electron-donating groups for the free radical-scavenging activity of indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Li GX, Liu ZQ. Captopril and 6-mercaptopurine: Whose SH possesses higher antioxidant ability? Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:4841-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Tang YZ, Liu ZQ. Diclofenac acid: a free-radical-scavenger to protect DNA against radical-induced oxidation. Drug Dev Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Liu ZQ, Tang YZ, Wu D. Antioxidant effects of phenothiazine, phenoxazine, and iminostilbene on free-radical-induced oxidation of linoleic acid and DNA. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lü JM, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:840-60. [PMID: 19754673 PMCID: PMC2927345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals derived from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur molecules in the biological system are highly active to react with other molecules due to their unpaired electrons. These radicals are important part of groups of molecules called reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which are produced during cellular metabolism and functional activities and have important roles in cell signalling, apoptosis, gene expression and ion transportation. However, excessive ROS attack bases in nucleic acids, amino acid side chains in proteins and double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, and cause oxidative stress, which can damage DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids resulting in an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, autism and other diseases. Intracellular antioxidant enzymes and intake of dietary antioxidants may help to maintain an adequate antioxidant status in the body. In the past decades, new molecular techniques, cell cultures and animal models have been established to study the effects and mechanisms of antioxidants on ROS. The chemical and molecular approaches have been used to study the mechanism and kinetics of antioxidants and to identify new potent antioxidants. Antioxidants can decrease the oxidative damage directly via reacting with free radicals or indirectly by inhibiting the activity or expression of free radical generating enzymes or enhancing the activity or expression of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. The new chemical and cell-free biological system has been applied in dissecting the molecular action of antioxidants. This review focuses on the research approaches that have been used to study oxidative stress and antioxidants in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, protein modification as well as enzyme activity, with emphasis on the chemical and cell-free biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhao F, Liu ZQ. The protective effect of hydroxyl-substituted Schiff bases on the radical-induced oxidation of DNA. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li GX, Liu ZQ. Unusual antioxidant behavior of alpha- and gamma-terpinene in protecting methyl linoleate, DNA, and erythrocyte. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3943-3948. [PMID: 19326866 DOI: 10.1021/jf803358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant effects of alpha-terpinene (alpha-TH) and gamma-terpinene (gamma-TH) on the oxidation of methyl linoleate (LH), DNA, and erythrocytes induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) were investigated. The results from erythrocytes and DNA were treated by means of chemical kinetic equations. It was found that either alpha- or gamma-TH was able to scavenge approximately 0.4 radicals when they protected DNA. alpha-TH can trap approximately 0.7 radicals when protecting erythrocytes and can trap approximately 0.5 radicals when protecting LH. gamma-TH can trap approximately 1.2 radicals when protecting erythrocytes and LH. Therefore, the antioxidant effectiveness of gamma-TH was higher than alpha-TH. gamma-TH contained a nonconjugated diene, and the diene in alpha-TH was conjugated. The obtained results implied that the nonconjugated diene benefited for antioxidant capacity more than a conjugated diene. Moreover, the reactions of alpha- and gamma-TH with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation radical (ABTS(+) (*)) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) implicated that alpha- and gamma-TH were able to scavenge radicals directly. However, alpha- and gamma-TH promoted AAPH-induced hemolysis with a high concentration employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Kedziora-Kornatowska K, Szewczyk-Golec K, Kozakiewicz M, Pawluk H, Czuczejko J, Kornatowski T, Bartosz G, Kedziora J. Melatonin improves oxidative stress parameters measured in the blood of elderly type 2 diabetic patients. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:333-7. [PMID: 19317795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An elevated oxidative status in the aging organism may be involved in the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Melatonin, a potent antioxidant agent, is essential for glucose homeostasis and regulation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of melatonin supplementation on the oxidative stress parameters in elderly NIDDM patients. The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) activity in erythrocytes, the level of nitrate/nitrite in plasma and morning melatonin concentration and oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in serum in 15 elderly NIDDM patients at baseline and after the 30 days of melatonin supplementation (5 mg daily) in comparison with levels in 15 healthy elderly volunteers were determined. A significant increase of MDA level and decrease of SOD-1 activity and melatonin concentration were observed in NIDDM patients. Cp oxidase activity and nitrate/nitrite level were similar in both examined groups. Melatonin administration in NIDDM patients resulted in a significant increase in the morning melatonin concentration and SOD-1 activity, and a reduction in the MDA level and Cp oxidase activity. Statistically significant alterations in nitrate/nitrite levels were not observed. These results indicate an improvement of antioxidative defense after melatonin supplementation in the NIDDM individuals and suggest melatonin supplementation as an additional treatment for the control of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Kedziora-Kornatowska
- Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Tang YZ, Liu ZQ, Wu D. Lidocaine: An inhibitor in the free-radical-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:81-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Tang YZ, Liu ZQ. Chemical kinetic behavior of chlorogenic acid in protecting erythrocyte and DNA against radical-induced oxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11025-11029. [PMID: 18983165 DOI: 10.1021/jf802462h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As an abundant ingredient in coffee, chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a well-known antioxidant. Although some works have dealt with its radical-scavenging property, the present work investigated the protective effects of CGA on the oxidation of DNA and on the hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) by means of chemical kinetics. The inhibition period (t(inh)) derived from the protective effect of CGA on erythrocyte and DNA was proportional to its concentration, t(inh) = (n/R(i))[CGA], where R(i) refers to the radical-initiation rate, and n indicates the number of radical-propagation chains terminated by CGA. It was found that the n of CGA to protect erythrocytes was 0.77, lower than that of vitamin E (2.0), but higher than that of vitamin C (0.19). Furthermore, CGA facilitated a mutual protective effect with VE and VC on AAPH-induced hemolysis by increasing n of VE and VC. CGA was also found to be a membrane-stabilizer to protect erythrocytes against hemin-induced hemolysis. Moreover, the n of CGA was only 0.41 in the process of protecting DNA. This fact revealed that CGA served as an efficient antioxidant to protect erythrocytes more than to protect DNA. Finally, the reaction between CGA and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS(+*)) or 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) revealed that CGA was able to trap radicals by reducing radicals more than by donating its hydrogen atoms to radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Zhi Tang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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