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Zhang J, Shi J, Han S, Zheng P, Chen Z, Jia G. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) related changes of metabolomics signatures in human normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 444:116020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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2
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Tao R, Wang C, Lu Y, Zhang C, Zhou H, Chen H, Li W. Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Polyprenol Lipid and Vitamin E-TPGS Hybrid Nanoparticles for Betulinic Acid and Low-Substituted Hydroxyl Fullerenol in MHCC97H and L02 Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2733-2749. [PMID: 32368052 PMCID: PMC7184125 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s249773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study demonstrated an innovative formulation including the polyprenol (GBP) lipid and vitamin E-TPGS hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) which was aimed to control the transfer of betulinic acid (BA) and low-substituted hydroxyl fullerenol (C60(OH)n). Additionally, it developed BA-C60(OH)n-GBP-TPGS-NPs delivery system and researched the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects. Materials and Methods The NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation with ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (UAE) method. It was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR spectrum, size distribution and zeta potential. Physical and chemical properties were evaluated through measurement of drug release, stability studies, drug loading efficiency (DE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE). Biological activities were evaluated through measurement of MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay (LDH), cell proliferation assays, cell apoptosis analysis, comet assay, wound healing assay, cell invasion and Western blot analysis. Results and Conclusions The NPs exhibited clear distribution characteristics, improved solubility and stability. BA and C60(OH)n for the NPs displayed a biphasic release pattern with sustained drug release properties. The mixture of C60(OH)n with different hydroxyl groups may have a certain effect on the stability of the NPs system itself. The NPs could effectively inhibit MHCC97H cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Combined use of C60(OH)n and BA in GBP lipids may improve the inhibit effect of C60(OH)n or BA against HCC cells and reduce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of C60(OH)n for normal cells. We concluded that one of the important mechanisms of BA-C60(OH)n-GBP-TPGS-NPs inhibiting MHCC97H cells is achieved by up-regulating the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Lu
- General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - WenJun Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, People's Republic of China
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3
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Vanaga I, Gubernator J, Nakurte I, Kletnieks U, Muceniece R, Jansone B. Identification of Abies sibirica L. Polyprenols and Characterisation of Polyprenol-Containing Liposomes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081801. [PMID: 32295310 PMCID: PMC7221546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The needles of conifer trees are one of the richest sources of natural polyprenols. Polyprenol homologs from Abies sibirica L. lipophilic 80% purified extract were analyzed and quantified. In total, 10 peaks (Prenol-11 to Prenol-20) were observed in the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD) chromatogram of Siberian fir with the most abundant compound being Prenol-15 (relative amount 37.23 + 0.56% of the total polyprenol yield). Abies sibirica L. polyprenol solubility and incorporation efficiency into liposomes were studied in various commercially available lecithin mixtures (Phosal IP40, Phosal 75SA, and Lipoid P45). The resulting multilamellar polyprenol liposomes were morphologically characterized by Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy, and the liposome size was discovered to be polymodal with the main peak at 1360 nm (90% of the volume). As polyprenols are fully soluble only in lipids, a liposomal formulation based upon co-solubilization and a modified ethanol injection method of polyprenols into the ethanol-phospholipid system was developed for the entrapment and delivery of polyprenols for potential commercial applications in food supplement and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Vanaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.M.); (B.J.)
- LTD “Silv EXPO”, Alberta str. 12-2, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
- JSC “Biolat”, Rigas str. 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-29554716
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot Currie 14A, 51-383 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Ilva Nakurte
- Institute for Environmental Solutions, „Lidlauks”, Priekulu parish, LV- 4101 Priekulu county, Latvia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas str. 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Kletnieks
- LTD “Silv EXPO”, Alberta str. 12-2, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
- JSC “Biolat”, Rigas str. 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Ruta Muceniece
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.M.); (B.J.)
| | - Baiba Jansone
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.M.); (B.J.)
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4
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Inhibition of Dephosphorylation of Dolichyl Diphosphate Alters the Synthesis of Dolichol and Hinders Protein N-Glycosylation and Morphological Transitions in Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205067. [PMID: 31614738 PMCID: PMC6829516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of dolichyl phosphate (DolP) as a carbohydrate carrier during protein N-glycosylation is well established. The cellular pool of DolP is derived from de novo synthesis in the dolichol branch of the mevalonate pathway and from recycling of DolPP after each cycle of N-glycosylation, when the oligosaccharide is transferred from the lipid carrier to the protein and DolPP is released and then dephosphorylated. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dephosphorylation of DolPP is known to be catalyzed by the Cwh8p protein. To establish the role of the Cwh8p orthologue in another distantly related yeast species, Candida albicans, we studied its mutant devoid of the CaCWH8 gene. A double Cacwh8∆/Cacwh8∆ strain was constructed by the URA-blaster method. As in S. cerevisiae, the mutant was impaired in DolPP recycling. This defect, however, was accompanied by an elevation of cis-prenyltransferase activity and higher de novo production of dolichols. Despite these compensatory changes, protein glycosylation, cell wall integrity, filamentous growth, and biofilm formation were impaired in the mutant. These results suggest that the defects are not due to the lack of DolP for the protein N-glycosylation but rather that the activity of oligosacharyltransferase could be inhibited by the excess DolPP accumulating in the mutant.
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5
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Gryz E, Perlińska-Lenart U, Gawarecka K, Jozwiak A, Piłsyk S, Lipko A, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Bernat P, Muszewska A, Steczkiewicz K, Ginalski K, Długoński J, Strzalka K, Swiezewska E, Kruszewska JS. Poly-Saturated Dolichols from Filamentous Fungi Modulate Activity of Dolichol-Dependent Glycosyltransferase and Physical Properties of Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123043. [PMID: 31234450 PMCID: PMC6628320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-saturated polyprenols (dolichols) have been found in almost all Eukaryotic cells, however, dolichols containing additional saturated bonds at the ω-end, have been identified in A. fumigatus and A. niger. Here we confirm using an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis, that poly-saturated dolichols are abundant in other filamentous fungi, Trichoderma reesei, A. nidulans and Neurospora crassa, while the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae only contains the typical mono-saturated dolichols. We also show, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-l,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) that the structure of dolichols modulates the properties of membranes and affects the functioning of dolichyl diphosphate mannose synthase (DPMS). The activity of this enzyme from T. reesei and S. cerevisiae was strongly affected by the structure of dolichols. Additionally, the structure of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) model membranes was more strongly disturbed by the poly-saturated dolichols from Trichoderma than by the mono-saturated dolichols from yeast. By comparing the lipidome of filamentous fungi with that from S. cerevisiae, we revealed significant differences in the PC/PE ratio and fatty acids composition. Filamentous fungi differ from S. cerevisiae in the lipid composition of their membranes and the structure of dolichols. The structure of dolichols profoundly affects the functioning of dolichol-dependent enzyme, DPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Gryz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Perlińska-Lenart
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, CeNT, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Ginalski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, CeNT, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Tao R, Wang C, Zhang C, Li W, Zhou H, Chen H, Ye J. Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Genotoxicity of TiO 2 and Folate-Coupled Chitosan Nanoparticles Loading Polyprenol-Based Nanoemulsion. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:60-74. [PMID: 28993980 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The structure and bioactivity of Ginkgo biloba leaves polyprenol (GBP) are similar to that of dolichol which widely exists in human and mammalian organs. GBP possesses potential pharmacological activities against cancer. This study involved oil-in-water type nanoemulsion (NE) loading GBP was prepared by dissolving polyprenol in nanoemulsion of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)/TiO2 solution, Triton X-100, and 1-octanol by inversed-phase emulsification (EIP) and ultrasonic emulsification (UE) method. Folic acid (FA)-coupled chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs), GBP-FA-CS-NPs and GBP-TiO2-FA-CS-NPs, were fabricated by ionic cross-linking of positively charged FA-CS conjugates and negatively charged nanoemulsion with TPP/TiO2. And characterizations of them were investigated by TEM, SEM, FTIR, particle size, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of GBP-TiO2-FA-CS-NP treatment were higher than GBP-NE, GBP-FA-CS-NPs, TiO2-NE, GBP-TiO2-NE, TiO2-FA-CS-NPs, and GBP-TiO2-FA-CS-NP treatment at the same tested concentrations in HepG2 cells. GBP-TiO2-FA-CS-NPs at low TiO2 concentration (from 1 to 2.5 μg/ml) showed good inhibition capacity on HepG2 cells and low cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on HL-7702 cells. The possible mechanism of cytotoxicity on GBP-TiO2-FA-CS-NPs against HepG2 cells is by preventing excessive intracellular Ca2+ into extracellular spaces via inhibiting Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China.
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China.
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - WenJun Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Xiangshan Road, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
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7
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Tao R, Wang CZ, Ye JZ, Zhou H, Chen HX, Zhang CW. Antibacterial, cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of nitrogenated and haloid derivatives of C 50-C 60 and C 70-C 120 polyprenol homologs. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:175. [PMID: 27724930 PMCID: PMC5057508 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyprenol is an important lipid with many bioactive effects. The study on differences in bioactive effects of polyprenol derivatives having different isoprene units are seldom reported and it is helpful to find out which type of polyprenol derivatives are effective for treating A549/HepG2 cells and E. coli /S. aureus. Methods All tested polyprenol derivatives were measured with inhibition halos by Oxford cup assays. MIC values were assessed by the broth dilution method. Time-killing curve studies were conducted in duplicate on separate days. Cytotoxicity study was measured by the MTT assay and genotoxic study was evaluated by comet assay. Results With regard to antibacterial activity, the sensitivities to the quaternary polyprenyl ammonium salt derivatives GAS and MAS were 31.3 μg/mL and 15.6–31.3 μg/mL, respectively. GAS and MAS exhibited cytotoxic activity toward HepG2 cells (IC50 of 10.1–11.6 μg/mL), which was stronger than that exhibited toward A549 cells (IC50 of 13.8–13.9 μg/mL). The bactericidal activity of MAS was stronger than that of GAS at the same concentration at least 48 h. The DNA damage in A549 and HepG2 cells exposed to all 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL MAS was statistically significant in comparison to the control. Our results indicate a dose-dependent increment in DNA damage in A549 and HepG2 cells exposed to 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL MAS for both the percentage of DNA in the tail and tail moment. Conclusion The quaternary ammonium salt derivatives GAS and MAS exhibited higher antibacterial (E. coli and S. aureus) and cytotoxic activity (A549 and HepG2 cells) than the other derivatives evaluated in this study. The DNA damage in HepG2 cells suggests that MAS induced A549 and HepG2 cells death via apoptotic pathway. Our results provide new evidence supporting the medical use of polyprenol derivatives against bacterial and tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Cheng-Zhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China. .,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Ye
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hong-Xia Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - Chang-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
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8
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Polyprenols of Ginkgo biloba Enhance Antibacterial Activity of Five Classes of Antibiotics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4191938. [PMID: 27642597 PMCID: PMC5011515 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4191938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyprenol (GBP) from Ginkgo biloba Leaves (GBL) is an important lipid with many bioactive effects. The effect of GBP on antibacterial properties of five antibiotics belonging to different classes was through analysis of inhibition halos, MIC, and FIC index. And we studied the time-killing curves and Ca(2+) mobilization assay in Staphylococcus aureus cells treated with GBP microemulsion and gentamicin sulfate under MIC/2 conditions. These results showed that the GBP microemulsion (average diameter 90.2 nm) combining with gentamicin sulfate had the highest enhancing antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, and the MIC value was 33.0 μg/mL. The increase of the antibacterial effect of tested antibiotics was positively correlated with the decrease of the average diameter of GBP microemulsion. Moreover, GBP microemulsion enhanced antibacterial effect and prolonged antibacterial time of GBP combining with gentamicin sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus. GBP microemulsion could enhance the ability of gentamicin inducing an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations to Staphylococcus aureus. GBP microemulsion could help some classes of antibiotics to inhibit or kill bacteria. This study supports the fact that GBP microemulsion obviously can not only reduce the dosage of some classes of antibiotics, but also reduce the frequency of the antibiotic use in vitro.
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9
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Cavallini G, Sgarbossa A, Parentini I, Bizzarri R, Donati A, Lenci F, Bergamini E. Dolichol: A Component of the Cellular Antioxidant Machinery. Lipids 2016; 51:477-86. [PMID: 26968401 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dolichol, an end product of the mevalonate pathway, has been proposed as a biomarker of aging, but its biological role, not to mention its catabolism, has not been fully understood. UV-B radiation was used to induce oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes by the collagenase method. Effects on dolichol, phospholipid-bound polyunsaturated fatty acids (PL-PUFA) and known lipid soluble antioxidants [coenzyme Q (CoQ) and α-tocopherol] were studied. The increase in oxidative stress was detected by a probe sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxidation of lipids was assessed by measuring the release of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Dolichol, CoQ, and α-tocopherol were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), PL-PUFA by gas-liquid chromatography (GC). UV-B radiation caused an immediate increase in ROS as well as lipid peroxidation and a simultaneous decrease in the levels of dolichol and lipid soluble antioxidants. Decrease in dolichol paralleled changes in CoQ levels and was smaller to that in α-tocopherol. The addition of mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR), magnified the loss of dolichol and was associated with an increase in TBARS production. Changes in PL-PUFA were minor. These findings highlight that oxidative stress has very early and similar effects on dolichol and lipid soluble antioxidants. Lower levels of dolichol are associated with enhanced peroxidation of lipids, which suggest that dolichol may have a protective role in the antioxidant machinery of cell membranes and perhaps be a key to understanding some adverse effects of statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Cavallini
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonella Sgarbossa
- Biophysics Institute of the National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Pisa, Italy.,NEST, Nanoscience Institute of the National Research Council (NANO-CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Parentini
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Bizzarri
- Biophysics Institute of the National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Pisa, Italy.,NEST, Nanoscience Institute of the National Research Council (NANO-CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Donati
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Lenci
- Biophysics Institute of the National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Bergamini
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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10
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Zhang C, Xie P, Zhang Y, Ding S, Xu F. Synthesis and biological activity of polyprenols. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:184-93. [PMID: 26358482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The polyprenols and their derivatives are highlighted in this study. These lipid linear polymers of isoprenoid residues are widespread in nature from bacteria to human cells. This review primarily presents the synthesis and biological activities of polyprenyl derivatives. Attention is focused on the synthesis and biological activity of dolichols, polyprenyl ester derivatives and polyprenyl amines. Other polyprenyl derivatives, such as oxides of polyprenols, aromatic polyprenols, polyprenyl bromide and polyprenyl sulphates, are mentioned. It is noted that polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have better antibacterial, gene therapy and immunomodulating performance, whereas polyprenyl amines have better for antibacterial and antithrombotic activity. Dolichols, polyprenyl acetic esters, polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have pharmacological anti-tumour effects. Finally, the postulated prospect of polyprenols and their derivatives are discussed. Further in vivo studies on the above derivatives are needed. The compatibility of polyprenols and their derivatives with other drugs should be studied, and new preparations of polyprenyl derivatives, such as hydrogel glue and release-controlled drugs, are suggested for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China.
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Pujun Xie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Shasha Ding
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Molińska nee Sosińska E, Klimczak U, Komaszyło J, Derewiaka D, Obiedziński M, Kania M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Double bond stereochemistry influences the susceptibility of short-chain isoprenoids and polyprenols to decomposition by thermo-oxidation. Lipids 2015; 50:359-70. [PMID: 25739731 PMCID: PMC4365272 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-3998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid alcohols are common constituents of living cells. They are usually assigned a role in the adaptation of the cell to environmental stimuli, and this process might give rise to their oxidation by reactive oxygen species. Moreover, cellular isoprenoids may also undergo various chemical modifications resulting from the physico-chemical treatment of the tissues, e.g., heating during food processing. Susceptibility of isoprenoid alcohols to heat treatment has not been studied in detail so far. In this study, isoprenoid alcohols differing in the number of isoprene units and geometry of the double bonds, β-citronellol, geraniol, nerol, farnesol, solanesol and Pren-9, were subjected to thermo-oxidation at 80 °C. Thermo-oxidation resulted in the decomposition of the tested short-chain isoprenoids as well as medium-chain polyprenols with simultaneous formation of oxidized derivatives, such as hydroperoxides, monoepoxides, diepoxides and aldehydes, and possible formation of oligomeric derivatives. Oxidation products were monitored by GC-FID, GC-MS, ESI-MS and spectrophotometric methods. Interestingly, nerol, a short-chain isoprenoid with a double bond in the cis (Z) configuration, was more oxidatively stable than its trans (E) isomer, geraniol. However, the opposite effect was observed for medium-chain polyprenols, since Pren-9 (di-trans-poly-cis-prenol) was more susceptible to thermo-oxidation than its all-trans isomer, solanesol. Taken together, these results experimentally confirm that both short- and long-chain polyisoprenoid alcohols are prone to thermo-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Molińska nee Sosińska
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland,
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12
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Tao R, Wang CZ, Ye JZ, Zhou H, Chen HX, Zhang YS. Antibacterial/antifungal activity and synergistic interactions between C70–C120 polyprenol homologs from Ginkgo Biloba L. leaves and the corresponding synthetic derivatives. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols are representatives of high-molecular terpenoids. Their hydrocarbon chains are built of 5 to more than 100 isoprene units giving rise to polymer molecules that differ in chain-length and/or geometrical configuration. Plants have been shown to accumulate diverse polyisoprenoid mixtures with tissue-specific composition. In this chapter, methods of analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols in plant material are described, including isolation and purification of polyisoprenoids from plant tissue, fast semiquantitative analysis of the polyisoprenoid profile by thin-layer chromatography (straight phase adsorption and reversed phase partition techniques), and quantification of polyisoprenoids with the aid of high performance liquid chromatography. This approach results in full characterization of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in various plant tissues and other matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Jozwiak A, Brzozowski R, Bujnowski Z, Chojnacki T, Swiezewska E. Application of supercritical CO2 for extraction of polyisoprenoid alcohols and their esters from plant tissues. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2023-8. [PMID: 23673976 PMCID: PMC3679403 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d038794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a method of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide of polyisoprenoids from plant photosynthetic tissues is described. SFE was an effective extraction method for short- and medium-chain compounds with even higher yield than that observed for the "classical extraction" method with organic solvents. Moreover, SFE-derived extracts contained lower amounts of impurities (e.g., chlorophylls) than those obtained by extraction of the same tissue with organic solvents. Elevated temperature and extended extraction time of SFE resulted in a higher rate of extraction of long-chain polyisoprenoids. Ethanol cofeeding did not increase the extraction efficiency of polyisoprenoids; instead, it increased the content of impurities in the lipid extract. Optimization of SFE time and temperature gives the opportunity of prefractionation of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in plant tissues. Extracts obtained with application of SFE are very stable and free from organic solvents and can further be used directly in experimental diet supplementation or as starting material for preparation of semisynthetic polyisoprenoid derivatives, e.g., polyisoprenoid phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Brzozowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Bujnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Akhtar TA, Matsuba Y, Schauvinhold I, Yu G, Lees HA, Klein SE, Pichersky E. The tomato cis-prenyltransferase gene family. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:640-52. [PMID: 23134568 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) are predicted to be involved in the synthesis of long-chain polyisoprenoids, all with five or more isoprene (C5) units. Recently, we identified a short-chain CPT, neryl diphosphate synthase (NDPS1), in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we searched the tomato genome and identified and characterized its entire CPT gene family, which comprises seven members (SlCPT1-7, with NDPS1 designated as SlCPT1). Six of the SlCPT genes encode proteins with N-terminal targeting sequences, which, when fused to GFP, mediated GFP transport to the plastids of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The SlCPT3-GFP fusion protein was localized to the cytosol. Enzymatic characterization of recombinant SlCPT proteins demonstrated that SlCPT6 produces Z,Z-FPP, and SlCPT2 catalyzes the formation of nerylneryl diphosphate while SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 synthesize longer-chain products (C25-C55). Although no in vitro activity was demonstrated for SlCPT3, its expression in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dolichol biosynthesis mutant (rer2) complemented the temperature-sensitive growth defect. Transcripts of SlCPT2, SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 are present at low levels in multiple tissues, SlCPT6 is exclusively expressed in red fruit and roots, and SlCPT1, SlCPT3 and SlCPT7 are highly expressed in trichomes. RNAi-mediated suppression of NDPS1 led to a large decrease in β-phellandrene (which is produced from neryl diphosphate), with greater reductions achieved with the general 35S promoter compared to the trichome-specific MKS1 promoter. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CPT gene families in both eudicots and monocots, and showed that all the short-chain CPT genes from tomato (SlCPT1, SlCPT2 and SlCPT6) are closely linked to terpene synthase gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hartley MD, Imperiali B. At the membrane frontier: a prospectus on the remarkable evolutionary conservation of polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 517:83-97. [PMID: 22093697 PMCID: PMC3253937 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates are ubiquitous and essential components of cellular membranes throughout all domains of life. Polyprenyl-phosphates, which include undecaprenyl-phosphate in bacteria and the dolichyl-phosphates in archaea and eukaryotes, serve as specific membrane-bound carriers in glycan biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of cellular structures such as N-linked protein glycans and bacterial peptidoglycan. Polyprenyl-phosphates are the only form of polyprenols with a biochemically-defined role; however, unmodified or esterified polyprenols often comprise significant percentages of the cellular polyprenol pool. The strong evolutionary conservation of unmodified polyprenols as membrane constituents and polyprenyl-phosphates as preferred glycan carriers in biosynthetic pathways is poorly understood. This review surveys the available research to explore why unmodified polyprenols have been conserved in evolution and why polyprenyl-phosphates are universally and specifically utilized for membrane-bound glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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