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Neufeld PM, Nettersheim RA, Matschke V, Vorgerd M, Stahlke S, Theiss C. Unraveling the gut-brain axis: the impact of steroid hormones and nutrition on Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2219-2228. [PMID: 38488556 PMCID: PMC11034592 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between nutrition, the gut microbiome, steroid hormones, and Parkinson's disease within the context of the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, encompassing diverse components such as the gut microbiota, immune system, metabolism, and neural pathways. The gut microbiome, profoundly influenced by dietary factors, emerges as a key player. Nutrition during the first 1000 days of life shapes the gut microbiota composition, influencing immune responses and impacting both child development and adult health. High-fat, high-sugar diets can disrupt this delicate balance, contributing to inflammation and immune dysfunction. Exploring nutritional strategies, the Mediterranean diet's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties show promise in reducing Parkinson's disease risk. Microbiome-targeted dietary approaches and the ketogenic diet hold the potential in improving brain disorders. Beyond nutrition, emerging research uncovers potential interactions between steroid hormones, nutrition, and Parkinson's disease. Progesterone, with its anti-inflammatory properties and presence in the nervous system, offers a novel option for Parkinson's disease therapy. Its ability to enhance neuroprotection within the enteric nervous system presents exciting prospects. The review addresses the hypothesis that α-synuclein aggregates originate from the gut and may enter the brain via the vagus nerve. Gastrointestinal symptoms preceding motor symptoms support this hypothesis. Dysfunctional gut-brain signaling during gut dysbiosis contributes to inflammation and neurotransmitter imbalances, emphasizing the potential of microbiota-based interventions. In summary, this review uncovers the complex web of interactions between nutrition, the gut microbiome, steroid hormones, and Parkinson's disease within the gut-brain axis framework. Understanding these connections not only offers novel therapeutic insights but also illuminates the origins of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Maria Neufeld
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A. Nettersheim
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Stahlke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Ma J, Yuan T, Gao Y, Zeng X, Liu Z, Gao J. Torreya grandis oil attenuates cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:10520-10534. [PMID: 37946597 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The oil of Torreya grandis (TGO), a common nut in China, is considered to be a bioactive edible oil and has a great value in functional food development. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of TGO were investigated on a scopolamine (SCOP)-induced C57BL/6J mouse model. The mice were pretreated with TGO for 30 days (1000 mg per kg per day and 3000 mg per kg per day, i.g.). Behavioral tests showed that the supplementation of TGO could prevent the cognitive deficits induced by SCOP. TGO rebalanced the disorder of the cholinergic system by upgrading the level of acetylcholine. TGO also alleviated the over-activation of microglia and inhibited neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, TGO could regulate the composition of gut microbiota, increase the production of short-chain fatty acids, and decrease the content of lipopolysaccharides in the serum. In conclusion, TGO has the potential to prevent loss of memory and impairment of cognition, which may be related to its regulation of the gut microbiota-metabolite-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Anhui Kangxinxiang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Yuexi 246600, Anhui, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Khezri MR, Esmaeili A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Role of Bmal1 and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Pathophysiology: The Probable Effect of Melatonin on Their Association. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3883-3893. [PMID: 37823531 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of new factors in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases has been investigated. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Although pathological changes such as the accumulation of aggregated proteins in the brain and inflammatory responses are known as the main factors involved in the development of these diseases, new studies show the role of gut microbiota and circadian rhythm in the occurrence of these changes. However, the association between circadian rhythm and gut microbiota in AD and PD has not yet been investigated. Recent results propose that alterations in circadian rhythm regulators, mainly Bmal1, may regulate the abundance of gut microbiota. This correlation has been linked to the regulation of the expression of immune-related genes and Bmal-1 mediated oscillation of IgA and hydrogen peroxide production. These data seem to provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of melatonin inhibiting the progression of AD and PD. Therefore, this manuscript aims to review the role of the gut microbiota and circadian rhythm in health and AD and PD and also presents a hypothesis on the effect of melatonin on their communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafi Khezri
- Faculty of Pharmacy. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 571478334, Iran
| | - Ayda Esmaeili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5715799313, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5715799313, Iran
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Justich MB, Rojas OL, Fasano A. The Role of Helicobacter pylori and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Parkinson's Disease. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:553-561. [PMID: 37562451 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology remains largely unexplained. Several studies have aimed to describe a causative effect in the interactions between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, for both PD pathogenesis and disease course. However, the results have been controversial. Helicobacter pylori and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) are theorized to be agents capable of triggering chronic proinflammatory changes with a possible neurotoxic effect, as well as a cause of erratic L-dopa response in PD patients. This review evaluates the individual and possibly synergistic influence of H. pylori and SIBO on PD, to provide an opportunity to consider prospective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belen Justich
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Rehabilitation, Moriggia-Pelascini Hospital - Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, Italy
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Nuzum ND, Szymlek-Gay EA, Loke S, Dawson SL, Teo WP, Hendy AM, Loughman A, Macpherson H. Differences in the gut microbiome across typical ageing and in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 235:109566. [PMID: 37150399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis' role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, and how this differs from typical ageing, is poorly understood. Presently, gut-bacterial diversity, taxonomic abundance and metabolic bacterial pathways were compared across healthy young (n = 22, 18-35 years), healthy older (n = 33, 50-80 years), and PD groups (n = 18, 50-80 years) using shotgun sequencing and compositional data analysis. Associations between the gut-microbiome and PD symptoms, and between lifestyle factors (fibre intake, physical activity, and sleep) and the gut-microbiome were conducted. Alpha-diversity did not differ between PD participants and older adults, whilst beta-diversity differed between these groups. Lower abundance of Butyricimonas synergistica, a butyrate-producer, was associated with worse PD non-motor symptoms in the PD group. Regarding typical ageing, Bifidobacterium bifidum, was greater in the younger compared to older group, with no difference between the older and PD group. Abundance of metabolic pathways related to butyrate production did not differ among the groups, while 100 other metabolic pathways differed among the three groups. Sleep efficiency was positively associated with Roseburia inulinivorans in the older group. These results highlight the relevance of gut-microbiota to PD and that reduced butyrate-production may be involved with PD pathophysiology. Future studies should account for lifestyle factors when investigating gut-microbiomes across ageing and in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Nuzum
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stella Loke
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Samantha L Dawson
- Deakin University, Food & Mood Centre, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ashlee M Hendy
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- Deakin University, Food & Mood Centre, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
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7
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Fan HX, Sheng S, Li DD, Li JJ, Wang GQ, Zhang F. Heat-killed Lactobacillus murinus confers neuroprotection against dopamine neuronal loss by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10455. [PMID: 36925673 PMCID: PMC10013757 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal flora has become very active in studies related to Parkinson's disease (PD) in recent years. The microbe-gut-brain axis is closely related to the maintenance of brain homeostasis as well as PD pathogenesis. Alterations in gut bacteria can contribute to neuroinflammation and dopamine (DA) neurodegeneration. Lactobacillus murinus, a gram-positive bacterium, is a commensal gut bacteria present in the mammalian gut and considered as a potential probiotic due to its beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial actions. In this study, the effects of live L. murinus and heat-killed L. murinus on DA neuronal damage in rats and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Data showed that heat-killed L. murinus ameliorated 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor dysfunctions and loss of substantia nigra DA neurons, while no protection was shown in live L. murinus treatment. At the same time, heat-killed L. murinus reduced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, thus inhibiting the development of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, heat-killed L. murinus failed to display its original neuroprotective properties in NLRP3 inflammasome knockout mice. Together, heat-killed L. murinus conferred neuroprotection against DA neuronal loss via the inhibition of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings provide a promising potential for future applications of L. murinus, and also beneficial strategy for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Shuo Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Dai-Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Jing-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Guo-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
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8
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Ryman S, Vakhtin AA, Richardson SP, Lin HC. Microbiome-gut-brain dysfunction in prodromal and symptomatic Lewy body diseases. J Neurol 2023; 270:746-758. [PMID: 36355185 PMCID: PMC9886597 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, vary in their clinical phenotype but exhibit the same defining pathological feature, α-synuclein aggregation. Microbiome-gut-brain dysfunction may play a role in the initiation or progression of disease processes, though there are multiple potential mechanisms. We discuss the need to evaluate gastrointestinal mechanisms of pathogenesis across Lewy body diseases, as disease mechanisms likely span across diagnostic categories and a 'body first' clinical syndrome may better account for the heterogeneity of clinical presentations across the disorders. We discuss two primary hypotheses that suggest that either α-synuclein aggregation occurs in the gut and spreads in a prion-like fashion to the brain or systemic inflammatory processes driven by gastrointestinal dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of Lewy body diseases. Both of these hypotheses posit that dysbiosis and intestinal permeability are key mechanisms and potential treatment targets. Ultimately, this work can identify early interventions targeting initial disease pathogenic processes before the development of overt motor and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephira Ryman
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Andrei A Vakhtin
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Department of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
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9
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Intili G, Paladino L, Rappa F, Alberti G, Plicato A, Calabrò F, Fucarino A, Cappello F, Bucchieri F, Tomasello G, Carini F, Pitruzzella A. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegenerative Diseases through Different Communication Pathways: An Overview. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020195. [PMID: 36829474 PMCID: PMC9952972 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome research field has rapidly evolved over the last few decades, becoming a major topic of scientific and public interest. The gut microbiota (GM) is the microbial population living in the gut. The GM has many functions, such as maintaining gut homeostasis and host health, providing defense against enteric pathogens, and involvement in immune system development. Several studies have shown that GM is implicated in dysbiosis and is presumed to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review focuses mainly on describing the connection between the intestinal microbiome alterations (dysbiosis) and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases to explore the mechanisms that link the GM to nervous system health, such as the gut-brain axis, as well as the mitochondrial, the adaptive humoral immunity, and the microvesicular pathways. The gut-brain communication depends on a continuous bidirectional flow of molecular signals exchanged through the neural and the systemic circulation. These pathways represent a possible new therapeutic target against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Progress in this context is desperately needed, considering the severity of most neurodegenerative diseases and the current lack of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Intili
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusi Alberti
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Plicato
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Calabrò
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carini
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitruzzella
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy
- Universitary Consortium of Caltanissetta, University of Palermo, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Correspondence:
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10
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Wei W, Wang S, Xu C, Zhou X, Lian X, He L, Li K. Gut microbiota, pathogenic proteins and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959856. [PMID: 36466655 PMCID: PMC9715766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world's population ages, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have brought a great burden to the world. However, effective treatment measures have not been found to alleviate the occurrence and development of NDs. Abnormal accumulation of pathogenic proteins is an important cause of NDs. Therefore, effective inhibition of the accumulation of pathogenic proteins has become a priority. As the second brain of human, the gut plays an important role in regulate emotion and cognition functions. Recent studies have reported that the disturbance of gut microbiota (GM) is closely related to accumulation of pathogenic proteins in NDs. On the one hand, pathogenic proteins directly produced by GM are transmitted from the gut to the central center via vagus nerve. On the other hand, The harmful substances produced by GM enter the peripheral circulation through intestinal barrier and cause inflammation, or cross the blood-brain barrier into the central center to cause inflammation, and cytokines produced by the central center cause the production of pathogenic proteins. These pathogenic proteins can produced by the above two aspects can cause the activation of central microglia and further lead to NDs development. In addition, certain GM and metabolites have been shown to have neuroprotective effects. Therefore, modulating GM may be a potential clinical therapeutic approach for NDs. In this review, we summarized the possible mechanism of NDs caused by abnormal accumulation of pathogenic proteins mediated by GM to induce the activation of central microglia, cause central inflammation and explore the therapeutic potential of dietary therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shixu Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chongchong Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinqing Lian
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin He
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kuan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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11
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Fabiani M, Asnakew BA, Bowie DC, Chism SM, Clements GM, Gardner JC, Islam SS, Rubenstein SL, Gratton G. A healthy mind in a healthy body: Effects of arteriosclerosis and other risk factors on cognitive aging and dementia. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022; 77:69-123. [PMID: 37139101 PMCID: PMC10153623 DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review we start from the assumption that, to fully understand cognitive aging, it is important to embrace a holistic view, integrating changes in bodily, brain, and cognitive functions. This broad view can help explain individual differences in aging trajectories and could ultimately enable prevention and remediation strategies. As the title of this review suggests, we claim that there are not only indirect but also direct effects of various organ systems on the brain, creating cascades of phenomena that strongly contribute to age-related cognitive decline. Here we focus primarily on the cerebrovascular system, because of its direct effects on brain health and close connections with the development and progression of Alzheimer's Disease and other types of dementia. We start by reviewing the main cognitive changes that are often observed in normally aging older adults, as well as the brain systems that support them. Second, we provide a brief overview of the cerebrovascular system and its known effects on brain anatomy and function, with a focus on aging. Third, we review genetic and lifestyle risk factors that may affect the cerebrovascular system and ultimately contribute to cognitive decline. Lastly, we discuss this evidence, review limitations, and point out avenues for additional research and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Bethlehem A. Asnakew
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Daniel C. Bowie
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sydney M. Chism
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Grace M. Clements
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Jennie C. Gardner
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Samia S. Islam
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Samantha L. Rubenstein
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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12
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Nutrition and Gut–Brain Pathways Impacting the Onset of Parkinson’s Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142781. [PMID: 35889738 PMCID: PMC9323908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of literature suggests that long-term gut inflammation may be a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Importantly, specific nutritive patterns might improve gut health for PD risk reduction. Here, we review the current literature on the nutritive patterns and inflammatory markers as a predictor for early detection of PD. This knowledge might be used to foster the detection of early nutritive patterns and preclinical biomarkers to potentially alter PD development and progression.
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13
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Nuzum ND, Loughman A, Szymlek-Gay EA, Teo WP, Hendy AM, Macpherson H. To the Gut Microbiome and Beyond: The Brain-First or Body-First Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:791213. [PMID: 35432226 PMCID: PMC9005966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.791213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is continued debate regarding Parkinson’s disease etiology and whether it originates in the brain or begins in the gut. Recently, evidence has been provided for both, with Parkinson’s disease onset presenting as either a “body-first” or “brain-first” progression. Most research indicates those with Parkinson’s disease have an altered gut microbiome compared to controls. However, some studies do not report gut microbiome differences, potentially due to the brain or body-first progression type. Based on the etiology of each proposed progression, individuals with the body-first progression may exhibit altered gut microbiomes, i.e., where short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria are reduced, while the brain-first progression may not. Future microbiome research should consider this hypothesis and investigate whether gut microbiome differences exist between each type of progression. This may further elucidate the impact of the gut microbiome in Parkinson’s disease and show how it may not be homogenous across individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Nuzum
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- Food and Mood Center, IMPACT Strategic Research Center, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashlee M Hendy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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14
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Van Den Berge N, Ulusoy A. Animal models of brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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15
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Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth as Potential Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111663. [PMID: 34769091 PMCID: PMC8584211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota and the brain are closely connected via the so-called gut–brain axis. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a gut dysbiosis in which the small intestine is abundantly colonized by bacteria that are typically found in the colon. Though not a disease, it may result in intestinal symptoms caused by the accumulation of microbial gases in the intestine. Intestinal inflammation, malabsorption and vitamin imbalances may also develop. SIBO can be eradicated by one or several courses of antibiotics but reappears if the predisposing condition persists. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative proteinopathy for which disease modifying interventions are not available. Sporadic forms may start in the gut years before the development of clinical features. Increased gastrointestinal transit time is present in most people with PD early during the course of the disease, predisposing to gut dysbiosis, including SIBO. The role that gut dysbiosis may play in the etiopathogenesis of PD is not fully understood yet. Here, we discuss the possibility that SIBO could contribute to the progression of PD, by promoting or preventing neurodegeneration, thus being a potential target for treatments aiming at slowing down the progression of PD. The direct symptomatic impact of SIBO and its impact on symptomatic medication are also briefly discussed.
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16
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Lei Q, Wu T, Wu J, Hu X, Guan Y, Wang Y, Yan J, Shi G. Roles of α‑synuclein in gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis‑related Parkinson's disease progression (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:734. [PMID: 34414447 PMCID: PMC8404091 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease amongst the middle-aged and elderly populations. Several studies have confirmed that the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) serves a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) cause misfolding and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the intestine. Abnormal α-syn is not eliminated via physiological mechanisms and is transported into the central nervous system (CNS) via the vagus nerve. The abnormal levels of α-syn aggregate in the substantia nigra pars compacta, not only leading to the formation of eosinophilic Lewis Bodies in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but also leading to the stimulation of an inflammatory response in the microglia. These pathological changes result in an increase in oxidative stress (OS), which triggers nerve cell apoptosis, a characteristic of PD. This increase in OS further oxidizes and intensifies abnormal aggregation of α-syn, eventually forming a positive feedback loop. The present review discusses the abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the intestine caused by the GM changes and the increased levels of α-syn transport to the CNS via the MGBA, resulting in the loss of DA neurons and an increase in the inflammatory response of microglial cells in the brain of patients with PD. In addition, relevant clinical therapeutic strategies for improving the GM and reducing α-syn accumulation to relieve the symptoms and progression of PD are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Yingxia Guan
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Guolin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
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17
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Interactions between the microbiota and enteric nervous system during gut-brain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108721. [PMID: 34274348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For the last 20 years, researchers have focused their intention on the impact of gut microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. This year (2021), more than 25,000 articles can be retrieved from PubMed with the keywords "gut microbiota and physiology", showing the constant progress and impact of gut microbes in scientific life. As a result, numerous therapeutic perspectives have been proposed to modulate the gut microbiota composition and/or bioactive factors released from microbes to restore our body functions. Currently, the gut is considered a primary site for the development of pathologies that modify brain functions such as neurodegenerative (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and metabolic (type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc.) disorders. Deciphering the mode of interaction between microbiota and the brain is a real original option to prevent (and maybe treat in the future) the establishment of gut-brain pathologies. The objective of this review is to describe recent scientific elements that explore the communication between gut microbiota and the brain by focusing our interest on the enteric nervous system (ENS) as an intermediate partner. The ENS, which is known as the "second brain", could be under the direct or indirect influence of the gut microbiota and its released factors (short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, gaseous factors, etc.). Thus, in addition to their actions on tissue (adipose tissue, liver, brain, etc.), microbes can have an impact on local ENS activity. This potential modification of ENS function has global repercussions in the whole body via the gut-brain axis and represents a new therapeutic strategy.
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18
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Chan L, Chung CC, Chen JH, Yu RC, Hong CT. Cytokine Profile in Plasma Extracellular Vesicles of Parkinson's Disease and the Association with Cognitive Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030604. [PMID: 33803292 PMCID: PMC7999703 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various molecules, including cytokines, can reflect the intracellular condition and participate in cell-to-cell signaling, thus emerging as biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Inflammation may be a crucial risk factor for PD development and progression. The present study investigated the role of plasma EV cytokines as the biomarkers of PD. This cross-sectional study recruited 113 patients with PD, with mild to moderate stage disease, and 48 controls. Plasma EVs were isolated, and the levels of cytokines, including pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, were evaluated. Patients with PD had significantly increased plasma EV pro-IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with controls after adjustment for age and sex. Despite the lack of a significant association between plasma EV cytokines and motor symptom severity in patients with PD, cognitive dysfunction severity, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, was significantly associated with plasma EV pro-IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels. This association was PD specific and not found in controls. Furthermore, patients with PD cognitive deficit (MMSE < 26) exhibited a distinguished EV cytokine profile compared to those without cognitive deficit. The findings support the concept of inflammatory pathogenesis in the development and progression of PD and indicate that plasma EV cytokines may serve as PD biomarkers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung Chan
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chung
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Ruan-Ching Yu
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK;
| | - Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.C.); (C.-C.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2249-0088 (ext. 8112)
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19
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Franco R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter. Biomedicines 2021; 9:109. [PMID: 33499192 PMCID: PMC7911410 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher executive action, acts through five types of G-protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine has been studied extensively for its neuronal handling, synaptic actions, and in relation to Parkinson's disease. However, dopamine receptors can be found extra-synaptically and, in addition, they are not only expressed in neurons, but in many types of mammalian cells, inside and outside the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies show a dopamine link between the gut and the CNS; the mechanisms are unknown, but they probably require cells to act as mediators and the involvement of the immune system. In fact, dopamine receptors are expressed in almost any cell of the immune system where dopamine regulates various processes, such as antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and inflammation. This likely immune cell-mediated linkage opens up a new perspective for the use of dopamine-related drugs, i.e., agonist-antagonist-allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors, in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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