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Siriwongsup S, Schmoker AM, Ficarro SB, Marto JA, Kim J. Bioorthogonally activated reactive species for target identification. Chem 2024; 10:1306-1315. [PMID: 38617077 PMCID: PMC11008434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A target identification platform derived from the bioorthogonal activation of reactive species is described. We explore the reactivity of halogenated enamine N-oxides and report that the previously undisclosed α,γ-halogenated enamine N-oxides can be reduced biooorthogonally by diboron reagents to produce highly electrophilic α,β-unsaturated haloiminium ions suitable for labeling a range of amino acid residues on proteins in a 1,2- or 1,4-fashion. Affinity labeling reagents bearing this motif enable ligand-directed protein modification and afford highly sensitive and selective target identification in unbiased chemoproteomics experiments. Target identification is supported in both cell lysate and live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surached Siriwongsup
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anna M. Schmoker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Scott B. Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Center for Emergent Drug Targets, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jarrod A. Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Center for Emergent Drug Targets, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Lead Contact
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2
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Wang Q, Li X, Cao Z, Feng W, Chen Y, Jiang D. Enzyme-Mediated Bioorthogonal Cascade Catalytic Reaction for Metabolism Intervention and Enhanced Ferroptosis on Neuroblastoma. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8228-8241. [PMID: 38471004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
It remains a tremendous challenge to explore effective therapeutic modalities against neuroblastoma, a lethal cancer of the sympathetic nervous system with poor prognosis and disappointing treatment outcomes. Considering the limitations of conventional treatment modalities and the intrinsic vulnerability of neuroblastoma, we herein develop a pioneering sequential catalytic therapeutic system that utilizes lactate oxidase (LOx)/horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-loaded amorphous zinc metal-organic framework, named LOx/HRP-aZIF, in combination with a 3-indole-acetic acid (IAA) prodrug. On the basis of abnormal lactate accumulation that occurs in the tumor microenvironment, the cascade reaction of LOx and HRP consumes endogenous glutathione and a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to achieve the first stage of killing cancer cells via antioxidative incapacitation and electron transport chain interference. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by HRP and IAA through bioorthogonal catalysis promotes ferritin degradation and lipid peroxidation, ultimately provoking self-enhanced ferroptosis with positive feedback by initiating an endogenous Fenton reaction. This work highlights the superiority of the natural enzyme-dependent cascade and bioorthogonal catalytic reaction, offering a paradigm for synergistically enzyme-based metabolism-ferroptosis anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xiangze Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyao Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325088, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
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Huang W, Gunawardhana N, Zhang Y, Escorihuela J, Laughlin ST. Pyranthiones/Pyrones: "Click and Release" Donors for Subcellular Hydrogen Sulfide Delivery and Labeling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303465. [PMID: 37985373 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), one of the most important gasotransmitters, plays a critical role in endogenous signaling pathways of many diseases. However, developing H2 S donors with both tunable release kinetics and high release efficiency for subcellular delivery has been challenging. Here, we describe a click and release reaction between pyrone/pyranthiones and bicyclononyne (BCN). This reaction features a release of CO2 /COS with second-order rate constants comparable to Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition reactions (SPAACs). Interestingly, pyranthiones showed enhanced reaction rates compared to their pyrone counterparts. We investigated pyrone biorthogonality and demonstrated their utility in protein labeling applications. Moreover, we synthesized substituted pyranthiones with H2 S release kinetics that can address the range of physiologically relevant H2 S dynamics in cells and achieved quantitative H2 S release efficiency in vitro. Finally, we explored the potential of pyranthiones as H2 S/COS donors for mitochondrial-targeted H2 S delivery in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States
| | - Nipuni Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Scott T Laughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States
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4
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Kang D, Kim J. Enamine N-oxides: Design, Synthesis, and Function in Bioorthogonal Reactions. Synlett 2024; 35:145-154. [PMID: 38947226 PMCID: PMC11210832 DOI: 10.1055/a-2127-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Enamine N-oxides act as a chemical linchpin bridging two bioorthogonal associative and dissociative reactions. This article describes the design of enamine N-oxides; their synthesis through the retro-Cope elimination reaction; the use of solvent, hyperconjugation, strain, and rehybridization effects to achieve bioorthogonal reactivity; and their rapid reductive cleavage with diboron reagents. The coordinated assembly and disassembly of the enamine N-oxide motif constitutes a powerful chemical operation that enables the attachment and detachment of small molecules from biomacromolecules in a biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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5
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Min Q, Ji X. Bioorthogonal Bond Cleavage Chemistry for On-demand Prodrug Activation: Opportunities and Challenges. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16546-16567. [PMID: 38085596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Time- and space-resolved drug delivery is highly demanded for cancer treatment, which, however, can barely be achieved with a traditional prodrug strategy. In recent years, the prodrug strategy based on a bioorthogonal bond cleavage chemistry has emerged with the advantages of high temporospatial resolution over drug activation and homogeneous activation irrespective of individual heterogeneity. In the past five years, tremendous progress has been witnessed in this field with one such bioorthogonal prodrug entering Phase II clinical trials. This Perspective aims to highlight these new advances (2019-2023) and critically discuss their pros and cons. In addition, the remaining challenges and potential strategic directions for future progress will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiang Min
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Yan Z, Pan Y, Jiao G, Xu M, Fan D, Hu Z, Wu J, Chen T, Liu M, Bao X, Ke H, Ji X. A Bioorthogonal Decaging Chemistry of N-Oxide and Silylborane for Prodrug Activation both In Vitro and In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24698-24706. [PMID: 37933858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal decaging chemistry with both fast kinetics and high efficiency is highly demanded for in vivo applications but remains very sporadic. Herein, we describe a new bioorthogonal decaging chemistry between N-oxide and silylborane. A simple replacement of "C" in boronic acid with "Si" was able to substantially accelerate the N-oxide decaging kinetics by 106 fold (k2: up to 103 M-1 s-1). Moreover, a new N-oxide-masked self-immolative spacer was developed for the traceless release of various payloads upon clicking with silylborane with fast kinetics and high efficiency (>90%). Impressively, one such N-oxide-based self-assembled bioorthogonal nano-prodrug in combination with silylborane led to significantly enhanced tumor suppression effects as compared to the parent drug in a 4T1 mouse breast tumor model. In aggregate, this new bioorthogonal click-and-release chemistry is featured with fast kinetics and high efficiency and is perceived to find widespread applications in chemical biology and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Guofeng Jiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Mengyu Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dongguang Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Ziwei Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hengte Ke
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
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Abstract
As chemical biologists sought methods to modify and study biomolecules in their native environments, the need for bioorthogonal chemical reactions emerged. These fast and selective reactions between otherwise inert, abiotic functional groups have enabled exploration of some of the most intriguing and challenging questions in chemical biology. Further, the ability to perform organic reactions in cells and organisms has led to important applications in clinical spaces, and one reaction is now an integral part of a phase 2 trial for treating solid tumors. Given that bioorthogonal chemistry was a recipient of the 2022 Nobel Prize, we expect this field to be even more energized. Here, we highlight some of the most recent studies in this sphere and how these set the stage for where bioorthogonal chemistry is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Hartung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ellen M. Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Rosenberger JE, Xie Y, Fang Y, Lyu X, Trout WS, Dmitrenko O, Fox JM. Ligand-Directed Photocatalysts and Far-Red Light Enable Catalytic Bioorthogonal Uncaging inside Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6067-6078. [PMID: 36881718 PMCID: PMC10589873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Described are ligand-directed catalysts for live-cell, photocatalytic activation of bioorthogonal chemistry. Catalytic groups are localized via a tethered ligand either to DNA or to tubulin, and red light (660 nm) photocatalysis is used to initiate a cascade of DHTz oxidation, intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, and elimination to release phenolic compounds. Silarhodamine (SiR) dyes, more conventionally used as biological fluorophores, serve as photocatalysts that have high cytocompatibility and produce minimal singlet oxygen. Commercially available conjugates of Hoechst dye (SiR-H) and docetaxel (SiR-T) are used to localize SiR to the nucleus and microtubules, respectively. Computation was used to assist the design of a new class of redox-activated photocage to release either phenol or n-CA4, a microtubule-destabilizing agent. In model studies, uncaging is complete within 5 min using only 2 μM SiR and 40 μM photocage. In situ spectroscopic studies support a mechanism involving rapid intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction and a rate-determining elimination step. In cellular studies, this uncaging process is successful at low concentrations of both the photocage (25 nM) and the SiR-H dye (500 nM). Uncaging n-CA4 causes microtubule depolymerization and an accompanying reduction in cell area. Control studies demonstrate that SiR-H catalyzes uncaging inside the cell, and not in the extracellular environment. With SiR-T, the same dye serves as a photocatalyst and the fluorescent reporter for microtubule depolymerization, and with confocal microscopy, it was possible to visualize microtubule depolymerization in real time as the result of photocatalytic uncaging in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Rosenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Yixin Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Yinzhi Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Xinyi Lyu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - William S. Trout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Soni N, Sarkar S, Bhise A, Ha YS, Park W, Yu AR, Kumar V, Lim JE, Yoon YR, Yoo J. “Click-to-Clear”: A Strategy to Minimize Radioactivity from the Blood Pool Utilizing Staudinger Ligation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030719. [PMID: 36986581 PMCID: PMC10057653 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of several bioorthogonal reactions that can proceed selectively and efficiently under physiologically relevant conditions has garnered the interest of biochemists and organic chemists alike. Bioorthogonal cleavage reactions represent the latest innovation in click chemistry. Here, we employed the Staudinger ligation reaction to release radioactivity from immunoconjugates, improving target-to-background ratios. In this proof-of-concept study, model systems, including the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab, radioisotope I-131, and a newly synthesized bifunctional phosphine, were used. Staudinger ligation occurred when biocompatible N-glycosyl azides reacted with this radiolabeled immunoconjugate, leading to cleavage of the radioactive label from the molecule. We demonstrated this click cleavage in vitro and in vivo. Biodistribution studies in tumor models showed that radioactivity was eliminated from the bloodstream, thereby improving tumor-to-blood ratios. SPECT imaging revealed that tumors could be visualized with enhanced clarity. Our simple approach represents a novel application of bioorthogonal click chemistry in the development of antibody-based theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Soni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhinav Bhise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Su Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchoul Park
- BIOMAX. Ltd., 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Ram Yu
- Non-Clinical Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Lim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4947
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10
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Targeting Tumor Microenvironment by Metal Peroxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:5041399. [PMID: 36568636 PMCID: PMC9788889 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5041399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors have a unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes hypoxia, low acidity, and high hydrogen peroxide and glutathione (GSH) levels, among others. These unique factors, which offer favourable microenvironments and nourishment for tumor development and spread, also serve as a gateway for specific and successful cancer therapies. A good example is metal peroxide structures which have been synthesized and utilized to enhance oxygen supply and they have shown great promise in the alleviation of hypoxia. In a hypoxic environment, certain oxygen-dependent treatments such as photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy fail to respond and therefore modulating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been found to enhance the antitumor impact of certain drugs. Under acidic environments, the hydrogen peroxide produced by the reaction of metal peroxides with water not only induces oxidative stress but also produces additional oxygen. This is achieved since hydrogen peroxide acts as a reactive substrate for molecules such as catalyse enzymes, alleviating tumor hypoxia observed in the tumor microenvironment. Metal ions released in the process can also offer distinct bioactivity in their own right. Metal peroxides used in anticancer therapy are a rapidly evolving field, and there is good evidence that they are a good option for regulating the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy. In this regard, the synthesis and mechanisms behind the successful application of metal peroxides to specifically target the tumor microenvironment are highlighted in this review. Various characteristics of TME such as angiogenesis, inflammation, hypoxia, acidity levels, and metal ion homeostasis are addressed in this regard, together with certain forms of synergistic combination treatments.
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11
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Kang D, Wahl C, Kim J. Synthesis of push-pull-activated ynol ethers and their evaluation in the bioorthogonal hydroamination reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9217-9221. [PMID: 36367436 PMCID: PMC9769999 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01917e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A new class of push-pull-activated alkynes featuring di- and trifluorinated ynol ethers was synthesized. The difluorinated ynol ether exhibited an optimal balance of stability and reactivity, displaying a substantially improved half-life in the presence of aqueous thiols over the previously reported 1-haloalkyne analogs while reacting just as fast in the hydroamination reaction with N,N-diethylhydroxylamine. The trifluorinated ynol ether reacted significantly faster, exhibiting a second order rate constant of 0.56 M-1 s-1 in methanol, but it proved too unstable toward thiols. These fluorinated ynol ethers further demonstrate the importance of the hyperconjugation-rehybridization effect in activating alkynes and demonstrate how substituent effects can both activate and stabilize alkynes for bioorthogonal reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Conrad Wahl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Ji X, Zhong Z. External stimuli-responsive gasotransmitter prodrugs: Chemistry and spatiotemporal release. J Control Release 2022; 351:81-101. [PMID: 36116579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters like nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide with unique pleiotropic pharmacological effects in mammals are an emerging therapeutic modality for different human diseases including cancer, infection, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, and inflammation; however, their clinical translation is hampered by the lack of a reliable delivery form, which delivers such gasotransmitters to the action site with precisely controlled dosage. The external stimuli-responsive prodrug strategy has shown tremendous potential in developing gasotransmitter prodrugs, which affords precise temporospatial control and better dose control compared with endogenous stimuli-sensitive prodrugs. The promising external stimuli employed for gasotransmitter activation range from photo, ultrasound, and bioorthogonal click chemistry to exogenous enzymes. Herein, we highlight the recent development of external stimuli-mediated decaging chemistry for the temporospatial delivery of gasotransmitters including nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, and discuss the pros and cons of different designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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