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Sparviero S, Barth L, Keil T, Dinter C, Berg C, Lattermann C, Büchs J. Black glucose-releasing silicon elastomer rings for fed-batch operation allow measurement of the oxygen transfer rate from the top and optical signals from the bottom for each well of a microtiter plate. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:5. [PMID: 36864427 PMCID: PMC9983259 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In industrial microbial biotechnology, fed-batch processes are frequently used to avoid undesirable biological phenomena, such as substrate inhibition or overflow metabolism. For targeted process development, fed-batch options for small scale and high throughput are needed. One commercially available fed-batch fermentation system is the FeedPlate®, a microtiter plate (MTP) with a polymer-based controlled release system. Despite standardisation and easy incorporation into existing MTP handling systems, FeedPlates® cannot be used with online monitoring systems that measure optically through the transparent bottom of the plate. One such system that is broadly used in biotechnological laboratories, is the commercial BioLector. To allow for BioLector measurements, while applying the polymer-based feeding technology, positioning of polymer rings instead of polymer disks at the bottom of the well has been proposed. This strategy has a drawback: measurement requires an adjustment of the software settings of the BioLector device. This adjustment modifies the measuring position relative to the wells, so that the light path is no longer blocked by the polymer ring, but, traverses through the inner hole of the ring. This study aimed at overcoming that obstacle and allowing for measurement of fed-batch cultivations using a commercial BioLector without adjustment of the relative measurement position within each well. RESULTS Different polymer ring heights, colours and positions in the wells were investigated for their influence on maximum oxygen transfer capacity, mixing time and scattered light measurement. Several configurations of black polymer rings were identified that allow measurement in an unmodified, commercial BioLector, comparable to wells without rings. Fed-batch experiments with black polymer rings with two model organisms, E. coli and H. polymorpha, were conducted. The identified ring configurations allowed for successful cultivations, measuring the oxygen transfer rate and dissolved oxygen tension, pH, scattered light and fluorescence. Using the obtained online data, glucose release rates of 0.36 to 0.44 mg/h could be determined. They are comparable to formerly published data of the polymer matrix. CONCLUSION The final ring configurations allow for measurements of microbial fed-batch cultivations using a commercial BioLector without requiring adjustments of the instrumental measurement setup. Different ring configurations achieve similar glucose release rates. Measurements from above and below the plate are possible and comparable to measurements of wells without polymer rings. This technology enables the generation of a comprehensive process understanding and target-oriented process development for industrial fed-batch processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sparviero
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Barth
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Timm Keil
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carl Dinter
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Berg
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Büchs
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Shen B, Zhan X, Sun Z, He Y, Long J, Li X. PIV experiments and CFD simulations of liquid-liquid mixing in a planetary centrifugal mixer (PCM). Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Matthew SAL, Rezwan R, Perrie Y, Seib FP. Volumetric Scalability of Microfluidic and Semi-Batch Silk Nanoprecipitation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:2368. [PMID: 35408763 PMCID: PMC9000471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin nanoprecipitation by organic desolvation in semi-batch and microfluidic formats provides promising bottom-up routes for manufacturing narrow polydispersity, spherical silk nanoparticles. The translation of silk nanoparticle production to pilot, clinical, and industrial scales can be aided through insight into the property drifts incited by nanoprecipitation scale-up and the identification of critical process parameters to maintain throughout scaling. Here, we report the reproducibility of silk nanoprecipitation on volumetric scale-up in low-shear, semi-batch systems and estimate the reproducibility of chip parallelization for volumetric scale-up in a high shear, staggered herringbone micromixer. We showed that silk precursor feeds processed in an unstirred semi-batch system (mixing time > 120 s) displayed significant changes in the nanoparticle physicochemical and crystalline properties following a 12-fold increase in volumetric scale between 1.8 and 21.9 mL while the physicochemical properties stayed constant following a further 6-fold increase in scale to 138 mL. The nanoparticle physicochemical properties showed greater reproducibility after a 6-fold volumetric scale-up when using lower mixing times of greater similarity (8.4 s and 29.4 s) with active stirring at 400 rpm, indicating that the bulk mixing time and average shear rate should be maintained during volumetric scale-up. Conversely, microfluidic manufacture showed high between-batch repeatability and between-chip reproducibility across four participants and microfluidic chips, thereby strengthening chip parallelization as a production strategy for silk nanoparticles at pilot, clinical, and industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saphia A. L. Matthew
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (S.A.L.M.); (Y.P.)
| | - Refaya Rezwan
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (S.A.L.M.); (Y.P.)
| | - F. Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (S.A.L.M.); (Y.P.)
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
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4
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Matthew SAL, Rezwan R, Kaewchuchuen J, Perrie Y, Seib FP. Mixing and flow-induced nanoprecipitation for morphology control of silk fibroin self-assembly. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7357-7373. [PMID: 35424679 PMCID: PMC8982335 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07764c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuning silk fibroin nanoparticle morphology using nanoprecipitation for bottom-up manufacture is an unexplored field that has the potential to improve particle performance characteristics. The aim of this work was to use both semi-batch bulk mixing and micro-mixing to modulate silk nanoparticle morphology by controlling the supersaturation and shear rate during nanoprecipitation. At flow rates where the shear rate was below the critical shear rate for silk, increasing the concentration of silk in both bulk and micro-mixing processes resulted in particle populations of increased sphericity, lower size, and lower polydispersity index. At high flow rates, where the critical shear rate was exceeded, the increased supersaturation with increasing concentration was counteracted by increased rates of shear-induced assembly. The morphology could be tuned from rod-like to spherical assemblies by increasing supersaturation of the high-shear micro-mixing process, thereby supporting a role for fast mixing in the production of narrow-polydispersity silk nanoparticles. This work provides new insight into the effects of shear during nanoprecipitation and provides a framework for scalable manufacture of spherical and rod-like silk nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saphia A L Matthew
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE UK +44 (0)141 548 2510
| | - Refaya Rezwan
- Department of Pharmacy, ASA University Bangladesh 23/3 Bir Uttam A. N. M. Nuruzzaman Sarak Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Jirada Kaewchuchuen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE UK +44 (0)141 548 2510
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy Bangkok Thailand
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE UK +44 (0)141 548 2510
| | - F Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE UK +44 (0)141 548 2510
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD UK
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Montes‐Serrano I, Satzer P, Jungbauer A, Dürauer A. Characterization of hydrodynamics and volumetric power input in microtiter plates for the scale-up of downstream operations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:523-534. [PMID: 34741535 PMCID: PMC9299155 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parameter estimation for scale-up of downstream operations from microtiter plates (MTPs) is mostly done empirically because engineering correlations between microplates and stirred tank reactors (STRs) are not yet available. It is challenging to change the operation mode from shaken MTPs to large-scale STRs. For the scale-up of STRs, volumetric power input is well-established although it is unclear whether this parameter can be used to transfer the operations from MTPs. We determine the volumetric power input in MTPs via the temperature increase caused by the motion of the liquid. The hydrodynamics in MTPs are studied with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Mixing is investigated in 96-, 24-, and 6-well MTPs to cover different geometries, filling volumes, shaking diameters, and shaking frequencies. All CFD simulations are validated by experimental results, which now allows prediction of the volumetric power input and hydrodynamics at various conditions in MTPs without the need for further experiments. We provide a map of the power input achievable in MTPs. Based on this map, from knowing about large-scale conditions, adequate microscale conditions can be adjusted for process development. This enables the direct scale-up of downstream unit operations from MTPs to STRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Satzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH)ViennaAustria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH)ViennaAustria
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science & EngineeringUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Astrid Dürauer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH)ViennaAustria
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science & EngineeringUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
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6
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Fitschen J, Hofmann S, Wutz J, Kameke A, Hoffmann M, Wucherpfennig T, Schlüter M. Novel evaluation method to determine the local mixing time distribution in stirred tank reactors. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2021.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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7
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Lu Z, Li C, Huang L, Zhong F, Fei L, Zhang H, Pan Y. Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Bottom Structures on the Flow Field Characteristic in Shaking Bioreactors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.20we022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Lu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Chengtuo Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Liuyi Huang
- Zhejiang Academy of Special Equipment Science
| | | | - Liangqi Fei
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Yuhui Pan
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
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8
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Samaras JJ, Ducci A, Micheletti M. Flow, suspension and mixing dynamics in
DASGIP
bioreactors, Part 2. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin J. Samaras
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Andrea Ducci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Martina Micheletti
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering University College London London UK
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9
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Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of a novel correlation of power input, energy dissipation rate and mixing time as a potential route to identify the orbitally shaken bioreactor (OSB) system. The Buckingham’s π-theorem was used to designate and transform dimensionless Newton numbers with five relevant power input variables. These variables were empirically varied to evaluate the correlation among the dimensionless numbers. The Newton number decreases with the increased shaking frequency and filling volume. Previous work has focused on optimizing the mixing process by evaluating different shaking and agitation mixing methods. We establish a new mixing process and assessable measurement of the mixing time in the OSB. An innovative explanation of mixing time for the thermal method is proposed. The optimal mixing time is independent of the temperature of filled liquid. The dimensionless mixing number remained constant in the turbulent regime and increasing with the increased liquid viscosity and filling volume. Our findings revealed that the observed correlation is a practical tool to figure the power consumption and mixing efficiency as cell cultivation in all OSB scales and is fully validated when scaling–up system.
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10
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11
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Li Y, Ducci A, Micheletti M. Mixing Time in Intermediate‐Sized Orbitally Shaken Reactors with Small Orbital Diameters. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- University College LondonDepartment of Biochemical Engineering Torrington Place WC1E 7JE London UK
| | - Andrea Ducci
- University College LondonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Torrington Place WC1E 7JE London UK
| | - Martina Micheletti
- University College LondonDepartment of Biochemical Engineering Torrington Place WC1E 7JE London UK
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12
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Samaras JJ, Micheletti M, Ducci A. Suspension and Mixing Characterization of Intermittent Agitation Modes in DASGIP Bioreactors. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Jade Samaras
- University College LondonAdvanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street WC1E 6BT London United Kingdom
| | - Martina Micheletti
- University College LondonAdvanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street WC1E 6BT London United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Ducci
- University College LondonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Torrington Place WC1E 7JE London United Kingdom
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13
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Lladó Maldonado S, Rasch D, Kasjanow A, Bouwes D, Krühne U, Krull R. Multiphase microreactors with intensification of oxygen mass transfer rate and mixing performance for bioprocess development. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Wutz J, Steiner R, Assfalg K, Wucherpfennig T. Establishment of a CFD‐based
k
L
a
model in microtiter plates to support CHO cell culture scale‐up during clone selection. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1120-1128. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Rodriguez G, Micheletti M, Ducci A. Macro- and micro-scale mixing in a shaken bioreactor for fluids of high viscosity. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Thomas JMD, Chakraborty A, Berson RE, Shakeri M, Sharp MK. Validation of a CFD model of an orbiting culture dish with PIV and analytical solutions. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of LouisvilleLouisville KY40292
| | - R. Eric Berson
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of LouisvilleLouisville KY40292
| | - Mostafa Shakeri
- Dept. of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LouisvilleLouisville KY40292
| | - M. Keith Sharp
- Dept. of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LouisvilleLouisville KY40292
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Palacios-Morales C, Aguayo-Vallejo J, Trujillo-Roldán M, Zenit R, Ascanio G, Córdova-Aguilar M. The flow inside shaking flasks and its implication for mycelial cultures. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Rodriguez G, Pieralisi I, Anderlei T, Ducci A, Micheletti M. Appraisal of fluid flow in a shaken bioreactor with conical bottom at different operating conditions. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Pieralisi I, Rodriguez G, Micheletti M, Paglianti A, Ducci A. Microcarriers’ suspension and flow dynamics in orbitally shaken bioreactors. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Allonneau C, Olmos E, Guyot S, Ferret E, Gervais P, Cachon R. Hydrodynamic characterization of a new small-scale reactor mixed by a magnetic bar. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Zheng H, Huang Z, Liao Z, Wang J, Yang Y, Wang Y. Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Experimental Validation of Macromixing and Flow Characteristics in Low-Density Polyethylene Autoclave Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zuwei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Rodriguez G, Anderlei T, Micheletti M, Yianneskis M, Ducci A. On the measurement and scaling of mixing time in orbitally shaken bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Machado MB, Kresta SM. The confined impeller stirred tank (CIST): A bench scale testing device for specification of local mixing conditions required in large scale vessels. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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