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Joaquin HF, Jaime PM, Rodrigo OT. Applying a Green Solvent with Microwave, Ultrasound, and Soxhlet Extraction Techniques to Quantify the Slip Additive cis-1,3-Docosenamide and Nine Oxidative Degradation Byproducts in Polypropylene Samples. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3457. [PMID: 37631513 PMCID: PMC10458392 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Erucamide is used as an important slip agent for polymers. However, erucamide can degrade during processing and long-term storage, forming various oxidation products. These degradation products can affect the recovery rates of erucamide. In this study, investigated different solid-liquid extraction methods (Soxhlet, microwave, and ultrasound) and used gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify erucamide and its degradation byproducts in polypropylene (PP). A multivariable experiment was designed, and a mixed-effect approach was used to analyze the results. Various extraction variables were examined, such as temperature, time, solvents, and PP pretreatments. Using a mixed-effect model with a Kenward-Roger approximation, an R2 of the model of 97% and p values of 0.168, 0.000, and 0.000 were obtained for the technical, solvent, and type of PP pretreatment variables, respectively. The highest average recoveries of erucamide were found with the microwave technique and were 96.4% using dichloromethane, 94.57% using cyclohexane, and 93.05% using limonene. With ultrasound, recoveries ranged between 85 and 92% for dichloromethane and limonene. In addition, it was observed that the extraction method had better recovery results in ground PP than in films and in pellets. Nine oxidative degradation byproducts of erucamide were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS. The reaction mechanisms for forming each byproduct were proposed. The byproducts that experienced a higher rate of degradation of erucamide were erucamide with a hydroxyl group at position one and 12-amino-6-12-oxo-dodecanoic acid, showing more prominent peaks using the Soxhlet method with cyclohexane and dichloromethane as solvents and polypropylene (PP) films as the type of material used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernández Fernández Joaquin
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo Km 1 Vía Turbaco, Cartagena 130001, Colombia
- Department of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Pérez Mendoza Jaime
- Complex Fluid Engineering and Food Rheology Research Group (IFCRA), Food Engineering Department, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia;
| | - Ortega-Toro Rodrigo
- Food Packaging and Shelf-Life Research Group (FP&SL), Food Engineering Department, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia;
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Ferreira S, Nicoletti VR, Dragosavac M. Novel methods to induce complex coacervation using dual fluid nozzle and metal membranes: Part II – use of metal membrane technology to induce complex coacervation. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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3
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Ferreira S, Nicoletti VR, Dragosavac M. Novel methods to induce complex coacervation using dual fluid nozzle and metal membranes: Part I – use of metal membranes for emulsification. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Practical quality attributes of polymeric microparticles with current understanding and future perspectives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Droplet breakup mechanisms in premix membrane emulsification and related microfluidic channels. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 290:102393. [PMID: 33770649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Premix membrane emulsification (PME) is a pressure driven process of droplet breakup, caused by their motion through membrane pores. The process is widely used for high-throughput production of sized-controlled emulsion droplets and microparticles using low energy inputs. The resultant droplet size depends on numerous process, membrane, and formulation factors such as flow velocity in pores, number of extrusions, initial droplet size, internal membrane geometry, wettability of pore walls, and physical properties of emulsion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different mechanisms of droplet deformation and breakup in membranes with versatile pore morphologies including sintered glass and ceramic filters, SPG and polymeric membranes with sponge-like structures, micro-engineered metallic membranes with ordered straight-through pore arrays, and dynamic membranes composed of unconsolidated particles. Fundamental aspects of droplet motion and breakup in idealized pore networks have also been covered including droplet disruption in T-junctions, channel constrictions, and obstructed channels. The breakup mechanisms due to shear interactions with pore walls and localized shear (direct breaking) or due to interfacial tension effects and Rayleigh-Plateau instability (indirect breaking) are systematically discussed based on recent experimental and numerical studies. Non-dimensional droplet size correlations based on capillary, Weber, and Ohnesorge numbers are also presented.
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Encapsulation of resveratrol using Maillard conjugates and membrane emulsification. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109359. [PMID: 33233062 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a stilbene phenolic associated with health-promoting properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemoprevention. Due to its chemical instability and low water solubility, microencapsulation represents a good alternative to provide better results when employing resveratrol as a nutraceutical ingredient. The main purpose of our work was to use low shear membrane emulsification to produce resveratrol-loaded emulsions of low polydispersity and integrate this process to spray drying to produce a powdered product. Resveratrol was dispersed with palm oil in a continuous phase obtained via Maillard reaction. We evaluated the influence of process conditions and phases composition on emulsions properties and performed the characterization of the spray-dried powder. Emulsions droplet size and span decreased as shear stress was increased. Higher dispersed phase fluxes provided increased droplet size polydispersity. Process conditions were set on 60.0 Pa shear stress and 70 L m-2h-1 of dispersed phase flux, obtaining emulsions with mean diameter around 30 μm and span of 0.76. Despite this relatively high droplet size of the infeed emulsions, the spray drying process resulted in particles with high encapsulation efficiency (97.97 ± 0.01%), and water content (~3.6%) and diameter (~10.2 μm) similar to particles obtained from fine emulsions in previously reported works.
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Jiang T, Liao W, Charcosset C. Recent advances in encapsulation of curcumin in nanoemulsions: A review of encapsulation technologies, bioaccessibility and applications. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109035. [PMID: 32331634 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is widely acknowledged for its beneficial activities. However, its application has remained challenging due to its low aqueous solubility, biochemical/structural degradation and poor bioavailability. For these reasons, many researches are aimed at overcoming these limitations using lipid-based nanosystems to encapsulate curcumin, especially nanoemulsions. This review highlights the theoretical aspects and recent advances of preparation technologies (phase inversion temperature, phase inversion composition, ultrasonication, high pressure homogenization and microfluidization) for encapsulation of curcumin in nanoemulsions. Additionally, the specific factors in designing nanoemulsions systems that affect the chemical stability and in vitro bioaccessibility of the encapsulated curcumin are discussed. Also, the importance of nanoemulsions in improving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of curcumin is underlined. Curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions preparation technologies have been proposed to provide efficient, systematic, and practical protocols for improved applications of curcumin. Additionally, key factors that influence curcumin delivery include the nature of emulsifier, the type and the amount of carrier oil and emulsifier-curcumin interactions. The pharmacological activities of curcumin including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities can be improved by nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jiang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Wei Liao
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Catherine Charcosset
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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9
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Carballido L, Dabrowski ML, Dehli F, Koch L, Stubenrauch C. Monodisperse liquid foams via membrane foaming. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 568:46-53. [PMID: 32078937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS It is possible to generate fairly monodisperse liquid foams by a dispersion cell, which was originally designed for the generation of fairly monodisperse emulsions. If this is the case, scaling-up the production of monodisperse liquid and solid foams will be no longer a problem. EXPERIMENTS We used the dispersion cell - a batch process - and examined the influence of stirrer speed, membrane pore diameter and injection rate on the structure of the resulting liquid foams. We used an aqueous surfactant solution as scouting system. Once the experimental conditions were known we generated gelatin-based liquid foams and methacrylate-based foamed emulsions. FINDINGS We found that (a) the bubble size of the generated liquid foams can be adjusted by varying the membrane pore diameter, (b) no stirrer should be used to obtain monodisperse foams, and (c) the bubble size is not influenced by the air injection rate. Since (i) the output for all investigated systems is up to two orders of magnitude larger compared to microfluidics and (ii) the membrane technology can very easily be scaled-up if run in a continuous process, the use of membrane foaming is expected to be heavily used for the generation of monodisperse liquid and solid foams, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carballido
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Dehli
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lukas Koch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kaade W, Ferrando M, Khanmohammed A, Torras C, De Lamo-Castellví S, Güell C. Low-energy high-throughput emulsification with nickel micro-sieves for essential oils encapsulation. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Santos J, Calero N, García-Capitán J, Muñoz J. Preparation and characterization of emulgels loaded with sweet fennel oil. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1623688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Santos
- Reología Aplicada. Tecnología de Coloides. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P. García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nuria Calero
- Reología Aplicada. Tecnología de Coloides. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P. García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia García-Capitán
- Reología Aplicada. Tecnología de Coloides. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P. García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Muñoz
- Reología Aplicada. Tecnología de Coloides. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P. García González, Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Mao Y, Xue C, Yue Q, Wang W, Song Z, Zhao X, Ma C. Fate and distribution of phosphorus in laboratory-scale membrane bioreactors. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Santos J, Calero N, Trujillo-Cayado LA, Alfaro MC, Muñoz J. The Role of Processing Temperature in Flocculated Emulsions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Santos
- Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides,
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - N. Calero
- Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides,
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - L. A. Trujillo-Cayado
- Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides,
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. C. Alfaro
- Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides,
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. Muñoz
- Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides,
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Manga MS, York DW. Production of Concentrated Pickering Emulsions with Narrow Size Distributions Using Stirred Cell Membrane Emulsification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9050-9056. [PMID: 28806523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stirred cell membrane emulsification (SCME) has been employed to prepare concentrated Pickering oil in water emulsions solely stabilized by fumed silica nanoparticles. The optimal conditions under which highly stable and low-polydispersity concentrated emulsions using the SCME approach are highlighted. Optimization of the oil flux rates and the paddle stirrer speeds are critical to achieving control over the droplet size and size distribution. Investigating the influence of oil volume fraction highlights the criticality of the initial particle loading in the continuous phase on the final droplet size and polydispersity. At a particle loading of 4 wt %, both the droplet size and polydispersity increase with increasing of the oil volume fraction above 50%. As more interfacial area is produced, the number of particles available in the continuous phase diminishes, and coincidently a reduction in the kinetics of particle adsorption to the interface resulting in larger polydisperse droplets occurs. Increasing the particle loading to 10 wt % leads to significant improvements in both size and polydispersity with oil volume fractions as high as 70% produced with coefficient of variation values as low as ∼30% compared to ∼75% using conventional homogenization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Manga
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David W York
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Trujillo-Cayado LA, Alfaro MC, García M, Muñoz J. Comparison of homogenization processes for the development of green O/W emulsions formulated with N,N-dimethyldecanamide. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Legume Protein Isolates for Stable Acidic Emulsions Prepared by Premix Membrane Emulsification. FOOD BIOPHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-017-9471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Szaferski W, Mitkowski PT. Aeration of Liquid-Liquid Systems Using Various Agitators in a Mixer Equipped with a Membrane Diffuser. Chem Eng Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Limited coalescence and Ostwald ripening in emulsions stabilized by hydrophobin HFBII and milk proteins. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wu J, Ma GH. Recent Studies of Pickering Emulsions: Particles Make the Difference. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4633-48. [PMID: 27337222 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, emulsions stabilized by micro- or nanoparticles (known as Pickering emulsions) have attracted much attention. Micro- or nanoparticles, as the main components of the emulsion, play a key role in the preparation and application of Pickering emulsions. The existence of particles at the interface between the oil and aqueous phases affects not only the preparation, but also the properties of Pickering emulsions, affording superior stability, low toxicity, and stimuli-responsiveness compared to classical emulsions stabilized by surfactants. These advantages of Pickering emulsions make them attractive, especially in biomedicine. In this review, the effects of the characteristics of micro- and nanoparticles on the preparation and properties of Pickering emulsions are introduced. In particular, the preparation methods of Pickering emulsions, especially uniform-sized emulsions, are listed. Uniform Pickering emulsions are convenient for both mechanistic research and applications. Furthermore, some biomedical applications of Pickering emulsions are discussed and the problems hindering their clinical application are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guang-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211800, China.
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Trujillo-Cayado L, Alfaro M, Raymundo A, Sousa I, Muñoz J. Rheological behavior of aqueous dispersions containing blends of rhamsan and welan polysaccharides with an eco-friendly surfactant. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:430-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alroaithi M, Sajjadi S. Uniform polymer beads by membrane emulsification-assisted suspension polymerisation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplets kept their identity during polymerisation and a one-to-one copy of the initial droplets was obtained as polymer beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alroaithi
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
- Kings College London
- London
- UK
| | - Shahriar Sajjadi
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
- Kings College London
- London
- UK
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Vladisavljević GT. Structured microparticles with tailored properties produced by membrane emulsification. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:53-87. [PMID: 26329593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of membrane emulsification routes for fabrication of structured microparticles with tailored properties for specific applications. Direct (bottom-up) and premix (top-down) membrane emulsification processes are discussed including operational, formulation and membrane factors that control the droplet size and droplet generation regimes. A special emphasis was put on different methods of controlled shear generation on membrane surface, such as cross flow on the membrane surface, swirl flow, forward and backward flow pulsations in the continuous phase and membrane oscillations and rotations. Droplets produced by membrane emulsification can be used for synthesis of particles with versatile morphology (solid and hollow, matrix and core/shell, spherical and non-spherical, porous and coherent, composite and homogeneous), which can be surface functionalised and coated or loaded with macromolecules, nanoparticles, quantum dots, drugs, phase change materials and high molecular weight gases to achieve controlled/targeted drug release and impart special optical, chemical, electrical, acoustic, thermal and magnetic properties. The template emulsions including metal-in-oil, solid-in-oil-in-water, oil-in-oil, multilayer, and Pickering emulsions can be produced with high encapsulation efficiency of encapsulated materials and narrow size distribution and transformed into structured particles using a variety of solidification processes, such as polymerisation (suspension, mini-emulsion, interfacial and in-situ), ionic gelation, chemical crosslinking, melt solidification, internal phase separation, layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition, particle self-assembly, complex coacervation, spray drying, sol-gel processing, and molecular imprinting. Particles fabricated from droplets produced by membrane emulsification include nanoclusters, colloidosomes, carbon aerogel particles, nanoshells, polymeric (molecularly imprinted, hypercrosslinked, Janus and core/shell) particles, solder metal powders and inorganic particles. Membrane emulsification devices operate under constant temperature due to low shear rates on the membrane surface, which range from (1-10)×10(3) s(-1) in a direct process to (1-10)×10(4) s(-1) in a premix process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran T Vladisavljević
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Chemical Dynamics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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