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Adama KK, Anani OA. Experimental and theoretical assessment of phenomena linked with separation and purification of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seed oil. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16536. [PMID: 37251471 PMCID: PMC10220419 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the phenomena associated with the separation and purification of biodiesel produced from Ricinus communis oil seeds using experimental and theoretical approaches. The alkaline transesterification technique was used to produce the biodiesel from the Ricinus communis oil seeds which were later compared with standards based on EN and ASTM. Experimental investigation of the components in the mixture for separation and purification was conducted using the standard turbidimetric method for binodal solubility and tie-line compositions. The gas chromatographic technique was used to determine the composition of the homogeneous mixture. Novel components separation and purification of the Ricinus communis seed oil biodiesel was achieved using ternary diagrams highlighting the constituent components of the biodiesel at different temperatures for enhanced separation and purification. At the coexisting extract and raffinate phases, the orientation angle of the component compositions increases as the methanol concentration increases and temperature increases. The analysis of seed oil in terms of its physicochemical properties showed density, refractive index, acid value, and free fatty acid values of 905 kg/m3, 1.486, 0.79 mg KOH/g, and 0.390 mg KOH/g respectively. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil and biodiesel revealed that the major characteristics of the oil and biodiesel were defined by the presence of linoleic acid (C18:2) and a ricinoleic acid hydroxyl group (C18:1, OH) with compositions of approximately 30% and 20% respectively. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometry analysis of the oil and biodiesel showed that the absorption spectrum in terms of the wave number (cm-1) ranged from 1000 to 4000 cm-1 with esters as the main functional group providing the main structural backbone. The presence of different fatty acids leads to lateral homogeneity of the biodiesel molecules which can serve to organize the molecules into discrete domains with different properties for enhanced separation and purification at the investigated temperatures. Optimal separation and purification were achieved at the different temperatures showing the castor oil biodiesel, glycerol, and methanol components system at the prevailing composition, time, and temperatures from the tie-lines and binodal solubility compositions. This approach provides a means for the design of a more efficient separation process for optimal biodiesel purification after production with knowledge of how the components are distributed in the ternary mixture after the transesterification reaction. This, leads to greater efficiency of the process, reducing material and operational costs and eliminating environmental issues linked with the biodiesel production process as the volume of wastewater generated would be hugely eradicated. The findings of this study will be useful in the setting up of a small-to-medium-size biodiesel production facility with improvement in the efficiency of product separation and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kennedy Adama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Osikemekha Anthony Anani
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Forensic Biology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
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2
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Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Technologies: A Perception into Recent Advances in Biomass Fractionation, Biorefineries, Economic Hurdles and Market Outlook. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomasses (LCB) are sustainable and abundantly available feedstocks for the production of biofuel and biochemicals via suitable bioconversion processing. The main aim of this review is to focus on strategies needed for the progression of viable lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries (integrated approaches) to generate biofuels and biochemicals. Processing biomass in a sustainable manner is a major challenge that demands the accomplishment of basic requirements relating to cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability. The challenges associated with biomass availability and the bioconversion process have been explained in detail in this review. Limitations associated with biomass structural composition can obstruct the feasibility of biofuel production, especially in mono-process approaches. In such cases, biorefinery approaches and integrated systems certainly lead to improved biofuel conversion. This review paper provides a summary of mono and integrated approaches, their limitations and advantages in LCB bioconversion to biofuel and biochemicals.
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3
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Thermochemical Recycling of Solid Biomass Materials for Achieving Sustainable Goal: A Complete Characterization Study on Liquid Yield Products. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1591703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve sustainability goals, biomass is a renewable energy source that lowers emissions of greenhouse gases and other hazardous gases. Biochemical and thermochemical methods are both used to produce bioenergy from biomass. Pyrolysis is an effective thermochemical conversion technique used for the conversion of biomass into energy-rich bio-oil. In this study, the pyrolysis characteristics and bio-oil obtained from the residues of Ricinus communis were investigated. The experimental run was designed to analyze the impact of bed temperature on product yield by varying the process temperature from 350°C to 750°C. In this study, a maximum of 46.5 wt% of bio-oil was produced at 500°C. The maximum conversion was recorded at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 550°C. The bio-oil obtained at maximum yield conditions was analyzed using different analytical techniques. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses of the bio-oil revealed that the oil has a significant amount of phenol derivatives, oxygenated chemicals, acids, and esters. The physical properties of the bio-oil showed that it is viscous and has a medium heating value compared with commercial fossil fuel.
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4
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Deshmukh M, Pande A, Marathe A. Different particle size study of castor deoiled cake for biofuel production with an environmental sustainability perspective. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09710. [PMID: 35756129 PMCID: PMC9213708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial waste material such as non-edible deoiled Castor bean cake (CBC) is one of the most abundant sources for bioethanol demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing bioethanol as commercial biofuel. This is an alternative to mitigate fossil fuel dependence and carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere. The CBC was pretreated with the help of thionyl chloride at a temperature of 35 °C for residence time 25 min. Subsequently, CBC substrate obtained from pretreatment was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with T. viride concentration varying from 0.5 to 5 g L−1 at 35 °C, pH 6 for 48 h. Under optimized conditions the process integrating pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for 48 h at 35 °C with pH 7 resulted in 76 g L−1 of reducing sugars from 100 g CBC. The obtained sugar was further fermented at 30 °C for 72 h with saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fermenting media which yields 37.5 g L−1 of bioethanol. A study of different particle sizes of CBC with BSS-5, BSS-10, BSS-20 was done for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation into bioethanol. On a pilot-scale 375 g L−1 of bioethanol was obtained from 1 kg of CBC with the same reaction conditions. The present study demonstrates optimized solid: liquid ratio 1:2 for hydrolysis, fermentation process, and the production cost for bioethanol per L. Figure S1 represents graphical abstract for the production of bioethanol from CBC in supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Deshmukh
- School of Petroleum Engineering, MIT World Peace University, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune, 411038, India
| | - Ashwini Pande
- School of Petroleum Engineering, MIT World Peace University, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune, 411038, India
| | - Anant Marathe
- Shree Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Near Shri Ekvira Devi Temple Shree H. V. P. Mandal, Amravati, 444605, India
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Optimization of Biodiesel Production Parameters from Cucurbita maxima Waste Oil Using Microwave Assisted via Box-Behnken Design Approach. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8516163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biodiesel from vegetables or fruits waste oils has high potential as renewable energy. The Cucurbita maxima wastes are massive source of oils, which are believed to indicate the possible sources of renewable energy whose biodiesel can be produced. Hence, the study explores the potential of the Cucurbita maxima wastes, for the production of biodiesel. In this study, the Soxhlet extraction method was used to extract Cucurbita maxima waste oil using an organic solvent. Through Box-Behnken design (BBD), the effects of methanol to oil molar ratio (6–10), catalyst concentration (2–6%), and reaction time (45–75 min) on the transesterification efficiency of methyl esters were investigated. The oil contents of Cucurbita maxima waste was found to be
%. This oil was characterized, and after obtaining the pure characterized oil, biodiesel was produced using microwave assisted by the transesterification process. The optimum conversion efficiency of the Cucurbita maxima waste oil to fatty acid methyl ether was 97.76%, at the optimal parameters, methanol to oil ratio (8.4 : 1), catalyst concentration (3.14%), and reaction time (57.12 min). The results revealed that all parameters have a significant effect on the yield of biodiesel (
). The physicochemical properties reveal that the Cucurbita maxima waste oil could be applied as a potential source of material for methyl ester production. The fatty acid profile of the oil indicated that it was mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acid, which ensures good flow properties of the fuel. The results of these studies showed the prospective of Cucurbita maxima wastes as a new potential feedstock for biodiesel production.
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Mechanical Harvesting of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) with a Combine Harvester Equipped with Two Different Headers: A Comparison of Working Performance. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15092999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a promising industrial crop suitable for cultivation in marginal conditions in the Mediterranean area, but the mechanical harvesting of the seeds is still usually performed manually. In this manuscript, the authors present a preliminary test to assess the effectiveness of equipping a combine harvester with a sunflower header to mechanically harvest castor beans. Machinery performance, seed loss from impact (ISL) and cleaning systems (CSL), and seed cleaning were evaluated and compared with the results obtained from the same combine harvester equipped with a cereal header. According to the results, no statistically significant difference in CSL was found. Values ranged from 162. 41 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 in the cereal header to 145.56 kg DM ha−1 in the sunflower header, corresponding, respectively, to 8% w/w and 7% w/w of the potential seed yield (PSY). Using the sunflower header significantly lowered ISL (158.16 kg DM ha−1, i.e., 8% w/w of PSY) in comparison with the cereal header (282.02 kg DM ha−1, i.e., 14% w/w of PSY). This suggests more gentle cutting and conveying capability of the sunflower header to harvest the plants without losing capsules. On the other hand, the use of different headers did not significantly affect the cleaning of the seeds which averaged at 20% of the total seeds collected in both cases. In conclusion, the study highlights that a conventional combine harvester equipped with a sunflower header could be the first step towards the development of a fully mechanized harvest phase in castor beans which triggers lower seed loss and does not negatively affect the cleaning capacity of the combine harvester. Further studies are also encouraged to confirm these findings in other hybrids.
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Optimization of biodiesel production parameters from Prosopis julifera seed using definitive screening design. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08965. [PMID: 35243085 PMCID: PMC8857467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of waste to valuable products is a hot topic with more explorations going on worldwide to minimize the environmental pollution and wastage of food-based feedstocks. In this work, biodiesel was produced from Prosopis julifera seed oil using ethanol as solvent and magnesium nanocatalyst and the process was optimized by employing an advanced statistical optimization method; definitive screening design. The maximum biodiesel yield from Prosopis julifera seed was found to be 32.5%. Acid esterification and transesterification were applied to minimize the acidity. Acidity of the P. julifera oil was initially reduced to 1.52 mg KOH/g using acid catalyst H2SO4, and then to 0.88mg KOH/g by transesterification process using magnesium oxide. Optimum biodiesel conversion efficiency of 94.83% was achieved under 10:1 ethanol-to-oil ratio, 5% magnesium oxide concentration, 80 min reaction time, 45 °C reaction temperature and 1000 rpm agitation rate. The transesterification reaction was found to be highly affected by the ethanol-to-oil ratio and catalyst concentration. The results showed that the catalytic activity of the magnesium oxide was sufficient for the production of biodiesel from P. julifera seed oil. The fuel properties were evaluated according to ASTM standards. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of functional groups with respect to the fingerprint region of P. julifera ethyl esters. The Definitive screening design method can be suggested as an alternative method for the optimization of process parameters within limited materials and number of experiments. The findings suggest that this method of production of biodiesel from P. julifera seed oil shall open up new possibilities for a novel natural biofuel.
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GEBREHİWOT H, ZELELEW D. Ricinus Communis Seed oils as a Source of Biodiesel; A Renewable Form of Future Energy. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1019969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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9
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Hundie KB, Akuma DA. Optimization of biodiesel production parameters from Prosopis julifera seed using definitive screening design. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08965. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
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10
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Kukana R, Jakhar OP. An appraisal on enablers for enhancement of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel production facilities using the interpretative structural modeling approach. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:213. [PMID: 34742323 PMCID: PMC8572423 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous depletion of energy sources globally and serious concern regarding environmental degradation by the use of fossil fuel, biodiesel may play a key transponder. Biodiesel blended with diesel fuel achieves a decreased environmental footprint without losing the reliability of output and consumption. Biodiesel is produced from a variety of sources. Biodiesel generation from waste cooking oil (WCO) is effective for both the atmosphere and human health. Many research studies reported WCO biodiesel as a potential alternative fuel for internal combustion engine. The present study aims to provide key promoting and implementing agents for WCO utilization and WCO-based biodiesel production. A systematic literature review has been performed to identify enablers and the contextual relationship between various enablers was developed using interpretative structural modeling (ISM) and expert views. Using the method of ISM and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) methodology, the impact of enablers is studied. The findings revealed that all established enablers play an important role and are equally important promoters for the development of biodiesel based on WCO. The findings further suggest that human health issues, biodiesel processing plants, biodiesel support vehicles, and biodiesel production technology play a key role in the manufacture of biodiesel dependent on WCO. The most important leaders in the development of WCO biodiesel are government policy and funding, confidence in environmental issues, and financial assistance to biodiesel manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O P Jakhar
- Engineering College Bikaner, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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11
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12
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Hisham NAN, Zaid MHM, Aziz SHA, Muhammad FD. Comparison of Foam Glass-Ceramics with Different Composition Derived from Ark Clamshell (ACS) and Soda Lime Silica (SLS) Glass Bottles Sintered at Various Temperatures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030570. [PMID: 33530370 PMCID: PMC7865435 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soda lime silica (SLS) waste as the source of silica (SiO2) and ark clamshell (ACS) as the foaming agent has been utilized to fabricate the low-cost and lightweight foam glass-ceramics. A series of 1 and 6 wt% foam glass-ceramics were successfully prepared by the conventional solid-state sintering method at various sintering temperatures for 60 min. The bulk density of the samples has achieved minimum density (1.014 g/cm3) with maximum expansion (62.31%) at 6 wt% of the ACS content sintered at 800 °C for 60 min. The bulk density increases while the linear shrinkage and total porosity decrease with the progression of ACS contents and sintering temperature, where the results correspond with the FESEM micrograph. The result of XRD and FTIR transmittance spectra have shown that the formation of wollastonite crystal has occurred starting at 6 wt% of the ACS content sintered at 800 °C for 30 min. The highest mechanical performance (3.90 MPa) with an average total porosity (8.04%) is observed for the sample containing 1 wt% of ACS. It can be concluded that the composition of foam glass-ceramics (1 and 6 wt%) and sintering temperatures give significant results to the structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the fabricated foam glass-ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Aizat Noor Hisham
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.N.H.); (S.H.A.A.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.N.H.); (S.H.A.A.); (F.D.M.)
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sidek Hj Ab Aziz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.N.H.); (S.H.A.A.); (F.D.M.)
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Diana Muhammad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.N.H.); (S.H.A.A.); (F.D.M.)
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13
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Kaur R, Gera P, Jha MK, Bhaskar T. Optimization of process parameters for hydrothermal conversion of castor residue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:641-647. [PMID: 31189124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Castor plant (Ricinus communis) is a fast-growing shrub from Euphorbiaceae family. India ranks first in the world for the production of castor seeds. The generation of residue from its leaves and stems is more than 50% of the whole plant. This research work involves the estimation of the optimum condition for the production/value addition by hydrothermal liquefaction of castor residue using factorial design. Temperature (T) and residence time (RT) are the key parameters that affect the bio-oil yield. A 32 full factorial design was employed to understand the affects the bio-oil yield and conversion with key parameters. The key parameter and its interaction effects were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA); F-test and p-values were used to rank the process variable affecting the total bio-oil yield. It was observed that the temperature imparts significant effect on total bio-oil yield. The optimum conditions to obtain maximum total bio-oil yield are T = 300 °C and RT = 60 min. The statistical model was best fitted with high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9994 and 0.9473 for total bio-oil yield and conversion respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneeet Kaur
- Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, India; Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Poonam Gera
- Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, India
| | | | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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14
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Hamed Bateni, Chad Able. Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether: A Review. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050419010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Elango RK, Sathiasivan K, Muthukumaran C, Thangavelu V, Rajesh M, Tamilarasan K. Transesterification of castor oil for biodiesel production: Process optimization and characterization. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Almeida EL, Andrade CMG, Andreo dos Santos O. Production of Biodiesel Via Catalytic Processes: A Brief Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2017-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Currently, there is a worldwide concern, not only with the exhaustion of diesel oil, but also with the environmental damages caused by this fuel, from the process of extracting oil to consumption. The emission of the gases from the combustion process of this fuel are harmful to the health of living beings and contribute directly to the worsening of the greenhouse effect. Biodiesel appears in this context as a possible substitute for diesel. Thus, the main objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographical review of the main catalytic processes available in the literature for the production of biodiesel, respectively, the main chemical reactions involved in these processes, being: the esterification and transesterification reaction. Among the catalytic processes, the alkaline, acid and enzymatic catalysis was highlighted. And, among the main raw materials used in the production process are: vegetable oils, animal fats and oils and fats; as economically and environmentally viable alternatives. Still referring to the raw materials, there are the alcohols: methanol and ethanol, which are frequently used. In this way, the most varied catalytic methods present in the literature were presented. For each catalytic process, the work was presented, which developed methodologies for: homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts, dispersed or immobilized, with the most diverse raw materials, which are currently used or that may be used in the process of obtaining biodiesel in the future. Industrial scale.
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17
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Farooq M, Ramli A, Naeem A, Mahmood T, Ahmad S, Humayun M, Islam MGU. Biodiesel production from date seed oil (Phoenix dactylifera L.) via egg shell derived heterogeneous catalyst. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Hernández-Hernández HM, Chanona-Pérez JJ, Vega A, Ligero P, Farrera-Rebollo RR, Mendoza-Pérez JA, Calderón-Domínguez G, Vera NG. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Study of Peroxyformic Pulping of Agave Waste. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:1084-1097. [PMID: 27786154 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxyformic process is based on the action of a carboxylic acid (mainly formic acid) and the corresponding peroxyacid. The influences of processing time (60-180 min), formic acid concentration (80-95%), temperature (60-80°C), and hydrogen peroxide concentration (2-4%) on peroxyformic pulping of agave leaves were studied by surface response methodology using a face-centered factorial design. Empirical models were obtained for the prediction of yield, κ number (KN) and pulp viscosity as functions of the aforementioned variables. Mathematical optimization enabled us to select a set of operational variables that produced the best fractionation of the material with the following results: pulp yield (26.9%), KN (3.6), and pulp viscosity (777 mL/g). Furthermore, this work allowed the description and evaluation of changes to the agave fibers during the fractionation process using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, and provided a comprehensive and qualitative view of the phenomena occurring in the delignification of agave fibers. The use of confocal and scanning electron microscopy provided a detailed understanding of the microstructural changes to the lignin and cellulose in the fibers throughout the process, whereas Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that cellulose in the pulp after treatment was mainly of type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda M Hernández-Hernández
- 1Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo,Av. Universidad Km 1,Tulancingo,C.P. 43600,Hidalgo,México
| | - Jorge J Chanona-Pérez
- 2Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n,Col. Santo Tomas,C.P. 11340,MéxicoD.F
| | - Alberto Vega
- 3Research Group EnQA,Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA),Faculty of Science,Universidade da Coruña,15071 A Coruña.Spain
| | - Pablo Ligero
- 3Research Group EnQA,Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA),Faculty of Science,Universidade da Coruña,15071 A Coruña.Spain
| | - Reynold R Farrera-Rebollo
- 2Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n,Col. Santo Tomas,C.P. 11340,MéxicoD.F
| | - Jorge A Mendoza-Pérez
- 4Departamento Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Wilfrido Massieu s/n U,Profesor Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,C.P. 07738,MéxicoD.F
| | - Georgina Calderón-Domínguez
- 2Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n,Col. Santo Tomas,C.P. 11340,MéxicoD.F
| | - Norma Güemes Vera
- 1Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo,Av. Universidad Km 1,Tulancingo,C.P. 43600,Hidalgo,México
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19
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Abstract
Eruca sativa plant offers a great potential to utilized for multiple biofuel production through a biorefining prospective to maximize the biodiesel, biogas, and ethanol production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Bateni
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department
| | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Group
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Noori MS, Karimi K. Chemical and structural analysis of alkali pretreated pinewood for efficient ethanol production. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11486e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production from softwood pine was conducted by pretreatment with 8% (w/v) NaOH at different temperatures of 0, 25, and 80 °C for 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh S. Noori
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department
| | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Group
| |
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