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Singh S, Pereira J, Brandão T, Oliveira AL, Poças F. Recycling of polypropylene by supercritical carbon dioxide for extraction of contaminants from beverage cups. A comparison with polyethylene terephthalate and polylactic acid. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1127-1138. [PMID: 36085567 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EU policies towards a circular economy address plastic packaging as one of the significant concerns and sets ambitious recycling targets. Polyolefins (POs) cannot be recycled for food contact using conventional polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling approaches. Thermal degradation prevents the use of high temperatures and, consequently, decontamination of POs may be insufficient when using lower temperatures. Polypropylene (PP) beverage cups were decontaminated using supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (scCO2 ). Decontamination efficiencies (DEs) of selected markers were determined in challenge tests following European Food Safety Authority guidelines. The effects of time (10-60 min) for PET, polylactic acid (PLA), and PP and temperature (60-80 °C) for PP were studied at constant pressure. The physical properties, sensorial properties, and overall migration of treated scCO2 PP were analysed and compared with virgin PP. RESULTS PP showed the highest average DE, and PET the lowest, for all the surrogates and in all time conditions. A relative increase in the DE with the increase in process time, particularly for PET and to some extent for PLA, was seen. For PP, no significant impact of time and temperature was observed under the conditions tested. The DE of volatile surrogates was higher than that of semi-volatiles. Results indicate that the scCO2 treatment did not affect the physical and sensorial properties, nor the overall migration of PP, although it contributes to a considerable reduction in extractable n < C24 alkanes. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that scCO2 can be used to decontaminate post-consumption PP beverage cups with higher DEs than those for PET and PLA, applying mild processing conditions. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Singh
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Center for Quality and Food Safety (CINATE), Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joel Pereira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Center for Quality and Food Safety (CINATE), Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Brandão
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Leite Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Poças
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Center for Quality and Food Safety (CINATE), Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Lisbon, Portugal
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Preetam A, Jadhao PR, Naik S, Pant K, Kumar V. Supercritical fluid technology - an eco-friendly approach for resource recovery from e-waste and plastic waste: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Dedieu I, Aouf C, Gaucel S, Peyron S. Mechanical recyclability of biodegradable polymers used for food packaging: case study of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) plastic. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1878-1892. [PMID: 36129756 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of mechanical recycling for food contact applications, decontamination of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) plastic was performed under different temperatures and time conditions. As expected, increasing the decontamination temperature and duration increased the decontamination efficiency, but also the degradation of the polymer. The combination 160 °C/6 h was selected as the optimal conditions that maximize contaminants removal while minimizing polymer degradation. Then the safety of the recycled PHBV under these conditions was assessed, in accordance with EFSA regulation based on bottle-to-bottle PET recycling. Decontamination of low molecular weight molecules such as toluene, chlorobenzene, and methyl salicylate was nearly complete with residual concentrations below the modeled concentrations allowed in the polymer when the adult scenario is considered. However, the higher molecular weight and lower volatility molecules exhibited acceptable decontamination efficiencies, but their residual concentrations in the polymer exceeded the maximum concentrations of no concern. The presence of these molecules allows the use of nearly 21% recycled PHBV in the new materials to meet safety criteria. It is important to keep in mind that this work, never done before, is a preliminary work on mechanical recycling of PHBV, mainly based on extrapolation of PET conditions and regulations. Much more research needs to be done to improve the decontamination process, the barrier properties of PHBV or to think about a short recycling line for PHBV.
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Research progress of industrial application based on two-phase flow system of supercritical carbon dioxide and particles. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Das P, Gabriel JCP, Tay CY, Lee JM. Value-added products from thermochemical treatments of contaminated e-waste plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129409. [PMID: 33388566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rise of electronic waste (e-waste) generation around the globe has become a major concern in recent times and its recycling is mostly focused on the recovery of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, etc. However, e-waste consists of a significant weight fraction of plastics (25-30%) which are either discarded or incinerated. There is a growing need for recycling of these e-waste plastics. The majority of them are made from high-quality polymers (composites), such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP) and epoxies. These plastics are often contaminated with hazardous materials, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals (such as Pb and Hg). Under any thermal stress (thermal degradation), the Br present in the e-waste plastics produces environmentally hazardous pollutants, such as hydrogen bromide or polybrominated diphenyl ethers/furans (PBDE/Fs). The discarded plastics can lead to the leaching of toxins into the environment. It is important to remove the toxins from the e-waste plastics before recycling. This review article gives a detailed account of e-waste plastics recycling and recovery using thermochemical processes, such as extraction (at elevated temperature), incineration (combustion), hydrolysis, and pyrolysis (catalytic/non catalytic). A basic framework of the existing processes has been established by reviewing the most interesting findings in recent times and the prospects that they open in the field recycling of e-waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | | | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
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Tutek K, Masek A, Kosmalska A, Cichosz S. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33673482 PMCID: PMC7956827 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Tutek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kosmalska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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AlHammadi AA, Abutaqiya MIL. Thermodynamic Assessment of the Partitioning of Acetone between Supercritical CO 2 and Polystyrene Using the Polar PC-SAFT Equation of State. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29530-29537. [PMID: 33225184 PMCID: PMC7676333 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has gained considerable attention in the process industry due to its favorable economic, environmental, and technical characteristics. Polymer processing is one of the key industrial applications where scCO2 plays an important role. In order to be able to efficiently design the polymer processing equipment, understanding the phase behavior and partition of solutes between scCO2 and polymers is necessary. This paper investigates the partitioning of acetone - a conventional polar cosolvent - between scCO2 and polystyrene - a glassy polymer. We highlight the importance of taking into account the polar interactions between acetone molecules and their role in the polymer phase behavior. The system is modeled under a wide range of temperatures and pressures (278.15-518.2 K and 1.0-20.0 MPa) using the polar version of the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (polar PC-SAFT) equation of state. The results show that at relatively low pressure, the system exhibits a vapor-liquid-liquid (VLL) three-phase region bounded by two two-phase regions (VL and LL). At high pressure, VLL and VL regions disappear and only the LL region remains. The temperature effect is more interesting, showing a transition of upper critical solution temperature behavior to lower critical solution temperature behavior at 10 MPa and 398.15 K. It is found that neglecting the polar term can lead to significant changes in the description of the polymeric-system phase behavior especially at lower temperatures. No such differences are observed at higher temperatures (above 500 K) where the effect of polar interaction is considerably weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. AlHammadi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
- Center
for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
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Alassali A, Aboud N, Kuchta K, Jaeger P, Zeinolebadi A. Assessment of Supercritical CO 2 Extraction as a Method for Plastic Waste Decontamination. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061347. [PMID: 32549292 PMCID: PMC7362185 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of advanced methods to clean plastic waste from organic contaminants, this study aimed at evaluating supercritical extraction as a decontamination method. Oil-adhesive high-density polyethylene (HD-PE) oil containers were subjected to supercritical extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide. The extraction was conducted at 300 bar, applying various temperatures (i.e., 70, 80 and 90 °C). The study assessed the impact of temperature on the decontamination efficiency. The variation in the samples’ quality was first analyzed using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. An analysis of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was followed. Samples treated at 70 and 80 °C showed higher extraction efficiencies, in spite of the lower extraction temperatures. The NIR analysis showed that the plastic specimens did not experience degradation by the supercritical decontamination method. Moreover, the NIR spectra of the extracted oil showed the presence of a wide range of compounds, some of which are hazardous. This has been confirmed by a GC-MS analysis of the extracted oil. Based on the provided assessment, the quality of the decontaminated HD-PE plastic samples—from a contamination point of view—is enhanced in comparison to untreated samples. The level of PAHs contamination decreased to be within the allowed limits defined by the REACH regulation, and also met the specifications of the German Product Safety Committee. This study proved the effectiveness of the supercritical extraction using CO2 in extracting organic contaminants from plastics, while maintaining their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Alassali
- Sustainable Resource and Waste Management, TUHH—Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr., 15, 21079 Hamburg, Germany; (N.A.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +49-40-42878-2438 (A.A.); +49-40-6420-8660 (A.Z.)
| | - Noor Aboud
- Sustainable Resource and Waste Management, TUHH—Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr., 15, 21079 Hamburg, Germany; (N.A.); (K.K.)
- Eurotechnica GmbH, An den Stücken 55, D-22941 Bargteheide, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- Sustainable Resource and Waste Management, TUHH—Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr., 15, 21079 Hamburg, Germany; (N.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Philip Jaeger
- Eurotechnica GmbH, An den Stücken 55, D-22941 Bargteheide, Germany;
| | - Ahmad Zeinolebadi
- Polymer Consult Buchner GmbH, Dorfgrund 6, D-22397 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +49-40-42878-2438 (A.A.); +49-40-6420-8660 (A.Z.)
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De San Luis A, Santini CC, Chalamet Y, Dufaud V. Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Bulk and Emulsion Polymers: A Comprehensive Survey of the Existing Techniques. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia De San Luis
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés (C2P2), 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Catherine C. Santini
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés (C2P2), 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yvan Chalamet
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Véronique Dufaud
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés (C2P2), 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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Modelling and numerical simulation of Supercritical CO2 debinding of Inconel 718 components elaborated by Metal Injection Molding. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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